Presence of Free-living Acanthamoeba in Loa and Salado Rivers, Atacama Desert, Northern Chile.

Substantial knowledge has accumulated on the microbiome of the hyperarid Atacama Desert during the last two decades; however, information on Atacama free-living amoebae (FLA) is limited and increasing efforts are required. FLA are polyphyletic heterotrophic naked or testate protists that feed on organic matter, fungi, protozoa, and bacteria and may disseminate infections. Amoebae in Chile are represented by 416 taxa and 64 genera, and 29 taxa have been identified in arid shrub lands at the southern limit of the Atacama Desert, and Acanthamoeba are present in all the country's regions. To expand our knowledge and to contribute to the biogeographic distribution of Atacama FLA, we report the dominant presence of members of the genus Acanthamoeba in water and sediment sampled at the Loa and Salado rivers in the pre-Andean zone of the Antofagasta Region, northern Chile, at sites 2500 m above sea level. We expect these observations and preliminary evidence of FLA presence in other wetlands (Chiuchiu, Tebenquiche) in this region to be incentive for further exploration of Atacama amoebae.

Data on accumulative allocation of water rights in the Atacama Desert (Antofagasta Region, northern Chile), 1905-2018.

This article presents a dataset on the accumulated water flow (L/s) granted in the Antofagasta Region for each year between 1905 and 2018. We produced the dataset starting from the official public records on water rights (Registro Público de Derechos de Aprovechamiento de Aguas, RPDAA), which are free to access and available at the National Water Agency's website (Dirección General de Aguas, DGA). The initial data described 1047 individual water rights granted in the Antofagasta Region according to 65 criteria. In order to find errors in the data, inconsistencies between the data, or/and the absence of relevant information, we revised and validated the data through different methods, including a literature review and interviews to public officials. Then, we calculated the accumulated water flow (L/s) from the annual flow granted each year (1905-2018) in the two main basins of the region: the Loa River Basin, and the Salar de Atacama Basin. In doing so, we differentiated the type of water (ground or surface water) and the use of water. Thus, the data show and compare temporal variations in the allocation of ground and surface water to different water uses in the two basins. The data are useful to researchers, decision makers and to the general population interested in the processes of water distribution within the Chilean context.

Evaluation of LAMP for the diagnosis of Loa loa infection in dried blood spots compared to PCR-based assays and microscopy

BACKGROUND Loa loa is a filarial species found exclusively in West and Central Africa. Microscopy is the traditional diagnosis method for human loiasis. Several molecular methods have developed as an alternative approach for identification of L. loa filarial parasites. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to evaluate a Loa-Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay to diagnose loiasis disease on dried blood spots (DBS) samples, compared to microscopy, filaria-real time-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and nested-Loa PCR. METHODS A total of 100 DBS samples and 100 blood smears were used for this study. DNA was extracted using saponin/Chelex method. DNA isolated was assayed by a Loa-LAMP assay in parallel to microscopy, filaria-real time PCR and nested-Loa PCR. The sensitivities and specificities of Loa-LAMP assay was computed comparing to each one of the reference methods. FINDINGS Loa-LAMP's sensitivity was more than 90% and specificity was nearly 100% when compared to molecular methods. On the other hand, sensitivity was decreased a bit when Loa-LAMP faced microscopy, but keeping the other statistical values high. MAIN CONCLUSIONS Loa-LAMP is an appropriate method for loiasis diagnosis in endemic areas. Though, it has disadvantages like the reagents' high price at the moment and not to be able to detect more filarial species at once.

Height-independent estimation of glomerular filtration rate in children: an alternative to the Schwartz equation.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the diagnostic performance of 2 height-independent equations used to calculate estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), those of Pottel (eGFR-Pottel) and the British Columbia Children's Hospital (BCCH) (eGFR-BCCH), with the commonly used Schwartz equation (eGFR-Schwartz). STUDY DESIGN: We externally validated eGFR-Pottel and eGFR-BCCH in a well-characterized pediatric patient population (n = 152) and compared their diagnostic performance with that of eGFR-Schwartz using Bland-Altman analysis. All patients underwent glomerular filtration rate measurement using the gold standard single-injection inulin clearance method (GFR-inulin). RESULTS: Median GFR-inulin was 92.0 mL/min/1.73 m² (IQR, 76.1-107.4 mL/min/1.73 m²). Compared with GFR-inulin, the mean bias for eGFR-Schwartz was -10.1 mL/min/1.73 m(2) (95% limits of agreement [LOA], -77.5 to 57.2 mL/min/1.73 m(2)), compared with -12.3 mL/min/1.73 m² (95% LOA, -72.6 to 47.9 mL/min/1.73 m(2)) for eGFR-Pottel and -22.1 mL/min/1.73 m² (95% LOA, -105.0 to 60.8 mL/min/1.73 m(2)) for eGFR-BCCH. eGFR-Pottel showed comparable accuracy to eGFR-Schwartz, with 77% and 76% of estimates within 30% of GFR-inulin, respectively. eGFR-BCCH was less accurate than eGFR-Schwartz (66% of estimates within 30% of GFR-inulin; P < .01). CONCLUSION: The performance of eGFR-Pottel is superior to that of eGFR-BCCH and comparable with that of eGFR-Schwartz. eGFR-Pottel is a valid alternative to eGFR-Schwartz in children and could be reported by the laboratory if height data are not available.

Comportamiento clínico, epidemiológico y microbiológico de las filariosis en la población de Mouila en Gabón / Clinical, epidemiological and microbiological behavior of filariases in the population of Mouila, Gabon

Introducción: las filarias son nematodos pertenecientes a la familia Filariidae, aunque existen alrededor de 200 filarias parasitas, solo unas pocas parasitan al hombre. Objetivos: realizar una breve descripción de estas parasitosis, que sirviera como guía al gran número de médicos cubanos colaboradores en países africanos, donde es particularmente frecuente este padecimiento, así como describir el comportamiento de las infecciones por filarias en pacientes atendidos en el Hospital Regional de Mouila, Gabón. Métodos: se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo, de corte transversal. Se incluyeron 87 pacientes de los 2 sexos, de 15 años de edad y más, en los que se logró confirmar algún tipo de filariosis. Resultados: se observó que 3,7 por ciento de los pacientes presentó una filariosis, 93,1 por ciento por Loa loa, 5,7 por ciento por Mansonella perstans y 1,1 por ciento por coinfección de ambas. El grupo de más de 65 años y el sexo femenino resultaron los más afectados. El síntoma más frecuente fue el prurito (59,8 por ciento), seguido por la poliartralgia, el dolor lumbar y la astenia. La eosinofilia se apreció en 100 por ciento y la anemia fue más frecuente en pacientes parasitados con Mansonella perstans. La intensidad de la infección para ambos tipos de filarias fue baja. En 86,1 por ciento de los pacientes tratados con dietilcarbamazina y 82,4 por ciento de los tratados con ivermectina, la respuesta fue satisfactoria. Conclusiones: Loa loa predominó, sobre todo en mujeres; el prurito, la anemia y la eosinofilia fueron las manifestaciones principales, la respuesta tratamiento con ivermectina mostró ventajas(AU)

Introduction: filariae are nematodes from the family Filariidae. There are about 200 parasitic filariae, but only a few infect humans. Objectives: make a brief description of these parasitic diseases which may serve as guidance to the large number of Cuban cooperation doctors in African countries, where this condition is particularly common, and describe the behavior of filarial infections in patients cared for at Mouila Regional Hospital in Gabon. Methods: a cross-sectional observational descriptive study was conducted of 87 patients of both sexes aged 15 and over with confirmed filariasis. Results: it was found that 3.7 percent of patients had some kind of filariasis: 93.1 percent due to Loa loa, 5.7 percent due to Mansonella perstans and 1.1 percent due to coinfection by both. Females and persons over 65 were the most affected groups. The most common symptom was pruritus (59.8 percent), followed by polyarthralgia, lumbar pain and asthenia. Eosinophilia was present in 100 percent of subjects, and anemia was more frequent in patients infected with Mansonella perstans. Infection intensity was low in both filariases. The response was satisfactory in 86.1 percent of the patients treated with diethylcarbamazine and 82.4 percent of those treated with ivermectin. Conclusions: Loa loa was predominant mainly among women. Pruritus, anemia and eosinophilia were the main manifestations. Treatment with ivermectin was found to be effective(AU)

Comportamiento clínico, epidemiológico y microbiológico de las filariosis en la población de Mouila en Gabón / Clinical, epidemiological and microbiological behavior of filariases in the population of Mouila, Gabon

Introducción: las filarias son nematodos pertenecientes a la familia Filariidae, aunque existen alrededor de 200 filarias parasitas, solo unas pocas parasitan al hombre. Objetivos: realizar una breve descripción de estas parasitosis, que sirviera como guía al gran número de médicos cubanos colaboradores en países africanos, donde es particularmente frecuente este padecimiento, así como describir el comportamiento de las infecciones por filarias en pacientes atendidos en el Hospital Regional de Mouila, Gabón. Métodos: se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo, de corte transversal. Se incluyeron 87 pacientes de los 2 sexos, de 15 años de edad y más, en los que se logró confirmar algún tipo de filariosis. Resultados: se observó que 3,7 por ciento de los pacientes presentó una filariosis, 93,1 por ciento por Loa loa, 5,7 por ciento por Mansonella perstans y 1,1 por ciento por coinfección de ambas. El grupo de más de 65 años y el sexo femenino resultaron los más afectados. El síntoma más frecuente fue el prurito (59,8 por ciento), seguido por la poliartralgia, el dolor lumbar y la astenia. La eosinofilia se apreció en 100 por ciento y la anemia fue más frecuente en pacientes parasitados con Mansonella perstans. La intensidad de la infección para ambos tipos de filarias fue baja. En 86,1 por ciento de los pacientes tratados con dietilcarbamazina y 82,4 por ciento de los tratados con ivermectina, la respuesta fue satisfactoria. Conclusiones: Loa loa predominó, sobre todo en mujeres; el prurito, la anemia y la eosinofilia fueron las manifestaciones principales, la respuesta tratamiento con ivermectina mostró ventajas

Introduction: filariae are nematodes from the family Filariidae. There are about 200 parasitic filariae, but only a few infect humans. Objectives: make a brief description of these parasitic diseases which may serve as guidance to the large number of Cuban cooperation doctors in African countries, where this condition is particularly common, and describe the behavior of filarial infections in patients cared for at Mouila Regional Hospital in Gabon. Methods: a cross-sectional observational descriptive study was conducted of 87 patients of both sexes aged 15 and over with confirmed filariasis. Results: it was found that 3.7 percent of patients had some kind of filariasis: 93.1 percent due to Loa loa, 5.7 percent due to Mansonella perstans and 1.1 percent due to coinfection by both. Females and persons over 65 were the most affected groups. The most common symptom was pruritus (59.8 percent), followed by polyarthralgia, lumbar pain and asthenia. Eosinophilia was present in 100 percent of subjects, and anemia was more frequent in patients infected with Mansonella perstans. Infection intensity was low in both filariases. The response was satisfactory in 86.1 percent of the patients treated with diethylcarbamazine and 82.4 percent of those treated with ivermectin. Conclusions: Loa loa was predominant mainly among women. Pruritus, anemia and eosinophilia were the main manifestations. Treatment with ivermectin was found to be effective

Subconjunctival Loa loa worm: first case report in Brazil / Verme subconjuntival da espécie Loa loa: primeiro caso no Brasil

We report the first case of ocular infestation by Loa loa in Brazil. Loiasis is caused by infestation with Loa loa, a filarial parasite originally found in the rainforests of western and central Africa. It is transmitted by the bite of the fly Chrysops and has been recently described in other places other than Africa, in African immigrants or travellers. Our case is a 33 year-old woman from Cameroon who was living in São Paulo, Brazil, for 5 years. She was asymptomatic until one morning she started feeling "something moving" in the left eye. Under topical anesthesia, on the slit lamp, a moving worm was removed from the subconjunctival space, which later was confirmed to be a male Loa loa adult specimen. Blood tests revealed microfilaraemia of 129 mf/mL. The patient was treated with 400 mg oral albendazole for 3 weeks and 60 mg prednisone. This report illustrates an unusual ocular disease, which is extremely rare outside of Africa, but easily diagnosed and treated. Ophthalmologists should be aware of it, in face of an increasingly globalized world.

Este é o primeiro relato na literatura nacional e internacional de infestação ocular por Loa loa no Brasil. A loíase é uma filariose causada pelo parasita Loa loa, encontrado nas florestas tropicais da África equatorial. A transmissão se dá pela picada do mosquito Chrysops e casos têm sido descritos em países não africanos, em imigrantes e viajantes. O presente caso trata-se de uma paciente de 33 anos natural de Camarões e residente em São Paulo, Brasil, há 5 anos. Até então assintomática, uma manhã sentiu algo "se mexendo" em seu olho esquerdo. Sob anestesia tópica, na lâmpada de fenda, um verme altamente móvel foi removido do espaço subconjuntival e enviado para identificação, que confirmou tratar-se de um espécime macho adulto de Loa loa. Testes sanguíneos revelaram microfilaremia de 129 mf/mL. A paciente foi tratada com albendazol 400 mg e prednisona 60 mg esquema regressivo por 3 semanas. Este relato ilustra uma doença excepcionalmente rara no Brasil, e praticamente desconhecida dos oftalmologistas em nosso país.

A historical note on an imported case of loiasis in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 1964 / Nota histórica sobre caso importado de loíase no Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, 1964

Loiasis is a filarial disease transmitted by the Chrysops spp. tabanid flies in West and Central Africa. It is most commonly diagnosed by the clinical manifestations of Calabar swellings (transient localized inflammatory edema) or, most dramatically, by the appearance of a migrating worm through the conjunctival tissues or the bridge of the nose. We report the case of a 35-year-old resident in the city of Rio de Janeiro who displayed a moving Loa loa in the bulbar conjunctival tissue two years after returning from a six-month trip to Uganda. Surgical removal of the worm was performed.

A loaíase é uma filaríase transmitida por tabanídeos (mutucas) do gênero Chrysops na África central e ocidental, comumente diagnosticada pela apresentação clínica de edema de Calabar (edema inflamatório transitório e localizado) ou, mais dramaticamente, pela migração de um verme adulto pelo tecido conjuntival ou asa do nariz. Descrevemos o caso clínico de um paciente do sexo masculino, 35 anos, residente no Rio de Janeiro, que se apresentou com um verme adulto de Loa loa migrando sobre o tecido conjuntival bulbar dois anos após retornar de uma viagem de seis meses de duração a Uganda. Procedeu-se a remoção cirúrgica do verme.

Adverse reactions from community directed treatment with ivermectin (CDTI ) for onchocerciasis and loiasis in Ondo State, Nigeria

Onchocerciasis is an endemic disease in Ondo state, Nigeria. Community directed distribution of ivermectin is currently on-going in some local government areas of the state. Randomly selected persons (2 331 males and 2 469 females) were interviewed using a modified rapid assessment procedure for Loa loa (RAPLOA) to assess community directed treatment with ivermectin. The retrospective study evaluated the coverage, impacts and adverse reactions to the drug treatment. A questionnaire was administered by house-to-house visit in six local government areas, implementing community directed treatment with ivermectin (CDTI) in this bioclimatic zone. A total of 2,398 respondents were reported to have participated in the treatment. The overall ivermectin coverage of 49.96% was recorded (range 0 - 52% in different communities). Adverse reactions from ivermectin administration were experienced in 38% of individuals. Diverse adverse reactions experienced included predominantly itching (18.50%); oedema, especially of the face and the limbs (8.2%); rashes (3.4%) and body weakness (2.4%). Expulsion of intestinal worms occurred in 0.96% of the respondents. The occurrence of adverse reactions in relation to age categories was statistically significant. Neither fatal nor severe adverse reactions were reported by respondents. Significantly, despite experienced adverse reactions, continued participation, acceptability and compliance to ivermectin treatment was expressed by the various communities. This attitude is in consonance with the African Programme for Onchocerciasis Control (APOC) objectives. Rev. Biol. Trop. 56 (4): 1635-1643. Epub 2008 December 12.

La oncocercosis es endémica en el estado Ondo, Nigeria. Se seleccionaron 4 800 personas al azar para evaluar con encuesta retrospectiva la cobertura, efectos y reacciones al tratamiento farmacológico con ivermectina administrado por la misma comunidad. La cobertura global de ivermectina fue 50 % con reacciones adversas en 38 % de los individuos. Estas fueron comezón picazón (18%), edema, especialmente de la cara y las extremidades (8%), erupciones cutáneas (3%) y debilidad (2%); dependieron de la edad y no hubo reacciones más graves. La expulsión de las lombrices intestinales se produjo en 96% de los encuestados. A pesar de las reacciones adversas, hubo continuidad, aceptación y cumplimiento del tratamiento con ivermectina, en consonancia con los objetivos del Programa Africano para el Control de Oncocercosis (APOC).