Abordagem estética e conservadora para fechamento de múltiplos diastemas: relato de caso / Aesthetic and conservative approach to multiple diastema closure: case report / Enfoque estético y conservador para el cierre de múltiples diastemas: relato de caso

Introdução:Na odontologia moderna, a estética vem ocupando um espaço cada vez mais expressivo, e o desejo por dentes mais brancos, a insatisfação com o alinhamento dos dentes e com a anatomia dentária, têm sido os motivos mais relevantes de procura dos pacientes nos consultórios odontológicos.Objetivo:O presente artigo tem como objetivo descrever, através de relato de caso clínico, uma abordagem terapêutica estética e conservadora para fechamento de múltiplos diastemas anterossuperiores com a utilização de facetas de resina composta.Relato de caso:Paciente do sexo masculino, 21 anos de idade, procurou atendimento queixando-se de insatisfação estética pelos diastemas apresentados. Por meio de um planejamento digital das facetas em resina, com mockup e modelo impresso em 3D, as restaurações foram feitas respeitando anatomia, forma, opacidade e cores dos dentes naturais do paciente. O resultado dos procedimentos adotados foi satisfatório, demonstrando que a técnica empregada foi eficaz, sendo capaz de devolver um sorriso estético e biológico ao paciente. A odontologia contemporânea tem ofertado cada vez mais materiais com capacidade de devolver estética e função em dentes de forma minimamente invasivas, além de passar total confiabilidade em tratamentos a longo prazo, agradando o paciente desde a apresentação digital do planejamento traçado pelo cirurgião dentista com previsibilidade dos resultados, até o momento final do tratamento.Conclusões:O recontorno estético com resina composta representa uma opção funcional e de baixo custo para o tratamento de pacientes que apresentam diastemas múltiplos, principalmente em pacientes jovens pela preservação daestrutura dentária e possibilidade de reparo, sendo considerado um procedimento reversível, rápido e de baixo custo (AU).

Introduction:Aesthetics have been occupying an increasingly significant role in modern dentistry, and the desire for whiter teeth, dissatisfaction with tooth alignment, and dental anatomy concerns have been the most relevant reasons for patients seeking dental care. Objective:This article aims to describe an aesthetic and conservative therapeutic approach for closing multiple anterior upper diastemas using composite resin veneers in a clinical case report. Case report:A 21-year-old male patient sought treatment, expressing dissatisfaction with the diastemas he had. The restorations were performed using digital planning of the resin veneers with a mockup and a 3D-printed model, while respecting the patient's natural tooth anatomy, shape, opacity, and colors. The results of the adopted procedures were satisfactory, demonstrating effectiveness of the employed technique in restoring an aesthetic and biologically harmonious smile to the patient. Contemporary dentistry has been offering increasingly more materials capable of providing aesthetics and function to teeth through minimally invasive approaches. This not only ensures long-term treatment reliability, but also pleases the patient with a digital presentation of the treatment plan outlined by the dentist, predicting the results up to the final stages of the treatment. Conclusions:Aesthetic contouring using composite resin presents a functional and cost-effective option for treating patients with multiple diastemas, especially among young patients due to its preservation of dental structure, repair potential, and being considered a reversible, fast, and low-cost procedure (AU).

Introducción: En la odontología moderna, la estética viene ocupando un espacio cada vez más destacado, y las ganas de tener dientes más blancos, la insatisfacción con el alineamiento de los dientes, y la anatomía dental son las razonesmás relevantes por las cuales los pacientes acuden a las consultas odontológicas. Objetivo:El presente artículo tiene como objetivo describir, a través de un relato de caso clínico, un abordaje terapéutico estético y conservador para el cierre de múltiples diastemas anterosuperiores mediante el uso de carillas de resina compuesta. Informe de caso:Paciente del sexo masculino, 21 años de edad, buscó atendimiento quejándose de insatisfacción estética debido a los diastemas presentados. A través de una planificación digital de las carillas en resina, con un mockup y un modelo impreso en 3D, las restauraciones fueron ejecutadas, respetándose la anatomía, forma, opacidad y colores de los dientes naturales del paciente. El resultado de los procedimientos adoptados fue satisfactorio y demostró que la técnica utilizada fue eficaz, siendo capaz de restituir una sonrisa estética y funcional al paciente. La odontología contemporánea viene ofreciendo cada vez más materiales con la capacidad de devolver estética y función a los dientes de maneras mínimamente invasivas, además de brindar total confiabilidad en tratamientos a largo plazo, satisfaciendo al paciente desde la presentación digital del plan trazado por el cirujano dentista con la previsibilidad de los resultados, hasta el momento final del tratamiento. Conclusiones:El recontorneado estético con resina compuesta representa una opción funcional y de bajo costo para el tratamiento de pacientes con múltiples diastemas, especialmente en pacientes jóvenes, debido a la preservación de la estructura dental y la posibilidad de reparación. Se considera, de este modo, que se trata de un procedimiento reversible, rápido y económico (AU).

Cumulative sum learning curve for cordocentesis among maternal-fetal medicine fellows in a low-cost simulation model.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the individual learning curves for cordocentesis in a low-cost simulator for maternal-fetal medicine (MFM) fellows. METHODS: This observational, descriptive, educational, and prospective study was performed from July through November 2022. After an introductory course based on a standardized technique for cordocentesis, each second-year MFM fellow who accepted to participate in the study performed this procedure using a low-cost simulation model, and experienced operators supervised the cordocenteses. Learning curves were then created using cumulative sum analysis (CUSUM). RESULTS: Seven second-year MFM fellows with no previous experience in cordocentesis accepted to participate in the study. A total of 2676 procedures were assessed. On average, residents performed 382 ± 70 procedures. The mean number of procedures to achieve proficiency was 369 ± 70, the overall success rate was 84.16%, and the corresponding failure rate was 15.84%. At the end of the study, all fellows were considered competent in cordocentesis. One fellow required 466 attempts to achieve competency, performing a total of 478 procedures, but the resident with the fewest attempts to reach competency required 219 procedures, completing 232 procedures. Some of the most frequent reasons for failed attempts included not reaching the indicated point for vascular access (20.99%) and being unable to retrieve the sample (69.10%). CONCLUSION: CUSUM analysis to assess learning curves, in addition to using low-cost simulation models, helped to appraise individualized learning, allowing an objective demonstration of competency for cordocentesis among MFM fellows.

Experiências e vivências maternas frente à dor no recém-nascido durante procedimentos invasivos: revisão integrativa / Maternal experiences and experiences with newborn pain during invasive procedures: integrative review / Experiencias maternas y experiencias con el dolor del recién nacido durante procedimientos invasivos: revisión integradora

Objetivo: conhecer os sentimentos maternos frente a dor no recém-nascido durante procedimentos invasivos. Método: revisão integrativa cuja elaboração da questão norteadora foi baseada na estrutura mnemônica PiCo (População, Fenômeno de Interesse e Contexto): "Quais são os sentimentos maternos gerados frente a pratica de procedimentos invasivos que podem causar dor em seus filhos recém-nascidos? A busca dos estudos foi realizada nas seguintes bases de dados: lilacs, medline, pubmed, scielo e embase, com a combinação dos descritores em português, espanhol e inglês: mães, sentimentos, procedimentos invasivos; criança, dor, experiências, unidade de terapia intensiva, internação, hospitalar. Sem limite temporal. A coleta ocorreu de setembro a outubro de 2022. Resultados: a busca nas bases de dados resultou em 398 artigos sendo apenas nove artigos selecionados, os quais contemplaram a pergunta de pesquisa. Conclusão: os sentimentos maternos frente aos procedimentos invasivos que causam dor em seus filhos envolvem intenso sofrimento expresso por momentos de angústias, ansiedade, estresse, tristeza, medo, impotência e rompimento da vinculação mãe e filho. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Mães; Sentimentos; Procedimentos Invasivos; Dor; Criança.

Objective: to know maternal feelings regarding pain in newborns during invasive procedures. Method: integrative review whose elaboration of the guiding question was based on the PiCo mnemonic structure (Population, Phenomenon of Interest and Context): "What are the maternal feelings generated when facing the practice of invasive procedures that can cause pain in their newborn children? The search for studies was carried out in the following databases: lilacs, medline, pubmed, scielo and embase, with a combination of descriptors in Portuguese, Spanish and English: mothers, feelings, invasive procedures; child, pain, experiences, intensive care unit, admission, hospital. No time limit. The collection took place from September to October 2022. Results: the search in the databases resulted in 398 articles, with only nine selected articles, which included the research question. Conclusion: maternal feelings in the face of invasive procedures that cause pain in their children involve intense suffering expressed by moments of anguish, anxiety, stress, sadness, fear, impotence and disruption of the mother-child bond.

Objetivo: conocer los sentimientos maternos en relación al dolor en recién nacidos durante procedimientos invasivos. Método: revisión integrativa cuya elaboración de la pregunta guía se basó en la estructura mnemotécnica PiCo (Población, Fenómeno de Interés y Contexto): "¿Cuáles son los sentimientos maternos generados ante la práctica de procedimientos invasivos que pueden causar dolor en sus hijos recién nacidos? La búsqueda de estudios se realizó en las siguientes bases de datos: lilacs, medline, pubmed, scielo y embase, con una combinación de descriptores en portugués, español e inglés: mothers, feelings, invasive procedures; child, pain, experiences, intensive care unit, admission, hospital. Sin límite de tiempo. La recogida tuvo lugar de septiembre a octubre de 2022. Resultados: la búsqueda en las bases de datos resultó en 398 artículos, con sólo nueve artículos seleccionados, que incluían la pregunta de investigación. Conclusión: los sentimientos maternos ante procedimientos invasivos que causan dolor en sus hijos implican un intenso sufrimiento expresado por momentos de angustia, ansiedad, estrés, tristeza, miedo, impotencia y ruptura del vínculo madre-hijo.

Prognosis of Extended-Spectrum-Beta-Lactamase-Producing Agents in Emphysematous Pyelonephritis-Results from a Large, Multicenter Series.

BACKGROUND: Emphysematous pyelonephritis (EPN) is a necrotizing infection of the kidney and surrounding tissues with significant mortality. We aimed to assess the clinical factors and their influence on prognosis in patients being managed for EPN with and without ESBL-producing bacteria and to identify if those with EPN due to ESBL infections fared any different. METHODS: A retrospective analysis was performed on patients with EPN diagnosis from 22 centers across 11 countries (between 2013 and 2020). Demographics, clinical presentation, biochemical parameters, radiological features, microbiological characteristics, and therapeutic management were assessed. Univariable and multivariable analyses were performed to determine the independent variables associated with ESBL pathogens. A comparison of ESBL and non-ESBL mortality was performed evaluating treatment modality. RESULTS: A total of 570 patients were included. Median (IQR) age was 57 (47-65) years. Among urine cultures, the most common isolated pathogen was Escherichia coli (62.2%). ESBL-producing agents were present in 291/556 urine cultures (52.3%). In multivariable analysis, thrombocytopenia (OR 1.616 95% CI 1.081-2.413, p = 0.019), and Huang-Tseng type 4 (OR 1.948 95% CI 1.005-3.778, p= 0.048) were independent predictors of ESBL pathogens. Patients with Huang-Tseng Scale type 1 had 55% less chance of having ESBL-producing pathogens (OR 1.616 95% CI 1.081-2.413, p = 0.019). Early nephrectomy (OR 2.3, p = 0.029) and delayed nephrectomy (OR 2.4, p = 0.015) were associated with increased mortality in patients with ESBL infections. Conservative/minimally invasive management reported an inverse association with mortality (OR 0.314, p = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: ESBL bacteria in EPN were not significantly associated with mortality in EPN. However, ESBL infections were associated with poor prognosis when patients underwent nephrectomy compared conservative/minimally invasive management.

Transcatheter procedures in structural heart disease: The surgeon stepping-in.

The seismic impact of transcatheter interventions is rocking the spectrum of structural heart disease (SHD) treatment, with the compelling and attractive appeal of minimally invasive procedures and fast-track discharge. The trend is relentless and continual innovation comes to our doors nearly on a daily basis. Litwinowicz and colleagues describe their trailblazing experience in 223 consecutive patients in whom they performed left atrial appendage occlusion via the percutaneous route. All interventions were performed by surgeons, who had undergone pretraining in a simulation model. Soon thereafter, they were able to achieve outcomes that were comparable with those obtained by experienced interventional cardiologists. The unique surgeons' training and skills in open-heart surgery make their contribution to perfection and safety of SHD treatment, which are potentially exceptional and distinctive. Extrapolating for the entire field of SHD, which is blossoming ahead, the message to be conveyed is that cardiac surgeons must be trained and embrace every aspect of SHD.

Acercamiento al tratamiento del paciente cirrótico / An approach to the treatment of the cirrhotic patient

RESUMEN La cirrosis es un estado reversible de fibrosis hepática, que se ha convertido en la 8a causa de muerte en los Estados Unidos y la 9 a causa de muerte en Cuba. Este artículo repasa el tratamiento práctico de la cirrosis basado en la revisión de ensayos clínicos obtenidos de buscadores como MEDLINE, HINARI y Scielo, durante los últimos años. Las principales causas de cirrosis hepática incluyen las hepatitis crónicas por virus B, C, alcoholismo, y la esteatohepatitis no alcohólica. La desnutrición ocurre en 20 a 60 % de los pacientes con cirrosis, por lo cual las dietas hipo proteicas están bajo revisión, se recomienda el control estricto de la sal, el uso de medicamentos debe ser valorado estrictamente, y hacer un uso juicioso de los hipotensores cuando la tensión arterial media sea inferior a 82 mm de Hg, los beta bloqueadores no selectivos tienen su indicación en varices esofágicas desarrolladas, por otro lado se recomienda la cautela en analgésicos y los inhibidores de la bomba de protones, no restringiéndose el uso de estatinas. Con respecto a los procederes invasivos, el uso de métodos quirúrgicos deben ser evaluados en situaciones extremas, donde el índice MELD puede ayudar en cuanto al pronóstico y mortalidad esperada. La paracentesis en las ascitis refractaria debe ser masiva apoyada con el uso de albúmina, y se debe realizar lo más rápido posible en la sospecha de peritonitis bacteriana espontanea. Por lo que se puede concluir que el uso adecuado de la nutrición, el control de las complicaciones y los factores de riesgo puede llevar a la reversibilidad de la cirrosis hepática (AU).

SUMMARY Cirrhosis is a reversible status of the liver fibrosis, being the 8th cause of death in the United States and the 9th cause of death in Cuba. This article reviews the practical treatment of cirrhosis based on the review of clinical research published in MEDLINE, HINARI and Scielo, during the last years. The main causes of hepatic cirrhosis include the chronic hepatitis caused by B and C viruses, alcoholism, and the non-alcoholic steato-hepatitis. Malnutrition occurs in 20-60 % of the patients with cirrhosis, therefore low protein diets are under revision; it is recommended a strict use of salt; the use of drugs should be strictly evaluated. Hypotensive drugs should be cautiously used when the average arterial tension is lower than 82 Hg mm. Non-selective beta-blockers are indicated in developed esophageal varices. It is also recommended to be cautious with analgesics and proton pump inhibitors while the statins use is not restricted. Regarding the invasive procedures, surgery should be evaluated very carefully, and the MELD index can help with respect to prognosis and expected mortality. In refractory ascites, paracentesis should be massive relayed on albumin use, and should be carried out as soon as possible in the suspicion of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. In conclusion, the adequate nutrition use, the control of complications and risk factors, could lead to reversibility of hepatic cirrhosis (AU).

Sedoanalgesia para procedimientos en pediatría / Procedural sedation and analgesia in the pediatric patient

La utilización de sedación y analgesia durante procedimientos diagnósticos y/o terapéuticos es un estándar de cuidado en pediatría. El pediatra a cargo debe conocer las condiciones del paciente y los recursos institucionales necesarios para la realización de una sedoanalgesia segura. Proponemos la utilización de ketamina, y en algunos casos su asociación con midazolam, para la sedoanalgesia realizada por pediatras

The use of sedation and analgesia during diagnostic and/or therapeutic procedures is a standard of care in pediatrics. The pediatrician in charge must know the conditions of the patient and the institutional resources necessary for the realization of a safe sedoanalgesia. We propose the use of ketamine, and in some cases its association with midazolam, for sedoanalgesia performed by paediatricians

Percutaneous drainage of iliopsoas abscess: an effective option in cases not suitable for surgery / Drenagem percutânea de abscesso de iliopsoas: uma opção efetiva em casos não candidatos à cirurgia

ABSTRACT The aim of this study were to describe the technique of percutaneous drainage of iliopsoas abscess, and to discuss the benefits of using this minimally-invasive tool. A single center study with retrospective analysis of patients with psoas abscess confirmed by imaging scans, sent to the interventional medicine center and submitted to computed tomography and ultrasound-guided percutaneous drainage, from November 2013 to August 2016. Seven patients underwent percutaneous drainage of psoas abscess in this period. The mean initial drained volume was 61.4±50.7mL (ranging from 10 to 130mL), and the mean drainage duration was 8.3±2.8 days (ranging from 4 to 12 days). The success rate of the percutaneous procedures was 71.5%, and two patients required re-intervention. Image-guided percutaneous drainage of iliopsoas abscess is a minimally invasive, efficient and safe procedure, and an extremely valuable technique, especially for patients who are not suitable for surgical repair.

RESUMO Os objetivos deste estudo foram descrever a técnica de drenagem percutânea de abscesso de iliopsoas e discutir os benefícios do uso desta ferramenta minimamente invasiva. Trata-se de estudo unicêntrico com análise retrospectiva de pacientes com abscesso de psoas confirmado por exames de imagem, encaminhados a um centro de medicina intervencionista e submetidos à drenagem percutânea guiada por tomografia computadorizada e ultrassonografia, de novembro de 2013 a agosto de 2016. Sete pacientes foram submetidos à drenagem percutânea de abscesso de psoas no período avaliado. O volume drenado inicial médio foi 61,4±50,7mL (variação de 10 a 130mL), e a duração média da drenagem foi de 8,3±2,8 dias (variação de 4 a 12 dias). A taxa de sucesso dos procedimentos percutâneos foi 71,5%, e dois pacientes necessitaram de reintervenção. A drenagem percutânea guiada por imagem de abscesso de iliopsoas é um procedimento minimamente invasivo, eficiente e seguro, além de ser uma técnica muito valiosa, especialmente em pacientes que não são candidatos à abordagem cirúrgica.

Validation of instruments about family presence on invasive procedures and cardiopulmonary resuscitation in pediatrics / Validação de instrumentos sobre a presença da família em procedimentos invasivos e reanimação cardiopulmonar pediátrica / Validez de los instrumentos sobre la presencia de la familia en procedimientos invasivos y reanimación cardiopulmonar pediátrica

ABSTRACT Objective: to develop and validate instruments to identify health professionals' beliefs related to the presence of the child's family in invasive procedures and in cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Method: study based on Psychometrics to conduct the theoretical, empirical and analytical stages, developed in a neonatal unit of a university hospital. The two instruments were constructed based on the literature and applied to 96 health professionals. Results: the Cronbach's Alpha of the instrument related to the professionals' beliefson invasive procedures was 0.863 and the instrument on cardiopulmonary resuscitation was 0.882. In both instruments, the tests performed indicated a correlation between the items. From the factorial analysis, four factors were generated: (1) benefits of the presence of the family; (2) impairment for professional practice; (3) strategies for the inclusion of the family; and (4) limitation of learning and decision making by the professional. Conclusion: the instruments analyzed obtained a good internal consistency and are indicators of the professionals' beliefs with the potential to evaluate the quality of family care in this context.

RESUMO Objetivo: construir e validar instrumentos para identificar as crenças dos profissionais da área de saúde relacionadas à presença da família da criança em procedimentos invasivos e em reanimação cardiopulmonar. Método: estudo fundamentado na Psicometria para conduzir as etapas teórica, empírica e analítica, desenvolvido em uma unidade neonatal de um hospital universitário. Os dois instrumentos foram construídos com base na literatura e aplicados a 96 profissionais da saúde. Resultados: o Alpha de Cronbach do instrumento, relacionado às crenças dos profissionais em procedimentos invasivos, foi de 0,863, e do instrumento sobre reanimação cardiopulmonar, de 0,882. Em ambos os instrumentos, os testes realizados indicaram correlação entre os itens. Da análise fatorial, foram gerados quatro fatores: (1) benefícios da presença da família; (2) prejuízos para a prática profissional; (3) estratégias para a inclusão da família; e (4) limitação do aprendizado e da tomada de decisão pelo profissional. Conclusão: os instrumentos analisados obtiveram uma boa consistência interna e se configuram como indicadores das crenças dos profissionais com potencial para avaliar a qualidade da assistência à família nesse contexto.

RESUMEN Objetivo: construir y validar instrumentos de identificación de las creencias de los profesionales de salud, relacionadas a la presencia de la familia del niño en procedimientos invasivos y en reanimación cardiopulmonar. Método: estudio fundamentado en la Psicometría para conducir las etapas teórica, empírica y analítica, desarrolladoen una unidad neonatal de un hospital universitario. Los dos instrumentos fueron construidos con base en la literatura y aplicados a 96 profesionales de la salud. Resultados: el Alpha de Cronbach del instrumento, relacionado a las creencias de los profesionales en procedimientos invasivos, fue de 0,863, y de instrumento sobre reanimación cardiopulmonar, de 0,882. En ambos instrumentos, los tests realizados indicaron correlación entre los ítems. Del análisis factorial, fueron generados cuatrofactores: (1) beneficios de la presenciade la familia; (2) perjuicios para la práctica profesional; (3) estrategias para la inclusión de la familia; y (4) limitación del aprendizajey de la tomada de decisión por el profesional. Conclusión: los instrumentos analizados obtuvieron una buena consistencia interna y se configuran como indicadores de las creencias de los profesionales con potencial para evaluar la calidad de la asistencia a la familia en ese contexto.

Minimal abdominal incisions / Incisões abdominais mínimas

ABSTRACT Minimally invasive procedures aim to resolve the disease with minimal trauma to the body, resulting in a rapid return to activities and in reductions of infection, complications, costs and pain. Minimally incised laparotomy, sometimes referred to as minilaparotomy, is an example of such minimally invasive procedures. The aim of this study is to demonstrate the feasibility and utility of laparotomy with minimal incision based on the literature and exemplifying with a case. The case in question describes reconstruction of the intestinal transit with the use of this incision. Male, young, HIV-positive patient in a late postoperative of ileotiflectomy, terminal ileostomy and closing of the ascending colon by an acute perforating abdomen, due to ileocolonic tuberculosis. The barium enema showed a proximal stump of the right colon near the ileostomy. The access to the cavity was made through the orifice resulting from the release of the stoma, with a lateral-lateral ileo-colonic anastomosis with a 25 mm circular stapler and manual closure of the ileal stump. These surgeries require their own tactics, such as rigor in the lysis of adhesions, tissue traction, and hemostasis, in addition to requiring surgeon dexterity - but without the need for investments in technology; moreover, the learning curve is reported as being lower than that for videolaparoscopy. Laparotomy with minimal incision should be considered as a valid and viable option in the treatment of surgical conditions.

RESUMO Procedimentos minimamente invasivos visam resolver a doença com o mínimo de trauma ao organismo, resultando em retorno rápido às atividades, reduções nas infecções, complicações, custos e na dor. A laparotomia com incisão mínima, algumas vezes referida como minilaparotomia, é um exemplo desses procedimentos minimamente invasivos. O objetivo deste trabalho é demonstrar a viabilidade e utilidade das laparotomias com incisão mínima com base na literatura e exemplificando com um caso. O caso descreve uma reconstrução de trânsito intestinal com o uso desta incisão. Paciente masculino, jovem, HIV-positivo, pós-operatório tardio de ileotiflectomia, ileostomia terminal e fechamento do cólon ascendente por abdome agudo perfurativo devido a uma tuberculose íleo-colônica. Enema opaco mostrava coto proximal do cólon direito próximo da ileostomia. O acesso à cavidade foi feito através do orifício resultante da liberação do ostoma-realização de anastomose íleo-colônica látero-lateral com grampeador circular de 25 mm e fechamento manual do coto ileal. Estas cirurgias exigem táticas próprias, como rigor na lise de aderências, tração dos tecidos e hemostasia, além de demandar destreza do cirurgião; contudo, sem necessidade de investimentos em tecnologia e, além disso, a curva de aprendizado é relatada como menor que a da videolaparoscopia. A laparotomia com incisão mínima deve ser considerada como opção válida e viável no tratamento de afecções cirúrgicas.

A Randomized Controlled Trial of Procedural Techniques for Large Volume Paracentesis

ABSTRACT Introduction. The aim of this study is to investigate large volume therapeutic paracentesis using either a z-tract or axial (coxial) technique in a randomized controlled trial. Materials and methods. In this randomized, single blind study, patients with cirrhosis undergoing outpatient therapeutic paracentesis were randomized to the z-tract or the modified angular (coaxial) needle insertion technique. Subject and procedure characteristics were compared between the groups with ascites leakage as quantified by need for dressing changes with standardized sized gauze pads as a primary endpoint and subject procedural discomfort, operator preference, and procedure complications as secondary endpoints. Results. 72 paracenteses were performed during the study period: 34 to the z-tract and 38 to the coaxial insertion technique. Following exclusions, a total of 61 paracenteses were analyzed: 30 using the z-tract technique and 31 using the coaxial technique. There were equal rates of post-procedural leakage of ascites between groups (13% in both groups, p = 1.00). Using the visual analog scale (0 - 100), there was a statistically significant increase in the subject reported pain score with the z-tract compared with the coaxial method [26.4 (95% CI 18.7 - 34.1) vs. 17.2 (95% CI 10.6 - 23.8), p = 0.04]. Mean physician rated procedure difficulty (1 - 5) was significantly higher for the z-tract vs. the coaxial technique [2.1 (95% CI 1.6 - 2.6) vs. 1.5 (95% CI 1.2 - 1.8), p = 0.04]. Conclusion. When compared to the z-tract technique, the coaxial insertion technique is superior during large volume paracentesis in cirrhosis patients.

Variabilidad de las indicaciones en el diagnóstico prenatal del síndrome de Down

Introducción: Para lograr el diagnostico prenatal de síndrome de Down (SD) los protocolos han evolucionado a través de la construcción de indicaciones para realizar procedimientos invasivos que con pruebas citogenéticas o moleculares confirman el diagnostico in útero. Objetivo: El objetivo de este estudio es analizar y caracterizar las indicaciones de los procedimientos invasivos prenatales a los que se les realizó cariotipo y específicamente a las que tuvieron diagnóstico de síndrome de Down. Método: Estudio de diseño transversal para caracterizar las indicaciones de procedimientos invasivos en diagnóstico prenatal en un centro de diagnóstico genético en Cali, Colombia. Resultados: Se analizaron 623 casos (enero de 2013 - febrero de 2015). Del total de procedimientos invasivos prenatales analizados, el 7,1% fueron diagnosticados SD. La indicación con mayor frecuencia fueron los hallazgos de malformaciones en los exámenes ecográficos (45,4%); la indicación con mayor valor predictivo positivo fue la sonolucencia más otro marcador ecográfico (60,0%). Además, se encontró un mayor valor predictivo positivo de los procedimientos invasivos para diagnosticar SD en el grupo de edad entre 35 a 39 años (21,6%) en comparación con el grupo de 40 años y mayores (4,9%); esto probablemente secundario a que las indicaciones del procedimiento invasivo en el primer grupo eran diferentes a edad materna. Conclusiones: En Colombia, la primera ayuda diagnóstica para sospechar el SD in útero es la ecografía de segundo trimestre. La edad materna, la ansiedad y la sonolucencia nucal alterada también juegan un rol importante en este tipo de diagnóstico.

Introduction: For prenatal diagnosis of Down syndrome (DS), the protocols have evolved through the construction of indications for invasive procedures through karyotyping or molecular tests confirmed the diagnosis in utero. Objective: To analyze and characterize the indications of prenatal invasive procedures that are performed karyotype and specifically those who had diagnosis of (DS) in Cali, Colombia. Methods: Crossover design study to characterize signs of invasive diagnostic procedures in prenatal genetic diagnosis center in Cali. 623 cases were analyzed (January 2013 - February 2015). Results: Of all performed invasive procedures, 7.1% were diagnosed with DS. The most common indications were the findings of malformations in ultrasound examinations (45.4%); the indication with the highest positive predictive value was the nuchal translucency with other sonographic marker (60.0%). In addition, a higher positive predictive value of invasive diagnostic procedures for SD was found, in the age group between 35-39 years (21.6%) compared with the group of 40 and older (4.9%); this probably secondary to the invasive procedure directed in the first group were different maternal age. Conclusions: In Colombia, first help to suspect diagnosed DS in utero is second trimester ultrasound. Maternal age, anxiety and impaired nuchal translucency also play an important role in this diagnosis.

Infecciones nosocomiales en el postoperatorio neuroquirúrgico / Nosocomial Infections in the Neurosurgical Postoperative Act

Introducción: las infecciones nosocomiales constituyen un problema de salud en pacientes posquirúrgicos. Objetivo: valorar el comportamiento de las infecciones nosocomiales postoperatorias. Método: se realizó un estudio de corte transversal en el Servicio de Neurocirugía del Hospital Clínico Quirúrgico Lucía Iñiguez desde el primero de febrero de 2010 al 31 de enero de 2012. Se incluyeron 452 pacientes operados de los cuales 64 presentaron infecciones. En el análisis estadístico se aplicó la prueba de Chi cuadrado considerando significación estadísticamente p<0,05 y se calculó Odds ratio con un intervalo de confianza de 95 %. Resultados: el 14,16 % de los pacientes presentaron infecciones. La herida quirúrgica fue el principal sitio de infección en el 48,43 % de los pacientes. La aparición de infección fue en un tiempo quirúrgico mayor de cuatro horas. El empleo de drenaje quirúrgico y drenaje espinal continuo aumentaron el riesgo de sepsis del sistema nervioso central en 2,83 y 9,77 veces. Conclusiones: las infecciones nosocomiales en el postoperatorio neuroquirúrgico se asocian a múltiples factores como: el tipo de proceder realizado y el tiempo quirúrgico prolongado, así como, a la realización de procederes invasivos.

Introduction: the nosocomial infections are a health problem in postoperative patients. Objective: to assess the postoperative infections incidence. Method: a cross-sectional study in 452 patients, 64 with infections, at Neurosurgery service from Lucía Iñiguez hospital, from February 2010 to January 2012 was carried out. In the statistical analysis the Chi square was applied considering statistically significance p <0.05 and odds ratio was calculated with a confidence interval of 95 %. Results: the surgical wound was the main site of infection with 48.43 %. A surgical time higher than four hours was associated with the occurrence of infection. The use of continuous spinal drainage and surgical drainage increased the risk of sepsis in nervous central system in 2.83 and 9.77 times. Conclusions: the nosocomial infections in neurosurgical postoperative were associated with multiple factors like procedures performed, a large surgical time, and invasive procedures.

Adherencia médica a las indicaciones de procedimientos invasores en la unidad de pacientes críticos de un hospital universitario / Physician's adherence to medical indications for invasive procedures in the critical care unit of a university hospital

Introduction: Physicians' adherence to pre-established criteria for the indication and/or maintenance of invasive devices is a weak point in infection control programs. Fulfillment of the recommendations for preventing infections associated with invasive devices is essential to reduce their risk. Objective: To assess the adherence of physicians to the standardized criteria for indication of central venous catheter (CVC) and permanent urinary catheter (PUC) and to the application of supervision guidelines. Methods: During a period of 7 months, residents of the Critical Patient Unit monitored the adherence to criteria for indication of CVC and PUC recorded in patients' medical records. This information was compared with current regulations to assess compliance. Results: Between April and September 2009, 2078 supervision guidelines were applied. Invasive devices were identified in 47.7%. 10.4% of CVCs and 19.2% of PUCs did not meet criteria for installation and / or maintenance at the time of monitoring. Conclusions: Adherence of our medical staff to criteria for installation and /or maintenance of CVC and CUP should be improved. Monitoring can be efficiently performed by residents and could reduce infections associated with invasive procedures.

Introducción: La adherencia médica a los criterios de indicación y/o mantención de procedimientos invasores es un punto débil en los programas de control de infecciones. Cumplir las recomendaciones relacionadas a prevención de infecciones asociadas a procedimientos invasores es fundamental para reducir el riesgo de infección. Objetivos: Evaluar la adherencia de médicos residentes a criterios estandarizados de indicaciones médicas de catéter venoso central (CVC) y catéter urinario permanente (CUP) y a aplicar pautas de supervisión para evaluar su cumplimiento. Método: Durante un período de siete meses, residentes de la Unidad de Paciente Crítico (UPC), monitorizaron la adherencia a los criterios de indicación de CVC y CUP registrados en las fichas clínicas de los pacientes. La información registrada se cotejó con la normativa vigente. Resultados: Entre abril y octubre de 2009 se aplicaron 2.078 pautas de supervisión, de las cuales 47,7% identificaron invasión al momento de aplicarlas. Un 10,4 y 19,2% de los CVC y CUP, respectivamente, no cumplían con criterios de instalación y/o mantención al momento de la supervisión. Conclusiones: La adherencia de nuestros médicos de UPC a los criterios de instalación y/o mantención de CVC y CUP debe mejorarse. La supervisión puede ser realizada eficientemente por los mismos residentes y podría reducir las infecciones asociadas a procedimientos invasores.

Percutaneous use of ePTFE/FEP-covered metallic stent for palliation of malignant biliary obstruction.

INTRODUCTION: Placement of self-expanding metallic stents has been a standard palliative treatment for patients with inoperable biliary malignancy, aiming at improving quality of life via a minimally invasive procedure. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of percutaneous placement of expanded polytetrafluoroethylene/fluorinated ethylene propylene-covered metallic stents for palliation of inoperable biliary malignancy. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Between February 2012 and April 2013, 11 patients with inoperable malignant biliary obstruction were treated with stent implantation. Serum bilirubin and liver enzyme levels were measured before/immediately after stent placement and at one, three, and six months. Patient survival and stent patency were calculated using Kaplan-Meier analysis. RESULTS: No migration occurred. Patients showed clinical improvement immediately and one month after stent placement, with a significant reduction in mean serum bilirubin level (p < 0.05). At six months, bilirubin levels were <1.5 mg/dL in all cases. One patient developed acute liver failure four days after stent implantation, leading to death. Survival rates were 90% at three months and 70% at six months. Primary patency rates were 100%, 100%, and 90% at one, three, and six months, respectively. CONCLUSION: Percutaneous placement of expanded polytetrafluoroethylene/fluorinated ethylene propylene-covered metallic stents offered an effective palliative therapy for patients with inoperable biliary malignancy.

Implicaciones éticas y jurídicas de los procedimientos invasivos en cardiología / Ethical and legal implications of invasive procedures in cardiology

La relación clínica entre el médico y el enfermo se ha modificado en los últimos 30 años. A ello han contribuido, entre otros, los nuevos modos de ejercer la medicina por parte de los profesionales sanitarios, y, en particular, de aplicar los avances tecnológicos. En el ámbito de la cardiología existen varios métodos invasivos de diagnóstico y tratamiento, los cuales presentan riesgos para la vida del paciente; por tanto, es necesario una adecuada información y la aplicación del consentimiento informado desde el punto de vista ético y judicial. En Cuba existen aún rezagos de la medicina paternalista, por lo cual la aplicación del consentimiento informado, que constituye mucho más que un documento que se anexa a la historia clínica antes de un estudio invasivo, no se aplica sistemáticamente en las instituciones de salud. En el presente artículo se realiza una revisión sobre los aspectos éticos y jurídicos del consentimiento informado como proceso con implicaciones fundamentalmente éticas, pero también jurídicas, y se sugiere un documento representativo para su aplicación en los servicios de Cardiología del país(AU)

Doctor-patient relationships have changed in the past 30 years. This has been due, among other factors, to the introduction of new forms of health care and in particular to the application of technological advances. In the field of cardiology, several invasive diagnostic procedures and treatments pose a risk to the life of patients. Therefore, in compliance with ethical and legal principles, adequate information and the application of informed consent are crucial. In Cuba some vestiges of medical paternalism have lived on till our days. As a result, informed consent, which is a lot more than a document attached to the medical record before the performance of an invasive study, is not systematically applied in health care institutions. The present paper is a review of the ethical and legal aspects of informed consent as a process with mainly ethical, but also legal implications. A representative document is proposed for the application of informed consent in the country's cardiology services(AU)

Implicaciones éticas y jurídicas de los procedimientos invasivos en cardiología / Ethical and legal implications of invasive procedures in cardiology

La relación clínica entre el médico y el enfermo se ha modificado en los últimos 30 años. A ello han contribuido, entre otros, los nuevos modos de ejercer la medicina por parte de los profesionales sanitarios, y, en particular, de aplicar los avances tecnológicos. En el ámbito de la cardiología existen varios métodos invasivos de diagnóstico y tratamiento, los cuales presentan riesgos para la vida del paciente; por tanto, es necesario una adecuada información y la aplicación del consentimiento informado desde el punto de vista ético y judicial. En Cuba existen aún rezagos de la medicina paternalista, por lo cual la aplicación del consentimiento informado, que constituye mucho más que un documento que se anexa a la historia clínica antes de un estudio invasivo, no se aplica sistemáticamente en las instituciones de salud. En el presente artículo se realiza una revisión sobre los aspectos éticos y jurídicos del consentimiento informado como proceso con implicaciones fundamentalmente éticas, pero también jurídicas, y se sugiere un documento representativo para su aplicación en los servicios de Cardiología del país...

Doctor-patient relationships have changed in the past 30 years. This has been due, among other factors, to the introduction of new forms of health care and in particular to the application of technological advances. In the field of cardiology, several invasive diagnostic procedures and treatments pose a risk to the life of patients. Therefore, in compliance with ethical and legal principles, adequate information and the application of informed consent are crucial. In Cuba some vestiges of medical paternalism have lived on till our days. As a result, informed consent, which is a lot more than a document attached to the medical record before the performance of an invasive study, is not systematically applied in health care institutions. The present paper is a review of the ethical and legal aspects of informed consent as a process with mainly ethical, but also legal implications. A representative document is proposed for the application of informed consent in the country's cardiology services...

Heart Failure Pilot Survey by the Uruguayan-European Survey Group (GUERNICA) / Heart Failure Pilot Survey by the Uruguayan-European Survey Group (GUERNICA)

Objetivos: los principales objetivos de la rama uruguaya (GUERNICA) del Estudio Piloto de Insuficiencia Cardíaca de la Sociedad Europea de Cardiología (ESC-HF Pilot Survey) son: a) probar la herramienta en vistas a constituir un registro permanente; b) caracterizar la epidemiología de los pacientes con insuficiencia cardíaca (IC); c) describir el proceso diagnóstico y terapéutico aplicado, y d) comparar b y c con los correspondientes a los de los países de la ESC en su conjunto. Métodos y resultados: GUERNICA es un estudio prospectivo, multicéntrico, observacional. Todos los pacientes ambulatorios con IC crónica o los internados por IC aguda fueron incluidos durante el período de enrolamiento, que fue de un día por semana durante 11 meses consecutivos (febrero de 2010-enero de 2011). En ocho centros fueron reclutados 258 pacientes. Comparado con los países de la ESC, fueron reclutados más pacientes ambulatorios (88,4% versus 63%, OR 4,46 IC95% 3,03/6,55), predominando en los ambulatorios la clase funcional I-II de la NYHA (88,6% versus 71,7% OR 3,05 IC 94%2,01/4,01). No hubo diferencias en la etiología más frecuente que fue la isquemia ni en la fracción de eyección del ventrículo izquierdo con un porcentaje similar (35%). El uso de betabloqueantes e inhibidores de la enzima convertidora de angiotensina y antagonistas de receptores de angiotensina II fue también similar en los pacientes ambulatorios (79,8%). Tampoco las hubo en la mayoría de los procedimientos invasivos, excepto en el rango de cardiodesfibriladores (1,75% versus 13,27%, OR95% IC 0,12 [0,04-0,31]). Hubo una menor presión arterial sistólica media (122 ± 29 versus 133 ± 29, p 0,0359), mayor frecuencia de insuficiencia renal (IR) (59,1% versus 24,2%, OR 95% IC 4,53 [1,92/10,68]) y de uso de fármacos inotrópicos(23,33% versus 10,39%, OR 95% IC 2,62 [1,11/6,19] en los pacientes hospitalizados en nuestro país. Conclusión: ...

Heart Failure Pilot Survey by the Uruguayan-European Survey Group (GUERNICA)

Aims: Uruguayan branch (GUERNICA) of the ESC-HF Pilot Survey main objectives are: a) to test the tool in order to constitute a permanent registry; b) to characterize the epidemiology of heart failure(HF) patients (p); c) to describe the diagnostic and therapeutic processes applied, and d) to compare b and c with those of the ESC countries as a whole. Methods and results: GUERNICA is a prospective, multicentre, observational study. All outpatients with chronic HF or admitted for acute heart failure were included during the enrolment period, 1 day per week, 11 consecutive months, February 2010-January 2011. In 8 centres, 258p were recruited. Compared to the ESC countries, more ambulatory patients (88.4% vs. 63%, OR 4.46 CI 95% 3.03/6.55) predominantly NYHA functional class I-II (88.6% vs. 71.7% OR 3.05 CI 94% 2.01/4.01) were recruited. There were no differences in the most frequent aetiology, ischaemia, and ejection fraction (35%), with a similar percentage of beta-blockers and ACE-I/ARB use (79.8%). Neither were there any in most invasive procedures except in cardioverter-defibrillators implantation rate (1.75% vs. 13.27%, OR95%CI 0.12[0.04-0.31]). There was a lower mean SBP (122 ±29 vs. 133 ± 29, p 0.0359), more frequent renal failure (59.1% vs. 24.2%, OR 95%CI 4.53[1.92/10.68] and use of inotropic drugs (23.33% vs. 10.39%, OR 95% CI 2.62 [1.11/6.19] among hospitalized patients in our country.Conclusion: GUERNICA is a useful tool to approach epidemiology and management of HF, confirming the feasibility of setting up a permanent registry. The clinical epidemiology and the diagnostic and therapeutic process of both groups were comparable, with some differences analysed.

Objetivos: los principales objetivos de la rama uruguaya (GUERNICA) del Estudio Piloto de Insuficiencia Cardíaca de la Sociedad Europea de Cardiología (ESC-HF Pilot Survey) son: a) probar la herramienta en vistas a constituir un registro permanente; b) caracterizar la epidemiología de los pacientes con insuficiencia cardíaca (IC); c) describir el proceso diagnóstico y terapéutico aplicado, y d) comparar b y c con los correspondientes a los de los países de la ESC en su conjunto.Métodos y resultados: GUERNICA es un estudio prospectivo, multicéntrico, observacional. Todos los pacientes ambulatorios con IC crónica o los internados por IC aguda fueron incluidos durante el período de enrolamiento, que fue de un día por semana durante 11 meses consecutivos (febrero de 2010-enero de 2011). En ocho centros fueron reclutados 258 pacientes. Comparado con los países de la ESC, fueron reclutados más pacientes ambulatorios (88,4% versus 63%, OR 4,46 IC 95% 3,03/6,55), predominando en los ambulatorios la clase funcional I-II de la NYHA (88,6% versus 71,7% OR 3,05 IC 94% 2,01/4,01). No hubo diferencias en la etiología más frecuente que fue la isquemia ni en la fracción de eyección del ventrículo izquierdo con un porcentaje similar (35%). El uso de betabloqueantes e inhibidores de la enzima convertidora de angiotensina y antagonistas de receptores de angiotensina II fue también similar en los pacientes ambulatorios (79,8%). Tampoco las hubo en la mayoría de los procedimientos invasivos, excepto en el rango de cardiodesfibriladores (1,75% versus 13,27%, OR 95% IC 0,12 [0,04-0,31]). Hubo una menor presión arterial sistólica media (122 ± 29 versus 133 ± 29, p 0,0359), mayor frecuencia de insuficiencia renal (IR) (59,1% versus 24,2%, OR 95% IC 4,53 [1,92/10,68]) y de uso de fármacos inotrópicos (23,33% versus 10,39%, OR 95% IC 2,62 [1,11/6,19] en los pacientes hospitalizados en nuestro país.

Current status of natural orifice trans-endoscopic surgery (NOTES) and laparoendoscopic single site surgery (LESS) in urologic surgery

Laparoendoscopic single site surgery (LESS) and natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) represent novel approaches in urological surgery. To perform a review of the literature in order describe the current status of LESS and NOTES in Urology. References for this manuscript were obtained by performing a review of the available literature in PubMed from 01-01-02 to 15-05-09. Search terms included single port, single site, NOTES, LESS and single incision. A total of 412 manuscripts were initially identified. Out of these, 64 manuscripts were selected based in their urological content. The manuscript features subheadings for experimental and clinical studies, as NOTES-LESS is a new surgical technique and its future evolution will probably rely in initial verified feasibility. A subheading for reviews presents information regarding common language and consensus for the techniques. The issue of complications published in clinical series and the future needs of NOTES-LESS, are also presented.