Supporting each other towards independence: A narrative analysis of first-year nursing students' collaborative process.

Collaboration for nursing is a core competence and therefore educational interventions are essentials for collaborative skills. To identify such interventions, we carried out a study to understand nursing students' collaborative process. A narrative inquiry method was used to explore the collaborative process of first-year undergraduate nursing students. The analysis was conducted on field notes from 70 h of observation of 87 nursing students' collaboration during skills lab activities. It also included transcriptions of four focus group discussions with 11 students. The results are presented as a sequential process of (1) navigating in unfamiliar territory, (2) navigating together to cope, and (3) navigating together towards independency and the future nursing profession. We identified a transition from teacher-led assistance and guidance to student interdependency and reciprocal learning, ending with student-led assistance supporting independency. In line with Vygotsky's theory of zone of proximal development, different scaffolding interventions are needed depending on where the students are in the collaborative process.

Association of Local Unit Sampling and Microbiology Laboratory Culture Practices With the Ability to Identify Causative Pathogens in Peritoneal Dialysis-Associated Peritonitis in Thailand.

INTRODUCTION: This describes variations in facility peritoneal dialysis (PD) effluent (PDE) culture techniques and local microbiology laboratory practices, competencies, and quality assurance associated with peritonitis, with a specific emphasis on factors associated with culture-negative peritonitis (CNP). METHODS: Peritonitis data were prospectively collected from 22 Thai PD centers between May 2016 and October 2017 as part of the Peritoneal Dialysis Outcomes and Practice Patterns Study. The first cloudy PD bags from PD participants with suspected peritonitis were sent to local and central laboratories for comparison of pathogen identification. The associations between these characteristics and CNP were evaluated. RESULTS: CNP was significantly more frequent in local laboratories (38%) compared with paired PDE samples sent to the central laboratory (12%, P < 0.05). Marked variations were observed in PD center practices, particularly with respect to specimen collection and processing, which often deviated from International Society for Peritoneal Dialysis Guideline recommendations, and laboratory capacities, capabilities, and certification. Lower rates of CNP were associated with PD nurse specimen collection, centrifugation of PDE, immediate transfer of samples to the laboratory, larger hospital size, larger PD unit size, availability of an on-site nephrologist, higher laboratory capacity, and laboratory ability to perform aerobic cultures, undertake standard operating procedures in antimicrobial susceptibilities, and obtain local accreditation. CONCLUSION: There were large variations in PD center and laboratory capacities, capabilities, and practices, which in turn were associated with the likelihood of culturing and correctly identifying organisms responsible for causing PD-associated peritonitis. Deviations in practice from International Society for Peritoneal Dialysis guideline recommendations were associated with higher CNP rates.

La anatomía comparada del corazón, una necesidad de práctica de laboratorio en la carrera de medicina / The comparative anatomy of the heart, a need for laboratory practice in the medical career

Introducción: en este curso inició el Plan D para la carrera Medicina, y estando inmersos en la preparación de las nuevas asignaturas rectoras que incluidas anteriormente en Morfofisiología, se propone una práctica de laboratorio con métodos de anatomía comparada. Objetivo: proponer la implementación de una práctica de laboratorio sobre la Anatomía del corazón para el segundo año de medicina, basada en métodos de anatomía comparada. Método: se realizó un estudio cuasiexperimental en la Filial de Ciencias Médicas Manuel Piti Fajardo durante los cursos 2015-16 y 2016-17. Donde se impartió la actividad propuesta al total de estudiantes (104) realizándose la observación de un corazón real de cerdo en comparación con el humano, mostrando aspectos de la anatomía externa e interna, y usando la guía de estudio de la anatomía cardiaca mediante la disección de un corazón porcino. Se aplicaron métodos teóricos: histórico lógico, analítico-sintético, inductivo-deductivo; de los empíricos se aplicó la observación, el análisis de documentos y la técnica del PNI. Resultados: los resultados de la evaluación sistemática fueron comparados con los alcanzados por los 128 estudiantes del curso anterior, encontrándose diferencias significativas entre ellas, se amplió el porcentaje de calificaciones con calidad, se disminuyó ligeramente el porcentaje de calificados de regular y disminuyó el porcentaje de suspensos. Conclusiones: los resultados han sido superiores con la introducción de esta práctica por lo que se propone como parte del programa de la asignatura "Sistemas cardiovascular, respiratorio, digestivo y renal", Plan D, segundo año, Medicina

Introduction: A Lab Practice is proposed to give an answer to methodological problems dealing with a new Curriculum of the Medical Career called Plan D in Medicine Career. It took place in Manuel Piti Fajardo Medical School in San Cristóbal during 2015-2016 and 2016-2017academic courses, is related to a new subject called Cardiovascular, Respiratory, Digestive and Renal systems which were taught before with the name of Morph-physiology. Objective: to offer a suggestion for a lab practice where students have to get familiar to the cardiovascular system using a pig's heart to observe its internal and external characteristics comparing it with a human heart. Methods: it consists of a quasi-experimental study based on a Lab Practice where students have to use a pig's heart to observe its internal and external characteristics comparing it with a human heart. Theoretical methods such us Inductive-Deductive method, Analytic- Synthetic method, Historical - Logical method were used and some empirical methods like observation, documentary analysis and P.N.I. were applied too. The methodology used for carrying out the study is similar to the one used by Biology students in the University of Havana. Results: Systematic evaluation results are presented comparing them, with the ones done before. The initial and final diagnoses are shown. Conclusion: the suggestion is made to work with the plan D curriculum, improving medical students' knowledge, related to a new subjecting Medicine Career called Cardiovascular, Respiratory, Digestive and Renal systems which were taught before with the name of Morph-physiology(AU)

Evaluación de una estrategia docente para las prácticas de laboratorio de Microbiología y Parasitología Médica en Medicina / Evaluation of a teaching strategy for lab practices of medical microbiology and parasitology in Medicine

Objetivo: evaluar la eficacia de una estrategia didáctica diseñada para las clases prácticas de laboratorio de Microbiología y Parasitología Médica, en la Escuela Latinoamericana de Medicina. Métodos: la estrategia didáctica se sustentó en la enseñanza basada en problemas y el principio del aprendizaje cooperativo. La evaluación abarcó 5 cursos académicos (septiembre 2004 a julio 2009) e incluyó a la población de estudiantes matriculados en dichos cursos. Se analizaron los resultados docentes alcanzados en las clases prácticas de laboratorio y la retención de los conocimientos prácticos adquiridos por los estudiantes en la prueba final de la asignatura, los que se compararon con los datos históricos del curso 2002-2003 mediante tablas de contingencia y el estadígrafo c2 de Pearson. Las calificaciones y su calidad en el examen final se evaluaron por correlación (r) por rangos de Spearman. Se consideraron las diferencias significativas para p< 0,05. Resultados: la estrategia constó de 3 acciones básicas: a) enfoque del problema o tarea experimental; b) ejecución del experimento; c) control y evaluación del proceso. Durante el periodo evaluado las calificaciones y la calidad en las clases prácticas de laboratorio se comportaron estables y fueron significativamente superiores (p< 0,001) a las alcanzadas en el curso 2002-2003. Paralelamente, se encontró una frecuencia menor de errores en la prueba final de la asignatura en contenidos que tributaron a objetivos prácticos (p< 0,001). Conclusiones: la estrategia docente aplicada potenció el trabajo grupal, favoreció el rendimiento académico y la retención de los conocimientos relacionados con las principales esencialidades prácticas de la asignatura.

Objective: to evaluate the efficacy of a didactic strategy designed for lab practices in Microbiology and Medical Parasitology at the Latin American Medical School. Methods: the didactic strategy was based on problem-based teaching and the principle of cooperative learning. The evaluation covered 5 academic courses (September 2004 to July 2009) in which the population of students registered in these courses was involved. The final academic results of the practical lab classes as well as the retention of acquired practical knowledge by the students reflected in the final test were analyzed; then they were compared with the historical data from the 2002-2003 academic year, using the contingency tables and the Pearson´s c2. The marks and the quality of the final exam were evaluated with Spearman´s rank correlations (r). The significant differences were considered for p< 0,05. Results: the strategy consisted of 3 basic actions: a) the approach of the problem or experimental task; b) carrying out the experiment; c) control and evaluation of the process. During the evaluative period, the marks and the quality of the practical lab classes were stable and significantly higher than those of the 2002-2003 course. At the same time, there was lower frequency of mistakes in the final test of the subject in terms of contents related to practical objectives (p< 0,001). Conclusions: the educational strategy encouraged the teamwork, and favoured the academic performance and the retention of knowledge about the practical essentials of the subject.

Evaluación de una estrategia docente para las prácticas de laboratorio de Microbiología y Parasitología Médica en Medicina / Evaluation of a teaching strategy for lab practices of medical microbiology and parasitology in Medicine

Objetivo: evaluar la eficacia de una estrategia didáctica diseñada para las clases prácticas de laboratorio de Microbiología y Parasitología Médica, en la Escuela Latinoamericana de Medicina. Métodos: la estrategia didáctica se sustentó en la enseñanza basada en problemas y el principio del aprendizaje cooperativo. La evaluación abarcó 5 cursos académicos (septiembre 2004 a julio 2009) e incluyó a la población de estudiantes matriculados en dichos cursos. Se analizaron los resultados docentes alcanzados en las clases prácticas de laboratorio y la retención de los conocimientos prácticos adquiridos por los estudiantes en la prueba final de la asignatura, los que se compararon con los datos históricos del curso 2002-2003 mediante tablas de contingencia y el estadígrafo c2 de Pearson. Las calificaciones y su calidad en el examen final se evaluaron por correlación (r) por rangos de Spearman. Se consideraron las diferencias significativas para p< 0,05. Resultados: la estrategia constó de 3 acciones básicas: a) enfoque del problema o tarea experimental; b) ejecución del experimento; c) control y evaluación del proceso. Durante el periodo evaluado las calificaciones y la calidad en las clases prácticas de laboratorio se comportaron estables y fueron significativamente superiores (p< 0,001) a las alcanzadas en el curso 2002-2003. Paralelamente, se encontró una frecuencia menor de errores en la prueba final de la asignatura en contenidos que tributaron a objetivos prácticos (p< 0,001). Conclusiones: la estrategia docente aplicada potenció el trabajo grupal, favoreció el rendimiento académico y la retención de los conocimientos relacionados con las principales esencialidades prácticas de la asignatura(AU)

Objective: to evaluate the efficacy of a didactic strategy designed for lab practices in Microbiology and Medical Parasitology at the Latin American Medical School. Methods: the didactic strategy was based on problem-based teaching and the principle of cooperative learning. The evaluation covered 5 academic courses (September 2004 to July 2009) in which the population of students registered in these courses was involved. The final academic results of the practical lab classes as well as the retention of acquired practical knowledge by the students reflected in the final test were analyzed; then they were compared with the historical data from the 2002-2003 academic year, using the contingency tables and the Pearson´s c2. The marks and the quality of the final exam were evaluated with Spearman´s rank correlations (r). The significant differences were considered for p< 0,05. Results: the strategy consisted of 3 basic actions: a) the approach of the problem or experimental task; b) carrying out the experiment; c) control and evaluation of the process. During the evaluative period, the marks and the quality of the practical lab classes were stable and significantly higher than those of the 2002-2003 course. At the same time, there was lower frequency of mistakes in the final test of the subject in terms of contents related to practical objectives (p< 0,001). Conclusions: the educational strategy encouraged the teamwork, and favoured the academic performance and the retention of knowledge about the practical essentials of the subject(AU)