Differential analysis of histopathological and genetic markers of cancer aggressiveness, and survival difference in EBV-positive and EBV-negative prostate carcinoma.

Several studies have shown an association between prostate carcinoma (PCa) and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV); however, none of the studies so far have identified the histopathological and genetic markers of cancer aggressiveness associated with EBV in PCa tissues. In this study, we used previously characterized EBV-PCR-positive (n = 39) and EBV-negative (n = 60) PCa tissues to perform an IHC-based assessment of key histopathological and molecular markers of PCa aggressiveness (EMT markers, AR expression, perineural invasion, and lymphocytic infiltration characterization). Additionally, we investigated the differential expression of key oncogenes, EMT-associated genes, and PCa-specific oncomiRs, in EBV-positive and -negative tissues, using the qPCR array. Finally, survival benefit analysis was also performed in EBV-positive and EBV-negative PCa patients. The EBV-positive PCa exhibited a higher percentage (80%) of perineural invasion (PNI) compared to EBV-negative PCa (67.3%) samples. Similarly, a higher lymphocytic infiltration was observed in EBV-LMP1-positive PCa samples. The subset characterization of T and B cell lymphocytic infiltration showed a trend of higher intratumoral and tumor stromal lymphocytic infiltration in EBV-negative tissues compared with EBV-positive tissues. The logistic regression analysis showed that EBV-positive status was associated with decreased odds (OR = 0.07; p-value < 0.019) of CD3 intratumoral lymphocytic infiltration in PCa tissues. The analysis of IHC-based expression patterns of EMT markers showed comparable expression of all EMT markers, except vimentin, which showed higher expression in EBV-positive PCa tissues compared to EBV-negative PCa tissues. Furthermore, gene expression analysis showed a statistically significant difference (p < 0.05) in the expression of CDH1, AR, CHEK-2, CDKN-1B, and CDC-20 and oncomiRs miR-126, miR-152-3p, miR-452, miR-145-3p, miR-196a, miR-183-3p, and miR-146b in EBV-positive PCa tissues compared to EBV-negative PCa tissues. Overall, the survival proportion was comparable in both groups. The presence of EBV in the PCa tissues results in an increased expression of certain oncogenes, oncomiRs, and EMT marker (vimentin) and a decrease in CD3 ITL, which may be associated with the aggressive forms of PCa.

Lytic and Latent Genetic Diversity of the Epstein-Barr Virus Reveals Raji-Related Variants from Southeastern Brazil Associated with Recombination Markers.

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a ubiquitous gammaherpesvirus etiologically associated with benign and malignant diseases. Since the pathogenic mechanisms of EBV are not fully understood, understanding EBV genetic diversity is an ongoing goal. Therefore, the present work describes the genetic diversity of the lytic gene BZLF1 in a sampling of 70 EBV-positive cases from southeastern Brazil. Additionally, together with the genetic regions previously characterized, the aim of the present study was to determine the impact of viral genetic factors that may influence EBV genetic diversity. Accordingly, the phylogenetic analysis of the BZLF1 indicated two main clades with high support, BZ-A and BZ-B (PP > 0.85). Thus, the BZ-A clade was the most diverse clade associated with the main polymorphisms investigated, including the haplotype Type 1 + V3 (p < 0.001). Furthermore, the multigene phylogenetic analysis (MLA) between BZLF1 and the oncogene LMP1 showed specific clusters, revealing haplotypic segregation that previous single-gene phylogenies from both genes failed to demonstrate. Surprisingly, the LMP1 Raji-related variant clusters were shown to be more diverse, associated with BZ-A/B and the Type 2/1 + V3 haplotypes. Finally, due to the high haplotypic diversity of the Raji-related variants, the number of DNA recombination-inducing motifs (DRIMs) was evaluated within the different clusters defined by the MLA. Similarly, the haplotype BZ-A + Raji was shown to harbor a greater number of DRIMs (p < 0.001). These results call attention to the high haplotype diversity of EBV in southeast Brazil and strengthen the hypothesis of the recombinant potential of South American Raji-related variants via the LMP1 oncogene.

Dynamic bidirectional regulation of NLRC3 and gammaherpesviruses during viral latency in B lymphocytes.

While most NOD-like receptors (NLRs) are predominately expressed by innate immune cells, NLRC3, an inhibitory NLR of immune signaling, exhibits the highest expression in lymphocytes. The role of NLRC3 or any NLRs in B lymphocytes is completely unknown. Gammaherpesviruses, including human Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and murine gammaherpesvirus 68 (MHV-68), establish latent infection in B lymphocytes, which requires elevated NF-κB. This study shows that during latent EBV infection of human B cells, viral-encoded latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1) decreases NLRC3 transcript. LMP1-induced-NF-κB activation suppresses the promoter activity of NLRC3 via p65 binding to the promoter. Conversely, NLRC3 inhibits NF-κB activation by promoting the degradation of LMP1 in a proteasome-dependent manner. In vivo, MHV-68 infection reduces Nlrc3 transcripts in splenocytes, and Nlrc3-deficient mice show greater viral latency than controls. These results reveal a bidirectional regulatory circuit in B lymphocytes, where viral latent protein LMP1 reduces NLRC3 expression, while NLRC3 disrupts gammaherpesvirus latency, which is an important step for tumorigenesis.

Epstein-Barr virus latency patterns in polymorphic lymphoproliferative disorders and lymphomas in immunodeficiency settings: Diagnostic implications.

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is responsible for many B cell lymphoproliferative disorders (LPD) spanning subclinical infection to immunodeficiency-related neoplasms. EBV establishes a latent infection in the host B cell as defined histologically by the expression of EBV latent membrane proteins and nuclear antigens. Herein, we characterize the latency patterns of immunodeficiency-related neoplasms including post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorders (PTLD) and therapy-related LPD (formerly iatrogenic) with latent membrane protein-1 (LMP-1) and EBV nuclear antigen-2 (EBNA-2) immunohistochemistry. The latency pattern was correlated with immunodeficiency and dysregulation (IDD) status and time from transplant procedure. 38 cases of EBV+ PTLD in comparison to 27 cases of classic Hodgkin lymphoma (CHL) and diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL) arising in either the therapy-related immunodeficiency setting (n = 12) or without an identified immunodeficiency (n = 15) were evaluated for EBV-encoded small RNAs by in situ hybridization (EBER-ISH) and for LMP-1 and EBNA-2 by immunohistochemistry. A full spectrum of EBV latency patterns was observed across PTLD in contrast to CHL and DLBCL arising in the therapy-related immunodeficiency setting. Polymorphic-PTLD (12 of 16 cases, 75 %) and DLBCL-PTLD (9 of 11 cases, 82 %) showed the greatest proportion of cases with latency III pattern. Whereas, EBV+ CHL in an immunocompetent patient showed exclusively latency II pattern (13 of 13 cases, 100 %). The majority of EBV+ PTLD occurred by three years of transplant procedure date and were enriched for latency III pattern (21 of 22 cases, 95 %). Immunohistochemical identification of EBV latency by LMP-1 and EBNA-2 can help classify PTLD in comparison to other EBV+ B cell LPD and lymphomas arising in therapy-related immunodeficiency and non-immunodeficiency settings.

Evolutionary analysis of LMP-1 genetic diversity in EBV-associated nasopharyngeal carcinoma: Bioinformatic insights into oncogenic potential.

EBV latent membrane protein 1 (LMP-1) is an important oncogene involved in the induction and maintenance of EBV infection and the activation of several cell survival and proliferative pathways. The genetic diversity of LMP-1 has an important role in immunogenicity and tumorigenicity allowing escape from host cell immunity and more metastatic potential of LMP-1 variants. This study explored the evolutionary of LMP-1 in EBV-infected patients at an advanced stage of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). Detection of genetic variability in LMP-1 genes was carried out using Sanger sequencing. Bioinformatic analysis was conducted for translation and nucleotide alignment. Phylogenetic analysis was used to construct a Bayesian tree for a deeper understanding of the genetic relationships, evolutionary connections, and variations between sequences. Genetic characterization of LMP-1 in NPC patients revealed the detection of polymorphism in LMP-1 Sequences. Motifs were identified within three critical LMP-1 domains, such as PQQAT within CTAR1 and YYD within CTAR2. The presence of the JACK3 region at specific sites within CTAR3, as well as repeat regions at positions (122-132) and (133-143) within CTAR3, was also annotated. Additionally, several mutations were detected including 30 and 69 bp deletions, 33 bp repeats, and 15 bp insertion. Although LMP-1 strains appear to be genetically diverse, they are closely related to 3 reference strains: prototype B95.8, Med- 30 bp deletion, and Med + 30 bp deletion. In our study, one of the strains harboring the 30 bp deletion had both bone and bone marrow metastasis which could be attributed to the fact that LMP-1 is involved in tumor metastasis, evasion and migration of NPC cells. This study provided valuable insights into genetic variability in LMP-1 sequences of EBV in NPC patients. Further functional studies would provide a more comprehensive understanding of the molecular characteristics, epidemiology, and clinical implications of LMP-1 polymorphisms in EBV-related malignancies.

Targeting latent viral infection in EBV-associated lymphomas.

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) contributes to the development of a significant subset of human lymphomas. As a herpes virus, EBV can transition between a lytic state which is required to establish infection and a latent state where a limited number of viral antigens are expressed which allows infected cells to escape immune surveillance. Three broad latency programs have been described which are defined by the expression of viral proteins RNA, with latency I being the most restrictive expressing only EBV nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA1) and EBV-encoded small RNAs (EBERs) and latency III expressing the full panel of latent viral genes including the latent membrane proteins 1 and 2 (LMP1/2), and EBNA 2, 3, and leader protein (LP) which induce a robust T-cell response. The therapeutic use of EBV-specific T-cells has advanced the treatment of EBV-associated lymphoma, however this approach is only effective against EBV-associated lymphomas that express the latency II or III program. Latency I tumors such as Burkitt lymphoma (BL) and a subset of diffuse large B-cell lymphomas (DLBCL) evade the host immune response to EBV and are resistant to EBV-specific T-cell therapies. Thus, strategies for inducing a switch from the latency I to the latency II or III program in EBV+ tumors are being investigated as mechanisms to sensitize tumors to T-cell mediated killing. Here, we review what is known about the establishment and regulation of latency in EBV infected B-cells, the role of EBV-specific T-cells in lymphoma, and strategies to convert latency I tumors to latency II/III.

[Mechanism about LMP1 of EB Virus Promoting Plasma Blast Differentiation of DLBCL Cell via mTORC1].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate possible mechanism on protien LMP1 expressed by EBV inducing plasmablast differentiation of DLBCL cell via the mTORC1 pathway. METHODS: The expression levels of LMP1 protein, CD38 and the phosphorylation levels of p70S6K in EBV+ and EBV- DLBCL cell lines were detected by Western blot. Cell lines overexpressing LMP1 gene stablely were constructed and LMP1 gene was silenced by RNAi. The expression of LMP1 gene was verified by RT-qPCR. The expression levels of LMP1 and CD38 and the phosphorylation levels of p70S6K in each group were detected by Western blot. RESULTS: Compared with EBV-DLBCL cells, the expression of LMP1 was detected on EBV +DLBCL cells (P =0.0008), EBV +DLBCL cells had higher phosphorylation levels of p70S6K (P =0.0072) and expression levels of CD38(P =0.0091). Compared with vector group, the cells of LMP1OE group had higher expression levels of LMP1 and CD38 (P =0.0353; P <0.0001), meanwhile molecular p70S6K was phosphorylated much more(P =0.0065); expression of LMP1 mRNA was verified(P <0.0001). Compared with si-NC group, expression level of LMP1 protein(P =0.0129) was not detected and phosphorylated p70S6K disappeared of LMP1KO group (P =0.0228); meanwhile, expression of CD38 decreased,although there was no significant difference (P =0.2377). CONCLUSION: LMP1 promotes DLBCL cells plasmablast differentiation via activating mTORC1 signal pathway.

Presence of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) antigens detected by sensitive methods has no influence on local immune environment in diffuse large B cell lymphoma.

EBV+ diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL) not otherwise specified (NOS) is a new entity confirmed by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2017. In this new entity, the virus may contribute to a tolerogenic microenvironment. Traces of the virus have been described in DLBCL with more sensitive methods, in cases that were originally diagnosed as negative. The aim of this study was to analyze the expression of immune response genes in the tumor microenvironment to disclose the role of the virus and its traces in DLBCL. In 48 DLBCL cases, the expression of immune response genes and the presence of molecules that induce tolerance, such as TIM3, LAG3 and PDL1 by immunohistochemistry (IHC), were studied. To broaden the study of the microenvironment, tumor-associated macrophages (TMAs) were also explored. No significant differences were observed in the expression of immune response genes in the EBV+ DLBCL and those cases that were EBV- DLBCL but that exhibited viral traces, assessed by ViewRNA assay. Only the EBV+ DLBCL cases displayed a significantly higher increase in the expression of CD8 and cytotoxic T cells detected by gene expression analysis, and of PDL1 in tumor cells and in the expression of CD68 in the tumor microenvironment detected by IHC, not observed in those cases with viral traces. The increase in CD8 and cytotoxic T cells, PDL1 and CD68 markers only in EBV+ DLBCL may indicate that traces of viral infection might not have influence in immune response markers.

CD30 protects EBV-positive diffuse large B-cell lymphoma cells against mitochondrial dysfunction through BNIP3-mediated mitophagy.

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) positive diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (EBV+ DLBCL) predicts poor prognosis and CD30 expression aggravates the worse consequences. Here, we reported that CD30 positivity was an independent prognostic indicator in EBV+ DLBCL patients in a retrospective cohort study. We harnessed CRISPR/Cas9 editing to engineer the first loss-of-function models of CD30 deficiency to identify that CD30 was critical for EBV+ DLBCL growth and survival. We established a pathway that EBV infection mediated CD30 expression through EBV-encoded latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1), which involved NF-κB signaling. CRISPR CD30 knockout significantly repressed BCL2 interacting protein 3 (BNIP3) expression and co-IP assay indicated a binding between CD30 and BNIP3. Moreover, silencing of CD30 induced mitochondrial dysfunction and suppressed mitophagy, resulting in the accumulation of damaged mitochondria by depressing BNIP3 expression. Additionally, CRISPR BNIP3 knockout caused proliferation defects and increased sensitivity to apoptosis. All the findings reveal a strong relationship between mitophagy and adverse prognosis of EBV+ DLBCL and discover a new regulatory mechanism of BNIP3-mediated mitophagy, which may help develop effective treatment regimens with anti-CD30 antibody brentuximab vedotin to improve the prognosis of CD30+ EBV+ DLBCL patients.

Serum Anti-Zta and Anti-LMP1 Antibodies in Oropharyngeal Cancer Related to Epstein-Barr Virus-Diagnostic Usefulness.

BACKGROUND: The role of the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), the first known human oncogenic virus, in the development of nasopharyngeal cancer (NPC) is already well documented. There are few studies in the available scientific literature on oropharyngeal cancer associated with EBV infection. Due to the lack of an effective vaccine against EBV, it is necessary to search for new markers for the early diagnosis and prognosis of this disease. The aim of current study was to determine the usefulness of anti-Zta and anti-LMP1 antibodies as diagnostic and prognostic markers in EBV positive OPSCC patients. METHODS: For this purpose, experiments were carried out to determine both the prevalence and level of EBVCA, EBNA1, EA, Zta, and LMP1 antibodies in serum patients depending on histological differentiation-grading and TNM classification (ELISA assay). RESULTS: Based on the obtained results, we showed that OPSCC EBV positive patients are characterized by a higher level of anti-Zta antibodies than in the EBV negative group. Their level depended on the clinical stage. Moreover, a ROC analysis confirmed the diagnostic accuracy of anti-Zta antibodies. CONCLUSIONS: Anti-Zta and anti-LMP1 antibodies may be useful in the diagnosis of OPSCC. It seems that combined antibody testing should be performed to increase diagnostic accuracy.

Distribution of Epstein-Barr virus in the oral cavity of Thais with various oral mucosal conditions.

Objectives: We aimed to examine the presence of EBV, EBV strains, and variants among 3 oral conditions including normal oral mucosa (NOM), oral potentially malignant disorders/oral cancer (OPMDs/OC) and non-OPMDs/OC in a group of Thais. Material and methods: Oral exfoliated cells were obtained from 315 participants living in the northeastern and central regions of Thailand. The participants were divided into 3 groups encompassing the NOM, the OPMDs/OC and the non-OPMDs/OC groups. The presence of EBV was first determined by PCR using primers for LMP1 gene. Subsequently, EBV strains of EBNA3c and variants based on LMP1 sequences were determined by real-time PCR. Results: The prevalence of EBV in OPMDs/OC, non-OPMDs/OC and NOM were 72.0 %, 56.2 %, and 27.2 % respectively. EBV type A, B and AB were found in 52.1 %, 32.1 % and 15.8 % of all positive samples, respectively. The percentage of participants with EBV type A was more prominent in the NOM group (72.0 %) compared to the non-OPMDs/OC (54.8 %) and the OPMDs/OC group (41.8 %) whereas EBV type B was higher in the OPMDs/OC group (35.8 %) compared to the non-OPMDs/OC (31.5 %) and the NOM (24.0 %) groups. Regarding EBV variants, 30-bp deletion LMP1 variant (del-LMP1) which is more associated with malignant transformation was predominately found in the OPMDs/OC (32.8 %) and the non-OPMDs/OC (38.4 %) groups compared to the NOM group (20.0 %). Conclusions: High frequency of EBV was demonstrated in the OPMDs/OC group. EBV type A was more predominant in the NOM group whereas EBV type B was more prevalent in the OPMDs/OC group. The del-LMP1 variant was more common in the OPMDs/OC and the non-OPMDs/OC groups.

The Role of LMP1 in Epstein-Barr Virus-associated Gastric Cancer.

EBV promotes many cancers such as lymphoma, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, and gastric; Latent Membrane Protein 1 (LMP1) is considered to be a major oncogenic protein encoded by Epstein- Barr virus (EBV). LMP1 functions as a carcinogen in lymphoma and nasopharyngeal carcinoma, and LMP1 may also promote gastric cancer. The expression level of LMP1 in host cells is a key determinant in tumorigenesis and maintenance of virus specificity. By promoting cell immortalization and cell transformation, promoting cell proliferation, affecting immunity, and regulating cell apoptosis, LMP1 plays a crucial tumorigenic role in epithelial cancers. However, very little is currently known about LMP1 in Epstein-Barr virus-associated gastric cancer (EBVaGC); the main reason is that the expression level of LMP1 in EBVaGC is comparatively lower than other EBV-encoded proteins, such as The Latent Membrane Protein 2A (LMP2A), Epstein-Barr nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA1) and BamHI-A rightward frame 1 (BARF1), to date, there are few studies related to LMP1 in EBVaGC. Recent studies have demonstrated that LMP1 promotes EBVaGC by affecting The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase- Akt (PI3K-Akt), Nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), and other signaling pathways to regulate many downstream targets such as Forkhead box class O (FOXO), C-X-C-motif chemokine receptor (CXCR), COX-2 (Cyclooxygenase-2); moreover, the gene methylation induced by LMP1 in EBVaGC has become one of the characteristics that distinguish this gastric cancer (GC) from other types of gastric cancer and LMP1 also promotes the formation of the tumor microenvironment (TME) of EBVaGC in several ways. This review synthesizes previous relevant literature, aiming to highlight the latest findings on the mechanism of action of LMP1 in EBVaGC, summarize the function of LMP1 in EBVaGC, lay the theoretical foundation for subsequent new research on LMP1 in EBVaGC, and contribute to the development of novel LMP1-targeted drugs.

Liver Metastasis from Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosed on Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology.

A 12-year-old boy presented with abdominal distention for 1 year. On examination, he had massive hepatomegaly. Facial swelling in the maxillary region, palpable left cervical lymph nodes, and a nasal twang to his voice were detected. Imaging showed multiple hypodense liver lesions, necrotic mediastinal and hilar lymph nodes, multiple lytic-sclerotic skeletal lesions, and lesions in the nasopharynx and maxilla. Fine needle aspirate (FNA) from the cervical lymph node yielded blood. FNA from the liver showed singly dispersed and cohesive clusters of tumor cells, with interspersed neutrophils and tingible body macrophages. Cells had scant to moderate fragile cytoplasm, enlarged vesicular nuclei, and prominent nucleoli. Immunohistochemistry on cell block revealed positivity for cytokeratin and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-Latent Membrane Protein-1 (LMP1). A diagnosis of metastatic nasopharyngeal carcinoma was made, and was confirmed on a subsequent biopsy from the femur.

Epstein-Barr virus infection as potential indicator of the occurrence and clinical presentation of systemic lupus erythematosus.

Introduction: The relationship between Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection has been suggested for decades, but the underlying mechanism of the EBV influence on SLE development remains to be elucidated. Methods: The goals of this research, which included 103 SLE patients and 99 controls, were to investigate the association of the parameters of EBV infection and SLE, to explore whether pooled demographic, clinical and EBV markers achieve a more significant effect on SLE development than each of them individually, and to evaluate EBV nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA1) and latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1) gene polymorphisms in isolates from SLE patients. Results: Comprehensive results related to serological, molecular and sequence markers of EBV infection in SLE patients demonstrated even 24 times higher possibility of having SLE if there is the presence of anti-EBV-EA(D) (early antigen) IgG antibodies (OR=24.086 95%CI OR=2.86-216.07, p=0.004). There was the same distribution of glucocorticoids (p=0.130), antimalarials (p=0.213), and immunosuppressives (p=0.712) in anti-EBV-EA(D) IgG positive and negative SLE patients. Further, higher anti-EBV-EA(D) IgG antibodies titers were identified as independent factors associated with lymphopenia, hematological SLE manifestation (OR=1.041, 95%CI OR=1.01-1.08, p=0.025, while a higher titer of anti-CA (viral capsid antigen) IgG antibodies (OR=1.015, 95%CI OR=1.01-1.03, p=0.019) and positive RF (rheumatoid factors) (OR=4.871, 95%CI OR=1.52-15.61, p=0.008) were identified as independent factors associated with alopecia within SLE. Finally, novel data on EBV EBNA1 and LMP1 gene polymorphisms in lupus are reported. Conclusion: The results support further investigation targeting EBV as a prognostic marker and therapeutic goal for lupus.

Single-Cell Analysis Reveals Malignant Cells Reshape the Cellular Landscape and Foster an Immunosuppressive Microenvironment of Extranodal NK/T-Cell Lymphoma.

Extranodal natural killer/T-cell lymphoma (NKTCL) is an aggressive type of lymphoma associated with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and characterized by heterogeneous tumor behaviors. To better understand the origins of the heterogeneity, this study utilizes single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) analysis to profile the tumor microenvironment (TME) of NKTCL at the single-cell level. Together with in vitro and in vivo models, the study identifies a subset of LMP1+ malignant NK cells contributing to the tumorigenesis and development of heterogeneous malignant cells in NKTCL. Furthermore, malignant NK cells interact with various immunocytes via chemokines and their receptors, secrete substantial DPP4 that impairs the chemotaxis of immunocytes and regulates their infiltration. They also exhibit an immunosuppressive effect on T cells, which is further boosted by LMP1. Moreover, high transcription of EBV-encoded genes and low infiltration of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are favorable prognostic indicators for NKTCL in multiple patient cohorts. This study for the first time deciphers the heterogeneous composition of NKTCL TME at single-cell resolution, highlighting the crucial role of malignant NK cells with EBV-encoded LMP1 in reshaping the cellular landscape and fostering an immunosuppressive microenvironment. These findings provide insights into understanding the pathogenic mechanisms of NKTCL and developing novel therapeutic strategies against NKTCL.

Contribution of the Epstein-Barr virus to the oncogenesis of mature T-cell lymphoproliferative neoplasms.

EBV is a lymphotropic virus, member of the Herpesviridae family that asymptomatically infects more than 90% of the human population, establishing a latent infection in memory B cells. EBV exhibits complex survival and persistence dynamics, replicating its genome through the proliferation of infected B cells or production of the lytic virions. Many studies have documented the infection of T/NK cells by EBV in healthy individuals during and after primary infection. This feature has been confirmed in humanized mouse models. Together these results have challenged the hypothesis that the infection of T/NK cells per se by EBV could be a triggering event for lymphomagenesis. Extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma (ENKTCL) and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-positive nodal T- and NK-cell lymphoma (NKTCL) are two EBV-associated lymphomas of T/NK cells. These two lymphomas display different clinical, histological and molecular features. However, they share two intriguing characteristics: the association with EBV and a geographical prevalence in East Asia and Latin America. In this review we will discuss the genetic characteristics of EBV in order to understand the possible role of this virus in the oncogenesis of ENKTCL and NKTCL. In addition, the main immunohistological, molecular, cytogenetic and epigenetic differences between ENKTCL and NKTCL will be discussed, as well as EBV differences in latency patterns and other viral molecular characteristics.

Anoikis resistance and immune escape mediated by Epstein-Barr virus-encoded latent membrane protein 1-induced stabilization of PGC-1α promotes invasion and metastasis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is the first discovered human tumor virus that is associated with a variety of malignancies of both lymphoid and epithelial origin including nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). The EBV-encoded latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1) has been well-defined as a potent oncogenic protein, which is intimately correlated with NPC pathogenesis. Anoikis is considered to be a physiological barrier to metastasis, and avoiding anoikis is a major hallmark of metastasis. However, the role of LMP1 in anoikis-resistance and metastasis of NPC has not been fully identified. METHODS: Trypan blue staining, colony formation assay, flow cytometry, and TUNEL staining, as well as the detection of apoptosis and anoikis resistance-related markers was applied to evaluate the anoikis-resistant capability of NPC cells cultured in ultra-low adhesion condition. Co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) experiment was performed to determine the interaction among LMP1, PRMT1 and PGC-1α. Ex vivo ubiquitination assay was used to detect the ubiquitination level of PGC-1α. Anoikis- resistant LMP1-positive NPC cell lines were established and applied for the xenograft and metastatic animal experiments. RESULTS: Our current findings reveal the role of LMP1-stabilized peroxisome proliferator activated receptor coactivator-1a (PGC-1α) in anoikis resistance and immune escape to support the invasion and metastasis of NPC. Mechanistically, LMP1 enhances PGC-1α protein stability by promoting the interaction between arginine methyltransferase 1 (PRMT1) and PGC-1α to elevate the methylation modification of PGC-1α, thus endowing NPC cells with anoikis-resistance. Meanwhile, PGC-1α mediates the immune escape induced by LMP1 by coactivating with STAT3 to transcriptionally up-regulate PD-L1 expression. CONCLUSION: Our work provides insights into how virus-encoded proteins recruit and interact with host regulatory elements to facilitate the malignant progression of NPC. Therefore, targeting PGC-1α or PRMT1-PGC-1α interaction might be exploited for therapeutic gain for EBV-associated malignancies.

Epstein-Barr virus LMP1 enhances levels of large extracellular vesicle-associated PD-L1.

IMPORTANCE: A growing body of evidence has supported the notion that viruses utilize EVs and associated pathways to incorporate viral products. This allows for the evasion of an immune response while enabling viral spread within the host. Given that viral proteins often elicit strong antigenic peptides that are recognized by T cells, the regulation of the PD-L1 pathway through the overexpression of lEV-associated PD-L1 may serve as a strategy for immune evasion by viruses. The discovery that EBV LMP1 increases the secretion of PD-L1 in larger EVs identifies a new potential target for immune blockade therapy in EBV-associated cancers. Our findings may help to clarify the mechanism of LMP1-mediated enhancement of PD-L1 packaging into lEVs and may lead to the identification of more specific targets for treatment. Additionally, the identification of lEV biomarkers that predict a viral origin of disease could allow for more targeted therapies to be developed.

CAR-T cells targeting CD38 and LMP1 exhibit robust antitumour activity against NK/T cell lymphoma.

BACKGROUND: Natural killer/T cell lymphoma (NKTCL) is an aggressive lymphoma with a poor prognosis. Chimeric antigen receptor-transduced T (CAR-T) cell therapy has become a promising immunotherapeutic strategy against haematologic malignancies. METHODS: In this study, four CAR-T cell lines (CD38-CAR, LMP1-CAR, CD38-LMP1 tandem CAR 1 and CD38-LMP1 tandem CAR 2) were generated. The effect of CAR-T cells against NKTCL cells was evaluated both in vitro and in vivo. Expression of T cell activation markers and cytokines produced by CAR-T cells were detected by flow cytometry. RESULTS: The four CAR-T cell lines could effectively eliminate malignant NKTCL cells. They could be activated and produce inflammatory cytokines in a target-dependent manner. In vivo tests showed that the CAR-T cells exhibited significant antitumour effects in a xenotransplanted NKTCL mouse model. CONCLUSIONS: In summary, four CAR-T cell lines exhibited significant cytotoxicity against NKTCL cells both in vitro and in vivo. These results indicated the effective therapeutic promise of CD38 and LMP1 CAR-T cells in NKTCL.

Analysis of Epstein-Barr Virus Infection in Oral Potentially Malignant Disorders and Oral Cancer: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Aims and Objectives: The primary objective of this study is to determine the prevalence of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) in oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMDs) and oral cancer (OC) in a group of Thais using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and Epstein-Barr encoding regions (EBERs) in situ hybridization (ISH). The secondary objective is to investigate the risk factors of OC and the association between the presence of EBV and risk factors of OC/site of oral lesions. Materials and Methods: Sixty-one participants attending the screening project for OC and OPMDs at the Northeastern district hospitals of Thailand were recruited. Information related to risk factors and biopsy tissues for histopathological diagnosis was collected. Sixty-seven paraffin tissue blocks, including 52 OPMDs and 15 OC specimens, were investigated for EBV infection, using PCR analysis with latent membrane protein-1 (LMP-1) primer and EBERs ISH. Pearson's Chi-square or Fisher's exact test was used to analyze the differences in variables between participants with OPMDs and OC, as appropriate. The association between EBV infection and related risk factors was analyzed using logistic regression with a significant level at 0.05. Results: Using PCR analysis, 8 of 67 specimens (11.94%) were positive for LMP-1. Three cases of OPMDs were positive for both LMP-1 PCR and EBERs ISH. Regarding risk factors of OC, the two most common risk factors were betel nut chewing (52.46%) and working in sunlight (42.62%). The habit of taking alcohol was significantly different between the OC and the OPMDs groups (p = 0.009). The association between LMP-1 and the lesion at the tongue was statistically significant, with odds ratio = 4.900 (95% confidence interval = 1.046-22.943; p = 0.044). Conclusions: The prevalence of EBV infection in this group of participants was low. However, OPMDs at the tongue exhibited a significant association with EBV infection.