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1.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38972353

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Paediatric patients are given premedication in order to decrease preoperative anxiety, allow smooth induction, and prevent postoperative psychological insult and behavioural changes. A child friendly method of administration is desirable. We compared intranasal administration of dexmedetomidine and ketamine in the operating room environment, to evaluate the Faces, Legs, Activity, Cry and Consolability (FLACC) score at the time of establishing intravenous access for induction of general anaesthesia. METHODS: This prospective, double-blind, randomized controlled trial was conducted at a tertiary care center. One hundred patients, 2-10 years of age, ASA physical status 1 & 2, scheduled for general anaesthesia were enrolled. Patient's presedation behaviour was assessed by the modified Yale Preoperative Anxiety Scale Short Form (mYPAS-SF). Patients in Group D received Dexmedetomidine 1 mcg/kg intranasally, and patients in Group K received Ketamine 5 mg/kg intranasally. After 45 minutes, patients were transferred to the operating table where intravenous cannulation was carried out and the response to needle insertion was assessed by FLACC scale. Vital signs, including the pulse-oximetry, heart rate and respiratory rate were monitored. Side effects such as nausea, vomiting, and agitation were also recorded. RESULTS: A significantly higher FLACC score was seen in Group D as compared to Group K (p = 0.001). The mean heart rate between two groups was found to be significantly (p = 0.001) lower in Group D compared to Group K. However, the proportion of adverse events was 8% in patients who received ketamine. CONCLUSIONS: Intranasal ketamine in a dose of 5 mg/kg is clinically more effective as premedication in children aged 2-10 years in comparison with intranasal dexmedetomidine in a dose of 1 mcg/kg.

2.
Eur J Psychotraumatol ; 15(1): 2299124, 2024.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38224070

ABSTRACT

Background: PTSD is a significant mental health problem worldwide. Current evidence-based interventions suffer various limitations. Ketamine is a novel agent that is hoped to be incrementally better than extant interventions.Objective: Several randomized control trials (RCTs) of ketamine interventions for PTSD have now been published. We sought to systematically review and meta-analyse results from these trials to evaluate preliminary evidence for ketamine's incremental benefit above-and-beyond control interventions in PTSD treatment.Results: Omnibus findings from 52 effect sizes extracted across six studies (n = 221) yielded a small advantage for ketamine over control conditions at reducing PTSD symptoms (g = 0.27, 95% CI = 0.03, 0.51). However, bias-correction estimates attenuated this effect (adjusted g = 0.20, 95%, CI = -0.08, 0.48). Bias estimates indicated smaller studies reported larger effect sizes favouring ketamine. The only consistent timepoint assessed across RCTs was 24-hours post-initial infusion. Effects at 24-hours post-initial infusion suggest ketamine has a small relative advantage over controls (g = 0.35, 95% CI = 0.06, 0.64). Post-hoc analyses at 24-hours post-initial infusion indicated that ketamine was significantly better than passive controls (g = 0.44, 95% CI = 0.03, 0.85), but not active controls (g = 0.24, 95% CI = -0.30, 0.78). Comparisons one-week into intervention suggested no meaningful group differences (g = 0.24, 95% CI = 0.00, 0.48). No significant differences were evident for RCTs that examined effects two-weeks post initial infusion (g = 0.17, 95% CI = -0.10, 0.44).Conclusions: Altogether, ketamine-for-PTSD RCTs reveal a nominal initial therapeutic advantage relative to controls. However, bias and heterogeneity appear problematic. While rapid acting effects were observed, all control agents (including saline) also evidenced rapid acting effects. We argue blind penetration to be a serious concern, and that placebo is the likely mechanism behind reported therapeutic effects.


We systematically reviewed and meta-analysed all randomized control trials of ketamine intervention for PTSD.While ketamine was associated with a reduction in symptoms, the effect was generally not stronger than control conditions.By two-weeks post-initial infusion, no meaningful differences are evident between ketamine and controls.


Subject(s)
Ketamine , Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic , Humans , Ketamine/therapeutic use , Quality of Life , Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/therapy
3.
Rev. mex. anestesiol ; 46(4): 237-241, oct.-dic. 2023. graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1536635

ABSTRACT

Resumen: Introducción: el dolor agudo postoperatorio demora la recuperación funcional del paciente. Objetivo: evaluar utilidad de la ketamina asociada a morfina administrados en bolos intravenosos en el control del dolor agudo postoperatorio de pacientes sometidos a cirugía renal electiva. Material y métodos: realizamos estudio doble ciego en pacientes con dolor postoperatorio moderado-severo sometidos a cirugía renal electiva. Se conformaron dos grupos: grupo MK administramos morfina 0.05 mg/kg más ketamina 0.2 mg/kg y grupo M morfina 0.05 mg/kg más solución salina a 0.9%. Pacientes con dolor de intensidad moderada-severa según escala analógica visual recibieron dosis de morfina cada 20 minutos hasta lograr dolor ligero, registrándose el consumo total de morfina por paciente. La tensión arterial, frecuencia cardíaca y respiratoria, saturación de oxígeno y efectos adversos fueron evaluados con la misma periodicidad. Resultados: el grupo MK mostró menor intensidad del dolor con disminución significativa del consumo de morfina. Ambos grupos resultaron ser similares en cuanto a cifras de tensión arterial, frecuencia cardíaca, frecuencia respiratoria y saturación de oxígeno. Las náuseas y vómitos fueron los efectos adversos de mayor prevalencia, siendo superiores en el grupo morfina. Conclusiones: la asociación morfina-ketamina resultó útil en el control del dolor moderado-severo en pacientes sometidos a cirugía renal electiva.


Abstract: Introduction: acute postoperative pain delays the patient's functional recovery. Objective: to evaluate the utility of ketamine associated with morphine administered in intravenous boluses in the control of acute postoperative pain in patients undergoing elective renal surgery. Material and methods: we conducted a double-blind study in patients with moderate-severe postoperative pain undergoing elective renal surgery. Two groups were formed: group MK administered 0.05 mg/kg morphine plus 0.2 mg/kg ketamine and group M 0.05 mg/kg morphine plus 0.9% saline solution. Patients with pain of moderate-severe intensity according to the visual analogue scale received doses of morphine every 20 minutes until achieving light pain, recording the total consumption of morphine per patient. Blood pressure, heart and respiratory rates, oxygen saturation, and adverse effects were evaluated with the same periodicity. Results: MK group showed lower pain intensity with a significant decrease in morphine consumption. Both groups turned out to be similar in terms of blood pressure, heart rate, respiratory rate and oxygen saturation Figures. Nausea and vomiting were the most prevalent adverse effects, being higher in the morphine group. Conclusions: the morphine-ketamine association was useful in the control of moderate-severe pain in patients undergoing elective renal surgery.

4.
Rev Med Inst Mex Seguro Soc ; 61(Suppl 2): S120-S126, 2023 09 18.
Article in Spanish | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38011531

ABSTRACT

Background: Ketamine is an analgesic adjuvant useful in acute pain preventive treatment. However, there are few studies evaluating its efficacy in local administration for postoperative pain management. Objective: To compare ketamine´s efficacy plus 2% lidocaine versus placebo plus 2% lidocaine infiltrated into surgical wound as postoperative analgesia in patients undergoing mastectomy. Material and methods: An experimental, randomized, single-blind study was carried out in 18 patients older than 18 years scheduled for mastectomy under general anesthetic technique. The surgical wound was infiltrated before to its closure with 0.5 mg/kg of ketamine plus 10 mL of simple 2% lidocaine volumetric to 20 mL with saline solution (group 1) or 10 mL saline solution + 10 mL of simple 2% lidocaine (group 2). Each patient was randomly assigned to one of the two intervention groups by draw (from which a piece of paper was drawn indicating the group to which they would belong). The pain intensity was assessed by Analog Numerical Scale (ANS) at 2, 8 and 12 hours after surgery and the need for analgesic rescue doses. Results: The scores on the ANS scale in both groups were similar at leaving (p 0.26) and 2 hours later (p 0.05). The ENA value was lower with 2% ketamine/lidocaine infiltration at 8 hours (ketamine 2.5 [2-3]; placebo 4 [3-7], p 0.01) and 12 hours (ketamine 3 [1-5]; placebo 5 [4-6], p < 0.001). Conclusions: Ketamine infiltrated into the surgical wound provides superior analgesia and improves ENA scores in the post-surgical period.


Introducción: la ketamina es un fármaco ahorrador de opioides y adyuvante analgésico, útil en el tratamiento preventivo del dolor agudo postoperatorio. Sin embargo, existen pocos estudios que evalúen su eficacia en su administración local para el manejo de dolor postoperatorio. Objetivo: comparar la eficacia de la ketamina más lidocaína al 2% frente a placebo más lidocaína al 2% infiltrada en herida quirúrgica como analgesia postoperatoria en pacientes sometidas a cirugía de mama. Material y métodos: se realizó un estudio experimental, prospectivo y aleatorizado en 18 pacientes mayores de 18 años programadas para mastectomía bajo técnica anestésica general. El sitio quirúrgico se infiltró con 0.5 mg/kg de ketamina más 10 mL de lidocaína al 2% aforado a 20 mL con solución salina (grupo 1) o solución salina 10 mL + 10 mL de lidocaína simple al 2% (grupo 2). Se valoró la intensidad del dolor mediante la Escala Numérica Análoga (ENA) a las 2, 8, y 12 horas posteriores a la cirugía y la necesidad de dosis de rescate analgésico. Resultados: las puntuaciones en la ENA en ambos grupos fueron similares al salir (p 0.26) y 2 horas posteriores (p 0.05). El valor de la ENA fue menor con la infiltración de ketamina/lidocaína 2% a las 8 horas (ketamina 2.5 [2-3]; placebo 4 [3-7], p 0.01) y 12 horas (ketamina 3 [1-5]; placebo 5 [4-6], p < 0.001). Conclusiones: la ketamina infiltrada en la herida quirúrgica provee analgesia superior, brinda seguridad y mejora las puntuaciones de la ENA en el periodo postquirúrgico.


Subject(s)
Analgesia , Analgesics , Breast Neoplasms , Ketamine , Lidocaine , Pain, Postoperative , Surgical Wound , Female , Humans , Analgesics/therapeutic use , Anesthetics, Local/therapeutic use , Breast Neoplasms/surgery , Double-Blind Method , Ketamine/therapeutic use , Lidocaine/therapeutic use , Mastectomy , Pain, Postoperative/drug therapy , Pain, Postoperative/prevention & control , Saline Solution/therapeutic use , Single-Blind Method , Surgical Wound/drug therapy
5.
Rev. esp. anestesiol. reanim ; 70(8): 438-446, Octubre 2023. tab, graf
Article in Spanish | IBECS | ID: ibc-225926

ABSTRACT

Antecedentes: Las cirugías laparoscópicas inducen dolores de hombro y abdominales significativos, que fluctúan entre 35 y 80% de los pacientes, a pesar de sus ventajas. La causa del dolor posterior a la laparoscopia no se comprende plenamente, suponiéndose que es multifactorial y posiblemente un tipo de dolor referido. Objetivo del estudio Evaluar el efecto de los diferentes modelos analgésicos en el dolor posterior a la laparoscopia y en las modulaciones del marcador inflamatorio. Métodos Se asignó aleatoriamente a los pacientes programados para colecistectomía laparoscópica electiva, para recibir una infiltración local en la fosa hepática y el área subdiafragmática derecha con uno de los cuatro tipos de mezcla analgésica de fármacos siguientes: grupo 1 (G1) con 20 mL de bupivacaína al 0,25%; grupo 2 (G2) con 20 mL de bupivacaína al 0,25% + 3 mg de sulfato de morfina; grupo 3 (G3) con 20 mL de bupivacaína al 0,25% + 3 mg de sulfato de morfina + 200 mcg/kg de ketamina; y grupo 4 (G4) con 20 mL de solución salina isotónica como grupo control. Resultados El G3 demostró unos niveles significativamente bajos en la escala de calificación numérica oral del dolor de hombro y marcadores inflamatorios, en contraste con los tres grupos restantes. Los altos niveles de marcadores inflamatorios, estadísticamente significativos, fueron registrados en el grupo control en la comparación entre los grupos de estudio. No se documentaron efectos secundarios ni complicaciones en los cuatro grupos. Conclusión La adición de ketamina y morfina a bupivacaína para insuflado hepático y subdiafragmático produjo buena analgesia y redujo los niveles de los marcadores inflamatorios tras colecistectomía laparoscópica. (AU)


Background: Despite the advantages of laparoscopic surgeries, its induced shoulder and abdominal pain are significant, ranging from 35% to 80%. The cause of post laparoscopic pain is not fully understood and supposed to be multifactorial and possibly referred to as pain. Aim of the study Evaluate the effect of different analgesic models on post-laparoscopic pain and inflammatory markers modulation. Methods Patients scheduled for elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy randomLy assigned to receive local infiltration of the hepatic and right subdiaphragmatic fossae with one of four types of the analgesic mixture of drugs:-Group-1 (G1): 20 mL of (bupivacaine 0.25%) Group-2 (G2): 20 mL of (bupivacaine 0.25% + 3 mg of Morphine sulphate) Group-3 (G3): 20 mL of (bupivacaine 0.25% + 3 mg of Morphine sulphate + 200 microgram/kg ketamine). Group-4 (G4): 20 mL of isotonic saline as the control group. Results Group 3 demonstrated significant low VNRS of shoulder pain and significantly low levels of inflammatory marker compared with the other three groups. Highest statistically significant levels of inflammatory markers recorded in the control group among the study groups. No side effects or complications documented in the four study groups. Conclusión The addition of Ketamine and Morphine to the Bupivacaine for hepatic and subdiaphragmatic insufflation produced good analgesia and reduced the levels of inflammatory markers after Laparoscopic cholecystectomy. (AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Cholecystectomy, Laparoscopic/instrumentation , Cholecystectomy, Laparoscopic/methods , Analgesics/administration & dosage , Analgesics/adverse effects , Analgesics/pharmacology , Analgesics/therapeutic use , Surgical Procedures, Operative/methods , Surgical Procedures, Operative/rehabilitation
6.
Rev Esp Anestesiol Reanim (Engl Ed) ; 70(8): 438-446, 2023 Oct.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37678451

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Despite its advantages, laparoscopic surgery causes significant shoulder and abdominal pain in 35%-80% of patients. The cause of post-laparoscopy pain is not fully understood, but it is assumed to be a multifactorial referred pain. AIM OF THE STUDY: To evaluate the effect of different analgesia techniques on post-laparoscopic pain and inflammatory markers. METHODS: Patients scheduled for elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy were randomly assigned to receive local hepatic and right subdiaphragmatic infiltration of one of the 4 study drug combinations: Group 1 (G1) received 20 ml bupivacaine 0.25%; Group 2 (G2) received 20 ml bupivacaine 0.25% +3 mg morphine sulphate; Group 3 (G3) received 20 ml bupivacaine 0.25% + 3 mg morphine sulphate +200 µg/kg ketamine; and Group 4 (G4) received 20 ml isotonic saline as the control group. RESULTS: In G3, both shoulder pain on the verbal numerical rating scale and inflammatory marker levels were lower compared with the other groups. The highest levels of inflammatory markers were observed in the control group; this difference was statistically significant. No side effects or complications were observed in the study groups. CONCLUSION: The addition of ketamine and morphine to bupivacaine for hepatic and subdiaphragmatic infiltration produced good analgesia and reduced inflammatory marker levels after laparoscopic cholecystectomy.

7.
Rev. mex. anestesiol ; 46(3): 197-203, jul.-sep. 2023. graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1515383

ABSTRACT

Resumen: La ketamina es un medicamento conocido por sus bondades como inductor anestésico y para disminuir la posibilidad de complicaciones, por ejemplo, exacerbación del dolor neuropático e hiperalgesia asociada a opioides. En esta revisión nos enfocaremos en otras indicaciones en las que también ha demostrado ser útil y que, bajo observación e instrucción adecuadas en una infraestructura diseñada para ello (clínicas de ketamina), mejora la calidad en el comportamiento y disminuye el estrés, ansiedad y dolor. Entre las indicaciones para su uso se encuentran los trastornos depresivos, el trastorno de ansiedad, el trastorno obsesivo compulsivo y los relacionados con traumas emocionales; el trastorno bipolar, anormalidades en conducta e ingesta alimentaria, al igual que los trastornos adictivos.


Abstract: Ketamine is a drug known for its benefits as an anesthetic inducer and to reduce the possibility of complications such as exacerbation of neuropathic pain and hyperalgesia associated with opioids. In this review we will focus on other indications in which it has also proven to be useful and that, under adequate observation and instruction in an infrastructure designed for it (ketamine clinics), improves the quality of behavior and decreases stress, anxiety and pain. Among the indications for its use are depressive disorders, anxiety disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder and those related to emotional trauma; bipolar disorder, abnormalities in behavior and eating intake as well as addictive disorders.

8.
Rev. neurol. (Ed. impr.) ; 76(11)Jun 1, 2023. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | IBECS | ID: ibc-221243

ABSTRACT

Introducción: Los trastornos psicóticos se consideran problemas crónicos de salud mental. Aunque se ha demostrado que estos trastornos pueden presentarse con sintomatologías muy heterogéneas, el tratamiento farmacológico se basa en el uso de antipsicóticos típicos y atípicos, cuyo mecanismo de acción principal es el bloqueo dopaminérgico, limitando su efecto a la mejora de los síntomas positivos, sin mejorar el resto de la sintomatología y presentando una gran cantidad de efectos adversos graves. Por este motivo se están estudiando nuevas dianas terapéuticas distintas al sistema dopaminérgico. El objetivo principal de esta revisión es comprobar si estas sustancias psicoactivas utilizadas en la práctica clínica podrían aportar beneficios adicionales como tratamiento complementario para personas con trastornos psicóticos. Desarrollo: Para esta revisión sistemática se realizó una búsqueda bibliográfica en las bases de datos PsycINFO, Medline, Psicodoc, PubMed y Google Scholar. Se incluyeron 28 artículos en la revisión. Entre los principales resultados encontramos que el cannabidiol es más efectivo para mejorar los síntomas positivos y la psicopatología; el modafinilo, para los síntomas cognitivos, el funcionamiento motor y emocional y la calidad de vida; y la ketamina, para los síntomas negativos. Además, todas las sustancias presentaron un buen perfil de tolerabilidad y seguridad, especialmente en comparación con los antipsicóticos. Conclusión: Con los resultados obtenidos, se abre la posibilidad de tener una guía de actuación para los clínicos/profesionales de la salud sobre el uso del cannabidiol, el modafinilo y la ketamina como tratamiento adyuvante para pacientes con cuadros psicóticos.(AU)


Introduction: Psychotic disorders are considered chronic mental health issues. Although it has been demonstrated that these disorders can present with a wide range of symptoms, pharmacological treatment is based on the use of typical and atypical antipsychotics, whose main mechanism of action is dopaminergic blockade, limiting their effect to the improvement of positive symptoms, without improving the rest of the symptoms and giving rise to a large number of serious adverse effects. For this reason, new therapeutic targets other than the dopaminergic system are being studied. The main objective of this review is to test whether these psychoactive substances used in clinical practice could provide additional benefits as an adjunctive treatment for people with psychotic disorders. Development: For this systematic review, a literature search was conducted in the databases PsycINFO, Medline, Psicodoc, PubMed and Google Scholar. Altogether 28 articles were included in the review. One of the main findings is that cannabidiol is more effective for improving positive symptoms and psychopathology; modafinil, for cognitive symptoms, motor and emotional functioning and quality of life; and ketamine, for negative symptoms. In addition, all the substances showed a good tolerability and safety profile, especially in comparison to antipsychotics. Conclusion: The results obtained open up the possibility of having a guideline for clinicians/health professionals on the use of cannabidiol, modafinil and ketamine as adjunctive treatment for patients with psychotic conditions.(AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Psychotic Disorders/drug therapy , Substance-Related Disorders , Cannabidiol , Schizophrenia , Ketamine , Neurology , Nervous System Diseases , Mental Health , Dopamine Agents , Neuropsychiatry
9.
Rev. esp. anestesiol. reanim ; 70(5): 276-283, May. 2023. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | IBECS | ID: ibc-219860

ABSTRACT

Introducción y objetivos: El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la seguridad y eficacia de midazolam y ketamina como adyuvantes para el bloqueo peribulbar en vitrectomías. Pacientes y métodos: Este ensayo controlado aleatorizado incluyó 93 pacientes adultos sometidos a vitrectomías realizadas con anestesia peribulbar. Se asignó aleatoriamente a los pacientes en 3 grupos (de 31 participantes cada uno): control (mezcla anestésica estándar), midazolam (mezcla estándar+midazolam) y ketamina (mezcla estándar+ketamina). Los resultados primarios fueron el inicio de la acinesia globular y la duración de la analgesia. Los resultados secundarios fueron la duración del bloqueo motor, el inicio de la anestesia corneal y la acinesia palpebral, y los cambios de los datos vitales (presión sanguínea, saturación de oxígeno, y frecuencia cardiaca). Resultados: El grupo ketamina frente al grupo control y el grupo midazolam reflejaron el inicio más rápido de la acinesia palpebral y globular (p<0,001) y la anestesia corneal (0,7±0,2 vs. 1,5±0,5 y 1,2±0,4, respectivamente; p<0,001) y la duración más prolongada tanto de la analgesia (3,7±0,6 vs. 2,3±0,4 y 3,1±0,6, respectivamente; p<0,001) como de la acinesia (3,8±0,5 vs. 3±0,4, y 3,7±0,5, respectivamente; p<0,001). El grupo midazolam reflejó mejores resultados que los controles, aunque el fármaco fue menos efectivo que la ketamina. No se produjeron diferencias significativas en términos de datos vitales entre los grupos (p>0,05). Conclusiones: Ketamina es un adyuvante efectivo para el bloqueo peribulbar. Mejora el bloqueo motor y sensorial acelerando el inicio y prolongando la duración. Dichos efectos son deseables en los procedimientos oftálmicos más prolongados, tales como vitrectomías. Los efectos de ketamina fueron superiores a los de midazolam.(AU)


Introduction and objectives: This study aimed to assess the safety and efficacy of midazolam and ketamine as adjuvants to the peribulbar block in vitreoretinal surgeries. Patients and methods: This randomized controlled trial included 93 adult patients undergoing vitreoretinal surgeries performed with peribulbar anaesthesia. Patients were randomly allocated to 3 groups (31 participants each): control (standard anaesthetic mixture), midazolam (standard mixture+midazolam), and ketamine (standard mixture+ketamine). The primary outcomes were onset of globe akinesia and duration of analgesia. Secondary outcomes were duration of motor blockade, onset of corneal anaesthesia and lid akinesia, and changes in vital data (blood pressure, oxygen saturation, and pulse rate). Results: The ketamine group vs. the control and midazolam groups showed the most rapid onset of lid and globe akinesia (p<0.001) and corneal anaesthesia (0.7±0.2 vs. 1.5±0.5 and 1.2±0.4, respectively; p<0.001) and the longest duration of both analgesia (3.7±0.6 vs. 2.3±0.4 and 3.1±0.6, respectively; p<0.001) and akinesia (3.8±0.5 vs. 3.0±0.4, and 3.7±0.5, respectively; p<0.001). The midazolam group showed better outcomes than controls, but the drug was less effective than ketamine. There were no significant differences in vital data among groups (p>0.05). Conclusions. Ketamine is an effective adjuvant for peribulbar blockade. It enhances both motor and sensory blockade by hastening onset and prolonging duration. These effects are desirable in lengthier ophthalmic procedures such as vitreoretinal surgeries. The effects of ketamine were superior to those of midazolam.(AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Ketamine , Midazolam , Vitrectomy , Analgesia , Anesthesia
10.
An. pediatr. (2003. Ed. impr.) ; 98(4): 276-282, abr. 2023. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | IBECS | ID: ibc-218512

ABSTRACT

Introducción: La analgosedación es una prioridad en el cuidado de pacientes en unidades de intensivos pediátricos. La combinación de ketamina y propofol puede ser una alternativa para aquellos pacientes con necesidad de sedación prolongada, con dificultad para la sedación y para disminuir el empleo de benzodiacepinas y opiáceos. El objetivo de este estudio es analizar la eficacia y seguridad de la combinación de ketamina y propofol en perfusión continua para la analgosedación en unidades de cuidados intensivos pediátricos.Materiales y métodos: Estudio de cohorte única prospectivo observacional en pacientes de 1 mes a 16 años ingresados en unidades de cuidados intensivos pediátricos entre 2016 y 2018 que recibieron tratamiento con ketamina y propofol en perfusión continua para analgosedación. Se recogieron datos clínicos y demográficos, scores de analgesia y sedación (MAPS, COMFORT-B y SOPHIA), parámetros hemodinámicos y efectos adversos. Resultados: Treinta y dos pacientes fueron incluidos. La dosis máxima de ketamina fue de 1,5mg/kg/h (RI 1-2mg/kg/h) y la duración, 5 días (RI 3-5 días). La dosis máxima de propofol fue de 3,2mg/kg/hora (RI 2,5-3,6mg/kg/hora) y la duración, 5 días (RI 3-5 días). Treinta pacientes (93,7%) habían recibido midazolam y 29 (90,6%) fentanilo previamente. Tras el inicio de la perfusión de ketamina y propofol la puntuación en la escala de analgesia no se modificó. El COMFORT-B mostró un incremento estadísticamente significativo, pero se mantuvo dentro del rango de sedación adecuada (12-17). Se produjo una leve disminución en la presión arterial media tras una hora de administración, que fue estadísticamente significativa (de 64mmHg a 60mmHg; P=0,006) así como en la presión arterial diastólica (de 50,5 a 48mmHg; P=0,023). Esta diferencia desapareció a las 12 horas del inicio y no requirió uso de drogas vasoactivas. No se detectaron efectos adversos graves durante la administración. (AU)


Introduction: Analgesia and sedation are a priority in paediatric intensive care. The combination of ketamine and propofol is a possible option in patients requiring prolonged or difficult sedation and to reduce the use of benzodiazepines and opiates. The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy and safety of combination ketamine and propofol in continuous infusion for prolonged analgesia/sedation in the paediatric intensive care setting. Patients and methods: Prospective, observational single-group cohort study in patients aged 1 month to 16 years admitted to the paediatric intensive care unit in 2016–2018 that received ketamine and propofol in continuous infusion for analgesia and sedation. We collected data on demographic and clinical characteristics, analgesia and sedation scores (MAPS, COMFORT-B and SOPHIA), haemodynamic parameters and adverse events. Results: The study included 32 patients. The maximum dose of ketamine was 1.5mg/kg/h (interquartile range [IQR], 1–2mg/kg/h) and the infusion duration was 5 days (IQR, 3–5 days). The maximum dose of propofol was 3.2mg/kg/h (IQR, 2.5–3.6mg/kg/h) and the infusion duration, 5 days (IQR, 3–5 days). Thirty (93.7%) patients had previously received midazolam and 29 (90.6%) fentanyl. Analgesia scores did not change after initiation of the ketamine and propofol infusion. There was a statistically significant increase in the COMFORT-B score, but the score remained in the adequate sedation range (12–17). There were small but statistically significant decreases in the mean arterial pressure (from 64mmHg to 60mmHg; P=.006) and the diastolic blood pressure (from 50.5 to 48mmHg; P=.023) 1h after the initiation of the ketamine and propofol infusion, but this difference was not observed 12h later and did not require administration of vasoactive drugs. No other major adverse events were detected during the infusion. (AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Infant , Child, Preschool , Child , Adolescent , Ketamine/therapeutic use , Propofol/therapeutic use , Analgesia , Prospective Studies , Intensive Care Units, Pediatric
11.
Rev Esp Anestesiol Reanim (Engl Ed) ; 70(5): 276-283, 2023 05.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36934847

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to assess the safety and efficacy of midazolam and ketamine as adjuvants to the peribulbar block in vitreoretinal surgeries. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This randomized controlled trial included 93 adult patients undergoing vitreoretinal surgeries performed with peribulbar anaesthesia. Patients were randomly allocated to 3 groups (31 participants each): control (standard anaesthetic mixture), midazolam (standard mixture + midazolam), and ketamine (standard mixture + ketamine). The primary outcomes were onset of globe akinesia and duration of analgesia. Secondary outcomes were duration of motor blockade, onset of corneal anaesthesia and lid akinesia, and changes in vital data (blood pressure, oxygen saturation, and pulse rate). RESULTS: The ketamine group vs. the control and midazolam groups showed the most rapid onset of lid and globe akinesia (p < 0.001) and corneal anaesthesia (0.7 ± 0.2 vs. 1.5 ± 0.5 and 1.2 ± 0.4, respectively; p < 0.001) and the longest duration of both analgesia (3.7 ± 0.6 vs. 2.3 ± 0.4 and 3.1 ± 0.6, respectively; p < 0.001) and akinesia (3.8 ± 0.5 vs. 3.0 ± 0.4, and 3.7 ± 0.5, respectively; p < 0.001). The midazolam group showed better outcomes than controls, but the drug was less effective than ketamine. There were no significant differences in vital data among groups (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Ketamine is an effective adjuvant for peribulbar blockade. It enhances both motor and sensory blockade by hastening onset and prolonging duration. These effects are desirable in lengthier ophthalmic procedures such as vitreoretinal surgeries. The effects of ketamine were superior to those of midazolam.


Subject(s)
Ketamine , Vitreoretinal Surgery , Adult , Humans , Anesthetics, Local , Midazolam , Anesthesia, Local/methods
12.
An Pediatr (Engl Ed) ; 98(4): 276-282, 2023 Apr.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36925340

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION: Analgesia and sedation are a priority in paediatric intensive care. The combination of ketamine and propofol is a possible option in patients requiring prolonged or difficult sedation and to reduce the use of benzodiazepines and opiates. The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy and safety of combination ketamine and propofol in continuous infusion for prolonged analgesia/sedation in the paediatric intensive care setting. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Prospective, observational single-group cohort study in patients aged 1 month to 16 years admitted to the paediatric intensive care unit in 2016-2018 that received ketamine and propofol in continuous infusion for analgesia and sedation. We collected data on demographic and clinical characteristics, analgesia and sedation scores (MAPS, COMFORT-B and SOPHIA), haemodynamic parameters and adverse events. RESULTS: The study included 32 patients. The maximum dose of ketamine was 1.5 mg/kg/h (interquartile range [IQR], 1-2 mg/kg/h) and the infusion duration was 5 days (IQR, 3-5 days). The maximum dose of propofol was 3.2 mg/kg/h (IQR, 2.5-3.6 mg/kg/h) and the infusion duration, 5 days (IQR, 3-5 days). Thirty (93.7%) patients had previously received midazolam and 29 (90.6%) fentanyl. Analgesia scores did not change after initiation of the ketamine and propofol infusion. There was a statistically significant increase in the COMFORT-B score, but the score remained in the adequate sedation range (12-17). There were small but statistically significant decreases in the mean arterial pressure (from 64 mmHg to 60 mmHg; P = .006) and the diastolic blood pressure (from 50.5 to 48 mmHg; P = .023) 1 h after the initiation of the ketamine and propofol infusion, but this difference was not observed 12 h later and did not require administration of vasoactive drugs. No other major adverse events were detected during the infusion. CONCLUSIONS: The combination of ketamine and propofol in continuous infusion is a safe treatment in critically ill children that makes it possible to achieve an appropriate level of analgesia and sedation without relevant haemodynamic repercussions.


Subject(s)
Ketamine , Propofol , Child , Humans , Propofol/adverse effects , Ketamine/adverse effects , Hypnotics and Sedatives/adverse effects , Prospective Studies , Cohort Studies , Critical Care , Pain
13.
Emergencias ; 35(1): 6-14, 2023 02.
Article in English, Spanish | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36756911

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVES: To describe the epidemiologic, clinical, and toxicologic profiles of patients who used recreational ketamine and experienced acute poisoning. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Retrospective observational study of patients attended by several emergency medical services in the Balearic Islands for analytically confirmed acute poisoning after using ketamine between January 2016 and December 2020. Urine samples were analyzed by immunoassay and combined gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. RESULTS: One hundred twenty-two patients were studied. The mean (SD) age was 26.7 (6.5) years. The majority were men (77.9%) and not residents of the Balearic Islands (74.6%). Poisoning cases occurred mainly in the summer and in the island of Ibiza (84.4%). Ketamine use was declared by the patient or clinically suspected in 40.2%. The most common clinical signs were tachycardia (43.4%), hypertension (28.7%), mydriasis (27.0%), altered consciousness (25.4%), agitation/aggressiveness (25.4%), and hypothermia (21.3%). Seven patients (5.73%) required admission to the intensive care unit. The drugs most often detected along with ketamine were cocaine, in 93.4%, and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), in 78.7%. Multiple-drug use combining ketamine, cocaine, and MDMA, or on occasion additional substances, was detected in 98.4%. CONCLUSION: Detection of ketamine in urine samples from patients poisoned by recreational drugs is associated with a characteristic profile: young men who are not residents of the Balearic Islands, who attend electronic music concerts, and who have taken multiple drugs. A substantial percentage of such patients are unaware of drug intake.


OBJETIVO: Identificar el perfil epidemiológico, clínico y toxicológico de los pacientes consumidores de ketamina en el contexto de una intoxicación aguda por drogas recreativas. METODO: Estudio observacional retrospectivo en pacientes atendidos en varios servicios de urgencias (SU) en Baleares por intoxicaciones agudas por drogas recreativas con exposición a ketamina confirmada analíticamente, entre enero de 2016 y diciembre de 2020. El análisis toxicológico en muestras de orina se realizó mediante inmunoensayo y cromatografía de gases acoplada a espectrometría de masas. RESULTADOS: Se incluyeron 122 pacientes. La edad media fue de 26,7 (DE 6,5) años. La mayoría eran hombres (77,9%) y no residentes en las Islas Baleares (74,6%). Los casos se detectaron mayoritariamente en verano y en Ibiza (84,4%). El uso de ketamina solo fue declarado por el paciente o fue clínicamente sospechado por el médico en el 40,2%. Los signos clínicos más frecuentes fueron taquicardia (43,4%), hipertensión (28,7%), midriasis (27,0%), disminución de la consciencia (25,4%), agitación/agresividad (25,4%) e hipotermia (21,3%). Siete pacientes (5,7%) requirieron ingreso en la unidad de cuidados intensivos (UCI). La cocaína (93,4%) y la 3,4-metilendioximetanfetamina (MDMA) (78,7%) fueron las drogas más detectadas junto con la ketamina. El policonsumo fue habitual (98,4%), combinando ketamina, cocaína y MDMA, en algunos casos asociado a otras sustancias. CONCLUSIONES: La detección de ketamina en intoxicaciones por drogas recreativas se asocia a consumidores con un perfil característico (varones jóvenes, no residentes, asistentes a eventos de música electrónica y policonsumo) y un alto porcentaje desconocen de este consumo.


Subject(s)
Cocaine , Illicit Drugs , Ketamine , N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine , Poisons , Male , Humans , Female , Adult , Illicit Drugs/adverse effects , Ketamine/adverse effects , Ketamine/urine , N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine/urine
14.
Emergencias (Sant Vicenç dels Horts) ; 35(1): 6-14, feb. 2023. tab, graf
Article in Spanish | IBECS | ID: ibc-213764

ABSTRACT

bjetivo. Identificar el perfil epidemiológico, clínico y toxicológico de los pacientes consumidores de ketamina en el contexto de una intoxicación aguda por drogas recreativas.Método. Estudio observacional retrospectivo en pacientes atendidos en varios servicios de urgencias (SU) en Baleares por intoxicaciones agudas por drogas recreativas con exposición a ketamina confirmada analíticamente, entre enero de 2016 y diciembre de 2020. El análisis toxicológico en muestras de orina se realizó mediante inmunoensayo y cromatografía de gases acoplada a espectrometría de masas.Resultados. Se incluyeron 122 pacientes. La edad media fue de 26,7 (DE 6,5) años. La mayoría eran hombres (77,9%) y no residentes en las Islas Baleares (74,6%). Los casos se detectaron mayoritariamente en verano y en Ibiza (84,4%). El uso de ketamina solo fue declarado por el paciente o fue clínicamente sospechado por el médico en el 40,2%. Los signos clínicos más frecuentes fueron taquicardia (43,4%), hipertensión (28,7%), midriasis (27,0%), disminución de la consciencia (25,4%), agitación/agresividad (25,4%) e hipotermia (21,3%). Siete pacientes (5,7%) requirieron ingreso en la unidad de cuidados intensivos (UCI). La cocaína (93,4%) y la 3,4-metilendioximetanfetamina (MDMA) (78,7%) fueron las drogas más detectadas junto con la ketamina. El policonsumo fue habitual (98,4%), combinando ketamina, cocaína y MDMA, en algunos casos asociado a otras sustancias.Conclusiones. La detección de ketamina en intoxicaciones por drogas recreativas se asocia a consumidores con un perfil característico (varones jóvenes, no residentes, asistentes a eventos de música electrónica y policonsumo) y un alto porcentaje desconocen de este consumo. (AU)


Objective. To describe the epidemiologic, clinical, and toxicologic profiles of patients who used recreational ketamine and experienced acute poisoning. Methods. Retrospective observational study of patients attended by several emergency medical services in the Balearic Islands for analytically confirmed acute poisoning after using ketamine between January 2016 and December 2020. Urine samples were analyzed by immunoassay and combined gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. Results. One hundred twenty-two patients were studied. The mean (SD) age was 26.7 (6.5) years. The majority were men (77.9%) and not residents of the Balearic Islands (74.6%). Poisoning cases occurred mainly in the summer and in the island of Ibiza (84.4%). Ketamine use was declared by the patient or clinically suspected in 40.2%. The most common clinical signs were tachycardia (43.4%), hypertension (28.7%), mydriasis (27.0%), altered consciousness (25.4%), agitation/aggressiveness (25.4%), and hypothermia (21.3%). Seven patients (5.73%) required admission to the intensive care unit. The drugs most often detected along with ketamine were cocaine, in 93.4%, and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), in 78.7%. Multiple-drug use combining ketamine, cocaine, and MDMA, or on occasion additional substances, was detected in 98.4%. Conclusions. Detection of ketamine in urine samples from patients poisoned by recreational drugs is associated with a characteristic profile: young men who are not residents of the Balearic Islands, who attend electronic music. (AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Young Adult , Adult , Ketamine/toxicity , Illicit Drugs , Poisoning , Emergency Service, Hospital , Retrospective Studies
15.
Article in Spanish | LILACS, CUMED | ID: biblio-1441479

ABSTRACT

Introducción: El surgimiento de fármacos anestésicos de corta duración estimularon a los anestesiólogos a plantearse un nuevo enfoque para la cirugía videolaparoscópica en el adulto mayor. Analgesia intensa, menor consumo de opioides, rápida recuperación de la conciencia y ventilación espontánea; extubación precoz, disminución de complicaciones y reducción de la estancia hospitalaria. Objetivo: Evaluar en los pacientes geriátricos programados para colecistectomía videolaparoscópica electiva, el efecto de la anestesia intravenosa total con la asociación ketamina/propofol en comparación con fentanil/propofol. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio cuasiexperimental en 40 pacientes con 60 años y más, estado físico II-III según la clasificación de ASA, en el Hospital Universitario "Faustino Pérez Hernández" de Matanzas, programados para cirugía videolaparoscópica electiva. Resultados: La edad promedio osciló entre 63 y 78 años, con una superioridad del sexo femenino y la raza blanca, la clasificación ASA II fue la más representativa en ambos grupos. Imperaron los antecedentes cardiovasculares, hubo ligera disminución de valores espirados de CO2 respecto a los basales, sin diferencias significativas. Hubo variación de la TAM indistintamente en ambos grupos. En el grupo 1 la frecuencia cardiaca posterior a la inducción disminuyó (70 ± 5 lat/min) y se mantuvieron valores inferiores a los basales durante los primeros 20 min, el tiempo medio de recuperación fue significativamente menor en el grupo 2. Conclusiones: La asociación ketamina/propofol proporciona resultados positivos finales.


Introduction: The emergence of short-acting anesthetic drugs stimulated the anesthesiologist to consider a new approach for videolaparoscopic surgery in the elderly. Intense analgesia, decreased opioid consumption, rapid recovery of consciousness, and spontaneous ventilation; early extubation, reduction of complications and reduction of hospital stay. Objective: To evaluate in geriatric patients scheduled for elective videolaparoscopic cholecystectomy the effects of total intravenous anesthesia with the combination of ketamine / propofol, comparing it with fentanyl / propofol. Materials and methods: a descriptive, prospective, longitudinal study was carried out in 40 patients aged 60 years and over, ASA II-III at the "Faustino Pérez Hernández" University Hospital in Matanzas in 2018, scheduled for elective videolaparoscopic surgery. Results: The average age ranged between 63 and 78 years, with a superiority of the female sex and the white race. The ASA II classification was the most representative in both groups. Cardiovascular antecedents prevailed, there was a slight decrease in expired CO2 values compared to baseline, without significant differences. There was variation of the TAM indistately in both groups. In group 1, the heart rate after induction decreased (70 ± 5 beats/min) and values lower than baseline were maintained during the first 20 min. The mean recovery time was significantly shorter in group 2. Conclusions: The association ketamine / propofol provides final positive results.


Subject(s)
Humans , Middle Aged
16.
Rev. toxicol ; 40(2): 90-95, 2023. tab, graf
Article in Spanish | IBECS | ID: ibc-229066

ABSTRACT

La ketamina es un anestésico disociativo que actúa como antagonista no competitivo del receptor NMDA (N-metil-D-aspartato). Actualmente se utiliza como anestésico y analgésico en medicina veterinaria y en algunas áreas de la medicina humana. La sensación disociativa que produce la ketamina comúnmente denominada “K-Hole o fuera del cuerpo”, es placentera para algunos individuos, y ha llevado a la ketamina a ganar popularidad como droga recreativa. En el presente estudio se evaluó la cantidad de muestras positivas a ketamina provenientes de distintas fiscalías de Chile entre el 2017-2022, colocando atención a muestras liquidas transparentes, donde se cuantificaron 49 muestras mediante HPLC/UV-DAD, obteniendo resultados en porcentaje de ketamina clorhidrato. Se observó si existe una relación en cuanto a la concentración y procedencia de incautación con productos veterinarios o humanos de venta legal que contienen esta sustancia. Se puede concluir que entre los años 2017 al 2022 hubo un aumento significativo en el análisis de muestras positivas a ketamina pasando de 72 muestras en el 2017 a 3202 muestras el 2022. En cuanto a las muestras liquidas transparentes positivas a ketamina, no presentaron una tendencia definida en los años evaluados. Con respecto a la concentración de ketamina clorhidrato, se aprecia que las concentraciones se encuentran en el rango de 8-12%, observándose una directa relación con la ketamina de uso veterinario que se encuentra al 10% de ketamina clorhidrato, paralelamente, la procedencia de incautación de ketamina liquida a nivel nacional, se concentra en las regiones de Arica y Parinacota y Tarapacá.(AU)


Ketamine is a dissociative anesthetic that act as non-competitive antagonist at N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors. Nowadays, ketamine is used in veterinary medicine and some areas on human medicine as anesthetic and analgesic. The dissociative effect produced by ketamine called “k-Hole or out of body” is pleasant to some individuals, and has led to it gaining in popularity as a recreational drug. The present study evaluated the number of positives samples for ketamine from different Chilean prosecutors between 2017 and 2022. In addition, the study paid attention in transparent liquid samples, quantifying 49 of them at random by HPLC/UV-DAD obtain the percentage of ketamine hydrochloride, and correlate this result with the concentration of veterinary and human drugs for legal sale, also, evaluate the origin of seizure of these liquid samples at the national level. Between 2017 and 2022, there was a significant increase of positive samples for ketamine, from 72 samples in 2017 to 3202 samples in 2022. Otherwise, transparent liquid samples positives for ketamine did not show a defined trend in the years evaluated. Results of the quantification of liquid samples are in the range of 8-12%; these results show a direct relation with veterinary ketamine products, which are available at 10% of ketamine hydrochloride. Additionally, the origin of seizure of liquid ketamine at the national level is concentrated in the north regions of Chile: Arica and Parinacota, and Tarapacá.(AU)


Subject(s)
Ketamine/toxicity , Ketamine/therapeutic use , Ketamine/chemistry
17.
Rev. cuba. anestesiol. reanim ; 21(3): e835, sept.-dic. 2022. tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS, CUMED | ID: biblio-1408174

ABSTRACT

Introducción: En los últimos años se ha iniciado un interés especial por la combinación de ketamina/propofol para pacientes intervenidos por procedimientos mínimamente invasivos. Objetivo: Evaluar la efectividad y seguridad de la anestesia intravenosa total con ketofol en concentración 1:4 contra la concentración 1:2 en pacientes intervenidos por cirugía mínimamente invasiva. Métodos: Estudio analítico, cuasiexperimental, prospectivo y longitudinal, en el Hospital Universitario General Calixto García entre diciembre de 2019 a diciembre de 2020, en 30 pacientes divididos en dos grupos de 15 pacientes: grupo estudio (GE): Ketofol 1:4 y grupo control (GC): Ketofol 1:2. Se analizaron: tensión arterial media y frecuencia cardiaca intra operatoria, grado de hipnosis, grado de nocicepción, necesidad de rescate para hipnosis y analgesia, tiempo de recuperación anestésica, analgesia posoperatoria y efectos adversos. Resultados: Entre los grupos fueron similares la edad, el sexo, el peso, estado físico y tipo de intervención quirúrgica. La frecuencia cardiaca no mostró diferencias entre los grupos. En relación a la tensión arterial mediapos-incisión, fue mayor en el grupo control con diferencias significativas (p=0,03). La necesidad de rescate intraoperatorio para la hipnosis y analgesia fue significativamente mayor en el grupo control. Con respecto a la recuperación anestésica, analgesia posoperatoria y efectos adversos no hubo diferencias significativas. Conclusiones: La combinación ketofol resultó segura y efectiva para proveer una adecuada anestesia en procedimientos quirúrgicos mínimamente invasivos con tiempos quirúrgicos menores a 30 min. La concentración de 1:4 brindó mejor estabilidad hemodinámica, adecuada hipnosis y analgesia intraoperatoria, con menor incidencia de efectos adversos(AU)


Introduction: In recent years, a special interest has appeared in the ketamine/propofol combination for patients intervened by minimally invasive procedures. Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of total intravenous anesthesia with ketofol at 1:4 concentration versus 1:2 concentration in patients undergoing minimally invasive surgery. Methods: An analytical, quasiexperimental, prospective and longitudinal study was carried out at General Calixto García University Hospital, between December 2019 and December 2020, with thirty patients divided into two groups of fifteen patients each: study group (SG; ketofol 1:4) and control group (CG; ketofol 1:2). The following aspects were analyzed: mean blood pressure and intraoperative cardiac frequency, degree of hypnosis, degree of nociception, necessity of rescue for hypnosis and analgesia, anesthetic recovery time, postoperative analgesia and adverse effects. Results: Age, sex, weight, physical condition and type of surgery were similar between groups. Heart rate showed no differences between groups. Mean blood pressure after incision was higher in the control group, with significant differences (P=0.03). The necessity of intraoperative rescue for hypnosis and analgesia was significantly higher in the control group. Regarding anesthetic recovery, postoperative analgesia and adverse effects, there were no significant differences. Conclusion: The ketofol combination was safe and effective for providing adequate anesthesia in minimally invasive surgical procedures with surgical times of less than thirty minutes. The 1:4 concentration provided better hemodynamic stability, adequate hypnosis and intraoperative analgesia, with lower incidence of adverse effects(AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures , Heart Rate , Anesthesia, Intravenous , Propofol/therapeutic use , Longitudinal Studies , Ketamine/therapeutic use
18.
Rev. mex. anestesiol ; 45(4): 231-237, oct.-dic. 2022. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1431915

ABSTRACT

Abstract: Introduction: Depressive symptoms are common in elderly surgical patients and are associated with negative outcomes. Although medication can relieve symptoms, only 50% of patients achieve remission using conventional treatments. Recently, ketamine has been shown to improve depression rapidly. However, its use and tolerability in elderly patients has not been widely studied. Material and methods: We conducted a randomized, double-blind, comparative study in patients aged 60 and over who required ophthalmological surgery. Experimental group received 0.5 mg/kg ketamine, whereas the control group received NaCl solution at 0.9%. Both groups received a standardized regimen of conscious sedation. Depressive symptom severity was assessed using the Geriatric Depression Scale-Short Form (GDS-SF) before and after exposure to ketamine infusion; tolerability was also evaluated. A repeated univariate analysis of variance (ANOVA) model examined the direction of changes in depressive symptom severity among groups. Results: 90 patients were randomized. A significant reduction in symptom severity was observed after ketamine infusion (mean change from baseline: -1.6 vs -0.3 in the control group; p = 0.003). No differences emerged between groups in the presence of adverse effects with ketamine infusion. Conclusions: A single infusion of ketamine in elderly patients undergoing ophthalmological surgery is associated with improved depressive symptoms in the first 24 hours of exposure to the drug with a good tolerability profile.


Resumen: Introducción: Los síntomas depresivos son comunes en pacientes quirúrgicos de edad avanzada y se asocian con resultados negativos. Aunque la medicación pueda aliviar los síntomas, sólo el 50% de los pacientes que están envejeciendo alcanzan la remisión usando tratamientos convencionales. Se ha demostrado que la ketamina mejora rápidamente la depresión, sin embargo, su uso y tolerabilidad en pacientes mayores no ha sido estudiada ampliamente. Material y métodos: Se realizó un estudio aleatorizado, doble ciego, comparativo en pacientes de 60 años o más que requirieron cirugía oftalmológica. Un grupo experimental recibió 0.5 mg/kg de ketamina, mientras que el grupo control recibió solución de NaCl al 0.9%. Ambos grupos recibieron un régimen estandarizado de sedación consciente. La severidad de los síntomas depresivos fue evaluada usando la versión acortada de la escala de depresión geriátrica (GDS-SF) antes y después de la exposición a la infusión de la ketamina, la tolerabilidad también fue evaluada. Un modelo de análisis de varianza univariada de medidas repetidas (ANOVA) examinó la dirección de los cambios en la gravedad de los síntomas depresivos entre los grupos. Resultados: 90 pacientes fueron aleatorizados. Se observó, una reducción significativa en la severidad de los síntomas después de la infusión de la ketamina (cambio de la media desde el valor basal: -1.6 versus -0.3 en el grupo de control; p = 0.003). No surgieron diferencias entre los grupos en la presencia de efectos adversos con la infusión de ketamina. Conclusiones: Una sola infusión de ketamina en pacientes geriátricos sometidos a cirugía oftalmológica se asocia con la mejoría de síntomas depresivos en las primeras 24 horas de exposición al fármaco con un buen perfil de tolerabilidad.

19.
Emergencias ; 34(5): 339-344, 2022 10.
Article in English, Spanish | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36217928

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVES: Ketamine is one of the most widely used drugs for analgesia and sedation when reducing fractures in pediatric emergency departments (EDs). We aimed to analyze the safety of intravenous (IV) ketamine when administered by physicians who are not anesthesiologists. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Prospective observational study of adverse events (AEs) related to pediatric ED specialists' use of analgesia and sedation when reducing fractures in children under the age of 14 years between 2011 and 2019. Multivariate analysis was used to identify independent risk factors for AEs. RESULTS: We analyzed 1509 cases of IV ketamine administration for analgesia and sedation. The median age of patients was 8 years (interquartile range, 5-11 years). All had American Society of Anesthesiologists risk classifications of 1 or 2 and Mallampati scores of I or II. Prior to the procedure, 937 children (62.1%) had been administered an opioid analgesic. AEs were observed in 201 children (13.3%; 95% CI, 11.7%-15.1%); 71 experienced respiratory complications (4.7%; 95% CI, 3.2%-5.3%). No child required intubation, other advanced resuscitation maneuvers, or hospital admission because of a ketamine-related AE. Age was the only independent risk factor for developing an AE. The odds ratio (OR) for any type of AE in children aged 8 years or older was 1.9 (95% CI, 1.4-2.6). The OR for respiratory AEs in children aged 6 years or older was 2.6 (95% CI, 1.3-5.6). Opioid administration did not increase risk for AEs. CONCLUSION: Pediatric emergency physicians who are not anesthesiologists can safely administer IV ketamine for reducing fractures. Prior use of opioids is not associated with greater risk for respiratory AEs after ketamine use.


OBJETIVO: La ketamina es uno de los fármacos más utilizados para reducir fracturas en los servicios de urgencias de pediatría (SUP). Se analiza la seguridad de ketamina por médicos no anestesistas en reducciones de fracturas en un SUP. METODO: Estudio prospectivo observacional sobre los efectos adversos (EA) relacionados con procedimientos de analgesia y sedación (PAS) realizados por pediatras de urgencias para reducir fracturas en menores de 14 años en un SUP entre 2011 y 2019. Se realizó un análisis multivariante para identificar factores de riesgo independientes de EA. RESULTADOS: Se analizaron 1.509 PAS con ketamina intravenosa (iv). La mediana de edad fue de 8 años (RIC 5-11), todos con una clasificación American Academy of Anesthesiologists (ASA) I o II y Mallampati I o II. Previo al procedimiento, 937 (62,1%), recibieron opioides. Se registraron EA en 201 (13,3%; IC 95%: 11,7-15,1), 71 respiratorios (4,7%; IC 95%: 3,2-5,3). Ningún niño requirió intubación, otras maniobras de reanimación avanzada o ingreso por un problema secundario al PAS. La edad fue el único factor de riesgo independiente para presentar tanto EA de manera global ( 8 años OR 1,9; IC 95%: 1,4-2,6) como respiratorios ( 6 años OR 2,6; IC 95%: 1,3-5,6). La administración de opioide no se relacionó con mayor riesgo de presentar tanto EA de manera global como respiratorios. CONCLUSIONES: Los PAS con ketamina iv realizados por médicos no anestesistas para reduccir fracturas en urgencias en niños son seguros. La administración previa de opioides no se asocia a mayor riesgo de EA respiratorios.


Subject(s)
Fractures, Bone , Ketamine , Analgesics, Opioid/adverse effects , Child , Child, Preschool , Conscious Sedation/adverse effects , Conscious Sedation/methods , Emergency Service, Hospital , Humans , Ketamine/adverse effects
20.
Emergencias (Sant Vicenç dels Horts) ; 34(5): 339-344, Oct. 2022. tab
Article in Spanish | IBECS | ID: ibc-209720

ABSTRACT

Introducción. La ketamina es uno de los fármacos más utilizados para reducir fracturas en los servicios de urgencias de pediatría (SUP). Se analiza la seguridad de ketamina por médicos no anestesistas en reducciones de fracturas en un SUP.Métodos. Estudio prospectivo observacional sobre los efectos adversos (EA) relacionados con procedimientos de analgesia y sedación (PAS) realizados por pediatras de urgencias para reducir fracturas en menores de 14 años en un SUP entre 2011 y 2019. Se realizó un análisis multivariante para identificar factores de riesgo independientes de EA.Resultados. Se analizaron 1.509 PAS con ketamina intravenosa (iv). La mediana de edad fue de 8 años (RIC 5-11), todos con una clasificación American Academy of Anesthesiologists (ASA) I o II y Mallampati I o II. Previo al procedimiento, 937 (62,1%), recibieron opioides. Se registraron EA en 201 (13,3%; IC 95%: 11,7-15,1), 71 respiratorios (4,7%; IC 95%: 3,2-5,3). Ningún niño requirió intubación, otras maniobras de reanimación avanzada o ingreso por un problema secundario al PAS. La edad fue el único factor de riesgo independiente para presentar tanto EA de manera global ($ 8 años OR 1,9; IC 95%: 1,4-2,6) como respiratorios ($ 6 años OR 2,6; IC 95%: 1,3-5,6). La administración de opioide no se relacionó con mayor riesgo de presentar tanto EA de manera global como respiratorios.Conclusiones. Los PAS con ketamina iv realizados por médicos no anestesistas para reducir fracturas en urgencias en niños son seguros. La administración previa de opioides no se asocia a mayor riesgo de EA respiratorios. (AU)


Background and objective. Ketamine is one of the most widely used drugs for analgesia and sedation when reducing fractures in pediatric emergency departments (EDs). We aimed to analyze the safety of intravenous (IV) ketamine when administered by physicians who are not anesthesiologists.Methods. Prospective observational study of adverse events (AEs) related to pediatric ED specialists’ use of analgesia and sedation when reducing fractures in children under the age of 14 years between 2011 and 2019. Multivariate analysis was used to identify independent risk factors for AEs.Results. We analyzed 1509 cases of IV ketamine administration for analgesia and sedation. The median age of patients was 8 years (interquartile range, 5-11 years). All had American Society of Anesthesiologists risk classifications of 1 or 2 and Mallampati scores of I or II. Prior to the procedure, 937 children (62.1%) had been administered an opioid analgesic. AEs were observed in 201 children (13.3%; 95% CI, 11.7% 15.1%); 71 experienced respiratory complications (4.7%; 95% CI, 3.2%-5.3%). No child required intubation, other advanced resuscitation maneuvers, or hospital admission because of a ketamine-related AE. Age was the only independent risk factor for developing an AE. The odds ratio (OR) for any type of AE in children aged 8 years or older was 1.9 (95% CI, 1.4-2.6). The OR for respiratory AEs in children aged 6 years or older was 2.6 (95% CI, 1.3-5.6). Opioid administration did not increase risk for AEs.Conclusions. Pediatric emergency physicians who are not anesthesiologists can safely administer IV ketamine for reducing fractures. Prior use of opioids is not associated with greater risk for respiratory AEs after ketamine use. (AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Infant, Newborn , Infant , Child, Preschool , Child , Adolescent , Ketamine , Child Health Services , Fractures, Bone , Pediatrics , Prospective Studies , Emergencies
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