Psychological screening, providing social security or strengthening training? How can government and labor unions protect the mental health of young employees.

As the mental health problems of young employees become more and more prominent, the government and labor unions need to take measures to protect the mental health of young employees. Considering that the main mental health safeguard measures are divided into psychological screening, providing social security and strengthening training, this article constructs a differential game model under these three modes. The balanced efforts and social benefits of the government and labor unions under the three modes are obtained, and the applicable conditions of various mental health protection modes are compared. The results show that if the government pays a lower cost, the government gets the highest economic benefit under the training mode, followed by the security mode, and the government gets the lowest economic benefit under the psychological screening mode. If the reputation of the labor unions improved by its efforts is low, the equilibrium benefits of the labor unions under psychological screening and providing security are the same, and greater than the equilibrium benefits under the intensive training mode. If the labor unions have a higher reputation enhanced by its efforts, the balance return of the labor unions under the guarantee mode is the highest, followed by the balance return under the intensive training mode, and the balance return of the labor unions under the psychological screening mode is the lowest.

State policies that promote, and that inhibit, improved public health: An exploratory analysis of paid sick leave.

The United States has no national requirement that employers provide paid sick leave (PSL) to their employees, despite the many established public health benefits of PSL access. Many states, and some localities, have passed laws requiring PSL within their jurisdictions. Past studies have shown that these PSL mandates are effective in promoting increased PSL access. However, past studies have not considered two other commonly-used state policy initiatives-PSL preemption and right-to-work laws-that could hypothetically influence employers' decisions to provide PSL. During the past few decades, all possible combinations of these policy interventions can be found in one or more U.S. states. This study estimates the combined associations of these 3 policies with PSL access. The estimates support recent research on the positive effects of PSL mandates, but also suggest that PSL preemption and right-to-work laws may have offsetting effects. Failure to take account of these additional policies may lead to an over-estimate of the effectiveness of PSL mandates.

Covid-19 and Worker Issues: Lessons From a University-based Ad-Hoc Network.

The Covid-19 pandemic has made clear the central role of the workplace in public health. Workers and working families have been particularly impacted by a public health and economic crisis that has revealed both structural shortcomings and opportunities for future preparedness. In response to the pandemic, a group of scholars, labor and anti-poverty advocates, activists, union representatives, frontline workers, and public health professionals gathered to share observations and create a forum for information sharing and collaboration. Conversations evolved with the pandemic to include policy solutions aimed at addressing the pandemic's health and economic impacts. In this paper, we summarize key lessons from the "Covid-19 and Workers" calls and suggest that ongoing collaboration among labor activists and academic and public health advocates may help to prepare for new public health crises and protect the safety and health of workers and communities.

A Standpoint Approach to Return-to-Work Coordination: Understanding Union Roles.

Purpose This study examined how the participation of union representatives impacted return-to-work (RTW) processes, and explored key activities undertaken by union representatives involved in return-to-work coordination. Methods Forty-seven RTW coordinators (RTWCs) participated in in-depth, semi-structured interviews in 2018 as part of a cross-Canadian study investigating their strategies for managing challenges in the RTW process. The study included RTWCs from a variety of organisation types, including unionized organizations. Audio-recordings were transcribed, coded, and analysed using constant case comparison and deviant case analysis leading to the development of findings themes. Results Our findings highlight the role of union representatives in RTW processes and how their activities are seen by other parties involved with work accommodation. First, we describe Union RTWC's administrative functions and the extent of their involvement in RTW accommodation negotiations. Second, we examine how Union and Non-union RTWCs framed the same RTW processes differently, according to their own accountabilities. Finally, we identify the positive ways that union participation figured into the RTW process, including playing a role in identifying viable modified work and serving as a trusted party to help reluctant workers engage with RTW plans. Conclusions We introduce a standpoint perspective to shed light on how Union and Non-union RTWCs approached accommodation issues and consider acknowledgement of power relations as a starting point for managing divergent interests.

Origem, trajetória e atuação política conjunta das entidades médicas nacionais brasileiras de 1999 a 2015 / Origin, trajectory and joint political action of Brazilian national medical entities from 1999 to 2015

Resumo O artigo aborda a atuação política conjunta de entidades médicas nacionais brasileiras de 1999 a 2015, destacando elementos de sua origem, trajetória e configuração institucional. Foram analisados temas, bandeiras de luta, posicionamentos e estratégias na agenda dessas organizações. O estudo envolveu revisão bibliográfica e análise documental, ancoradas no institucionalismo histórico. Os resultados indicam processos de surgimento inter-relacionados, mais evidentes entre a Associação Médica Brasileira e o Conselho Federal de Medicina, repercutindo nas trajetórias e configurações institucionais. Observaram-se conexões entre aspectos históricos, institucionais e a atuação política das entidades. A ênfase na unidade representativa contribuiu para a conformação de uma agenda conjunta influenciada pela parceria entre as entidades, com incorporação posterior da Federação Nacional dos Médicos. Sua atuação foi voltada para o Legislativo, e simultaneamente para os setores público e privado de saúde, com crescimento de posicionamentos contrários às políticas de saúde do governo federal. A ação política se desenvolveu sem alterações de arranjo representativo trino, composto por conselho, associação e sindicato, favorecendo a definição de acordos em espaços intermediários de representação. A agenda corporativa dúbia e a defesa do exercício liberal influenciam a atuação contraditória das entidades médicas brasileiras, com desdobramentos no apoio político e incorporação desses profissionais ao SUS.

Abstract The article addresses the joint political action of Brazilian national medical entities from 1999 to 2015, highlighting elements of their origin, trajectory and institutional configuration. Themes, flags of struggle, positions and strategies in the agenda of these organizations were analyzed. The study involved bibliographic review and documentary analysis, anchored in historical institutionalism. The results indicate interrelated processes of creation, more evident between the Brazilian Medical Association and the Federal Council of Medicine, reflecting on the trajectories and institutional configurations. There were connections between historical and institutional aspects and the political action. The emphasis on the representative unit contributed to a joint agenda influenced by the partnership between the entities, with subsequent incorporation of the National Federation of Physicians. Its performance was focused on the Legislature, and simultaneously to the public and private health sectors, with growth of positions contrary to the federal health policies. The political action developed without changes of trine representative arrangement, composed of council, association and union, favoring the definition of agreements in intermediate spaces. The dubious corporate agenda and the defense of the liberal practice influence the contradictory performance of Brazilian medical entities, with consequences in political support and incorporation of these professionals to the SUS.

COVID and the Risky Immigrant Workplace: How Declining Employment Standards Socialized Risk and Made the COVID-19 Pandemic Worse.

This article investigates the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic in NYC as they were concentrated on immigrant workers and their communities, studying one group of immigrant workers, namely taxi drivers. Based on two years of ethnographic research with the New York Taxi Workers Alliance, a union of 24,000 taxi and app-based drivers in NYC, conducted before and during the pandemic, as well as formal interviews and an original survey of 1,002 union members, my research shows how drivers' precarious existence in the work-citizenship nexus informed their experiences of sustaining their families during the pandemic. COVID highlighted how the welfare state's increasing privatization of risk, the fissuring of the workplace, and the rise in employment precarity have generated an immigrant underclass. This manifested in immigrant drivers experiencing the pandemic through the lens of specific uncertainties-health, economic, bureaucratic, and immigration-that shaped their unequal access to pandemic support. This process in turn produced a boomerang effect, as immigrant drivers' weaker connection to state and social institutions made it harder to contain the virus in their communities, a development which ultimately puts society writ large at greater risk. This article advances our knowledge of precious employment by introducing the concept of uncertainties to explain the socio-cultural aspects of how crises of social reproduction are generated. It also extends our understanding of the decline of the welfare and regulatory state by showing how this process interacts with immigrant status.

Lutas operárias da Construção Civil no COMPERJ: questões para a ação sindical e a saúde dos trabalhadores / Civil Construction workers' struggles at COMPERJ: issues for union action and occupational health

Resumo O Complexo Petroquímico do Rio de Janeiro é uma das maiores obras da construção civil pesada no Brasil. Em 2014, foi realizada uma grande greve por melhorias nas condições de trabalho que expôs diferentes perspectivas acerca da representação dos trabalhadores e por motivo sindical. Este estudo analisa os sentidos postos pelos modos de ação operária e sindical em suas implicações à defesa coletiva da saúde nesta experiência grevista. Realizou-se uma pesquisa social de caráter qualitativo, lançando mão de técnicas de investigação como observação participante, levantamento documental e entrevistas com trabalhadores e dirigentes sindicais. Nos resultados, produziu-se uma breve reconstrução dessas lutas sob a perspectiva dos trabalhadores analisando as pautas de greve e a organização, mobilizações e tensões presentes entre trabalhadores de base e o sindicato da categoria. Ressaltou-se a formação de uma Comissão de Base, por decisão dos próprios operários, na tentativa de atuar de maneira autônoma ao sindicato oficial. Constatou-se diferentes respostas do Estado, empresas e sindicato representativo como forma de desarticular a luta dos trabalhadores. Ao fim, verificou-se luta para melhoria das condições de trabalho e defesa coletiva da saúde, por parte das organizações de trabalhadores nos locais de trabalho.

Abstract The Rio de Janeiro Petrochemical Complex is one of the most significant heavy civil construction projects in Brazil. In 2014, we witnessed a significant strike for improved working conditions, which exposed different perspectives on workers and union representation. This study analyzes the meanings exposed by worker and union action in their implications for the collective defense of health in this strike experience. Qualitative social research employed investigation techniques such as participant observation, documentary survey, and interviews with workers and union leaders. The results produced a brief reconstruction of these struggles from the workers' perspective, analyzing the strike agendas such as the organization, mobilizations, and tensions between base workers and the union representing the category. Noteworthy was establishing a Base Commission decided by the very workers to act independently from the official union. We observed different responses from the State, companies, and the representative union to stifle the workers' struggle. Finally, we identified a struggle for improved working conditions and the collective defense of health by workers' organizations in the workplace.

The association between union membership and perceptions of safety climate among US adult workers.

OBJECTIVES: An individual's perceptions of their workplace safety climate can influence their health and safety outcomes in the workplace. Even though union membership has been declining in the US, union members still comprise 10% of the working population and have higher-than-industry average non-fatal illness and injury rates. Due to limited research focused in this area, this study examined whether union membership was associated with worker perceptions of safety climate. METHODS: This was a secondary data analysis study utilizing data from the Quality Work Life module from the General Social Survey centered on US workers aged 18 and above. Propensity-score matching was implemented to reduce potential selection bias between unionized and non-unionized workers. Linear regression explored the association between union membership and perceptions of safety climate, controlling for age, sex, education, industry, resource adequacy, supervisor support, co-worker support, and workload. RESULTS: For perceived safety climate (on a 0-16 scale, the higher the more positive), those in union had a lower mean of perceived safety climate (12.44) compared to those not in a union (13.20). Based on the regression results, those who were in a union reported more negative perceptions of their workplace safety climate in a 12-month period (ß = -0.61, p < .001). CONCLUSIONS: By demonstrating a commitment to proactive injury prevention and bolstering the business's overall safety performance indicators, businesses who are open to collaborations with unions may see some long-term benefits (e.g. return on investment, increased job satisfaction) and enhance union workers' perceptions of safety climate.

Health and Safety in the Legal Cannabis Industry Before and During COVID-19.

In 2020, medical cannabis is legal in thirty-six states and adult use ("recreational") cannabis is legal in fifteen, despite cannabis remaining illegal at the federal level. Up to 250,000 individuals work as full-time employees in cannabis. During the COVID-19 pandemic, California, Colorado, and other states deemed medical cannabis business as essential, raising occupational challenges and safety issues for cannabis employees. In 2020, interviews were conducted with Ethan, an extraction lab assistant in Las Vegas; Haylee, a trainer with a cannabis company in Sacramento; and Belinda, a Wisconsin-based occupational health and safety trainer, to showcase concerns and experiences in cannabis workplaces and training programs. Findings from interviews reveal pro-worker activities to promote workplace safety and labor unionism while large multistate operators seek to optimize profits and obstruct workers' rights. Knowledge gained through the interviews contributes to discussions to lessen the potential exposure of the cannabis workforce to COVID 19.

Does the Union Make Us Strong? Labor-Union Membership, Self-Rated Health, and Mental Illness: A Parametric G-Formula Approach.

Union members enjoy better wages and benefits and greater power than nonmembers, which can improve health. However, the longitudinal union-health relationship remains uncertain, partially because of healthy-worker bias, which cannot be addressed without high-quality data and methods that account for exposure-confounder feedback and structural nonpositivity. Applying one such method, the parametric g-formula, to US-based Panel Study of Income Dynamics data, we analyzed the longitudinal relationships between union membership, poor/fair self-rated health (SRH), and moderate mental illness (Kessler 6-item score of ≥5). The SRH analyses included 16,719 respondents followed from 1985-2017, while the mental-illness analyses included 5,813 respondents followed from 2001-2017. Using the parametric g-formula, we contrasted cumulative incidence of the outcomes under 2 scenarios, one in which we set all employed-person-years to union-member employed-person-years (union scenario), and one in which we set no employed-person-years to union-member employed-person-years (nonunion scenario). We also examined whether the contrast varied by sex, sex and race, and sex and education. Overall, the union scenario was not associated with reduced incidence of poor/fair SRH (relative risk = 1.01, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.95, 1.09; risk difference = 0.01, 95% CI: -0.03, 0.04) or moderate mental illness (relative risk = 1.02, 95% CI: 0.92, 1.12; risk difference = 0.01, 95% CI: -0.04, 0.06) relative to the nonunion scenario. These associations largely did not vary by subgroup.

Associativism in nursing, public communication, and interaction with the media / Asociación en enfermería, comunicación pública e interacción mediática / Associativismo em enfermagem, comunicação pública e interação com a mídia

ABSTRACT Objective: To describe the processes of producing messages and interacting with the media by professional nursing associations. Methods: Qualitative, descriptive study based on semi-structured interviews with managers of five professional nursing associations in Portugal. The data were subjected to thematic content analysis. Results: Regulatory and union associations use public relations services and refer more strategies for interacting with journalists. Professional specialization associations interact less frequently and prefer social media for publishing their messages. Voluntary work and the reduced professionalization of the communication of specialized associations favors a nursing retraction stance towards the media. Final considerations: Organizational and cultural factors may help to explain nursing's limited access to the media. The use of renewal, cooperation, and education strategies will help overcome some of the limitations experienced by these associations.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Describir los procesos de producción de mensajes y de interacción mediática por parte de asociaciones profesionales de enfermería. Métodos: Estudio cualitativo de tipo descriptivo con base en entrevistas semiestructuradas con dirigentes de cinco asociaciones profesionales de enfermería de Portugal. Los datos sometidos al análisis de contenido temático. Resultados: Las asociaciones de regulación y sindicalismo recorren a servicios de relaciones públicas y refieren más estrategias de interacción con periodistas. Las asociaciones de especialización profesional interaccionan con menor frecuencia y prefieren las redes sociales para publicaren sus mensajes. El trabajo voluntario y la reducida profesionalización de la comunicación de asociaciones especializadas tienden a una postura de retracción de la enfermería hacia mediática. Consideraciones finales: Factores organizacionales y culturales podrán ayudar a explicar el acceso limitado de la enfermería a la midiática. El recurso a estrategias de renovación, cooperación y educación permitirá superar algunas de las limitaciones vividas por esas asociaciones.

RESUMO Objetivo: Descrever os processos de produção de mensagens e de interação com a mídia por parte de associações profissionais de enfermagem. Métodos: Estudo qualitativo de tipo descritivo com base em entrevistas semiestruturadas com dirigentes de cinco associações profissionais de enfermagem de Portugal. Os dados foram sujeitos à análise de conteúdo temático. Resultados: As associações de regulação e sindicalismo recorrem a serviços de relações públicas e referem mais estratégias de interação com jornalistas. As associações de especialização profissional interagem com menor frequência e preferem as redes sociais para publicarem as suas mensagens. O trabalho voluntário e a reduzida profissionalização da comunicação de associações especializadas tendem a uma postura de retração da enfermagem para com a mídia. Considerações finais: Fatores organizacionais e culturais poderão ajudar a explicar o acesso limitado da enfermagem à mídia. O recurso a estratégias de renovação, cooperação e educação permitirá superar algumas das limitações vividas por essas associações.

Conocimientos, actitudes y motivaciones respecto a la afiliación al colegio de enfermeras en docentes universitarios / Knowledge, attitudes, and motivations among university teachers regarding the affiliation to a Chilean College of Nurses / Conhecimentos, atitudes e motivações ao respeito da filiação ao colégio de enfermeiras em docentes universitários

Resumen Introducción: La participación en el colegio de enfermeras es una instancia relevante para el desarrollo de la profesión a nivel país, debido a la defensa que realiza por la enfermería desde los diferentes ámbitos de actuación; es indispensable inculcar esta visión desde la formación universitaria a través de los profesionales de enfermería que se dedican a la docencia. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó un estudio cuantitativo, transeccional y correlacional, en 49 académicos de las diferentes casas de estudio de la ciudad de Puerto Montt-Chile, en quienes se evaluó su afiliación al colegio de enfermeras, además de sus conocimientos, actitudes y motivaciones respecto a participar en dicha instancia gremial; para tal fin se aplicó un instrumento de elaboración propia (α Cronbach 0.71). Resultados: Se encontró que el 40.9% de los docentes está afiliado al colegio de enfermeras y que existe conocimiento suficiente respecto a esta organización, con una actitud desfavorable hacia el mismo, evidenciándose asociación entre la actitud y aspectos como la dinámica de trabajo (p=0.043 Correlación de Spearman: 0.158) y la afiliación al colegio (p=0.02 Coeficiente de Spearman: 0.142). Discusión: La participación colegiada permite el fortalecimiento de la profesión, además de favorecer la visibilidad, liderazgo e identidad profesional; aunque se reconocen estos aspectos no son suficientes para generar la afiliación o una actitud favorable a ésta. Conclusiones: En la promoción de la afiliación debe considerarse la tendencia a no afiliación de los docentes más jóvenes y los aspectos de motivación, ambos relevantes para destacar la participación colegial como un aspecto deontológico que forma parte del modelaje hacia los enfermeros en formación.

Abstract Introduction: The participation with the College of Nurses is a relevant action to support the development of nursing in Chile because this organization stands as an important defender to the practice. Therefore, it is advisable that nursing teachers promote this vision among the nursing community. Materials and Methods: This is a quantitative, transectional and correlational study with 49 academicians from diverse teaching centers in the city of Puerto Montt, Chile, who were assessed in terms of their affiliation to the College of Nurses, their knowledge, attitudes, and motivations regarding their participation with this organization. A locally-designed instrument (α Cronbach 0.71) was used. Results: 40.9% of the teachers were affiliated to the College of Nurses. Associations between attitudes and working dynamics (Spearman Correlation = 0.158, p =0.043), and affiliation to the College (Spearman Correlation = 0.142, p = 0.02) were found. Discussion: The participation with the College of Nurses can allow the strengthening of the profession by favoring its visibility, leadership, and professional identity, though these important gains are not always sufficient to encourage an affiliation or a positive attitude towards this organization. Conclusions: In order to better promote the affiliation to the College of Nurses, young teachers' indifference attitudes, as well as other overall motivation factors should be considered first.

Resumo Introdução: A participação no colégio de enfermeiras é uma instancia relevante para o desenvolvimento da profissão ao nível do país, devido à defesa que realiza pela enfermagem desde os diferentes âmbitos de atuação; é indispensável inculcar esta visão desde a formação universitária a través dos profissionais de enfermagem que se dedicam à docência. Materiais e métodos: Realizou-se um estudo quantitativo, transecional e correlacional, em 49 docentes das diferentes casas de estudo da cidade de Puerto Montt-Chile, em quem se avaliou sua filiação ao colégio de enfermeiras, além de seus conhecimentos, atitudes e motivações referentes a participar na instância gremial; para tal fim aplicou-se um instrumento de elaboração própria (α Cronbach 0.71). Resultados: Encontrou-se que o 40.9% dos docentes forma parte do colégio de enfermeiras e que existe conhecimento suficiente ao respeito desta organização, com uma atitude desfavorável a ele mesmo, evidenciando-se uma associação entre a atitude e aspectos como a dinâmica de trabalho (p=0.043 Correlação de Spearman: 0.158) e a filiação ao colégio (p=0.02 Coeficiente de Spearman: 0.142). Discussão: A participação colegiada permite o fortalecimento da profissão, além de favorecer a visibilidade, liderança e identidade profissional; ainda que se reconheçam estes aspectos, não são suficientes para gerar a filiação ou uma atitude favorável a esta. Conclusões: Na promoção da filiação deve considerar-se a tendência à não filiação dos docentes mais jovens e os aspectos de motivação, ambos relevantes para salientar a participação colegial como um aspecto deontológico que forma parte da modelagem aos enfermeiros em formação.

Solidarity and disparity: Declining labor union density and changing racial and educational mortality inequities in the United States.

BACKGROUND: Recently, United States life expectancy has stagnated or declined for the poor and working class and risen for the middle and upper classes. Declining labor-union density-the percent of workers who are unionized-has precipitated burgeoning income inequity. We examined whether it has also exacerbated racial and educational mortality inequities. METHODS: From CDC, we obtained state-level all-cause and overdose/suicide mortality overall and by gender, gender-race, and gender-education from 1986-2016. State-level union density and demographic and economic confounders came from the Current Population Survey. State-level policy confounders included the minimum wage, the generosity of Aid to Families with Dependent Children or Temporary Assistance for Needy Families, and the generosity of unemployment insurance. To model the exposure-outcome relationship, we used marginal structural modeling. Using state-level inverse-probability-of-treatment-weighted Poisson models with state and year fixed effects, we estimated 3-year moving average union density's effects on the following year's mortality rates. Then, we tested for gender, gender-race, and gender-education effect-modification. Finally, we estimated how racial and educational all-cause mortality inequities would change if union density increased to 1985 or 1988 levels, respectively. RESULTS: Overall, a 10% increase in union density was associated with a 17% relative decrease in overdose/suicide mortality (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.70, 0.98), or 5.7 lives saved per 100 000 person-years (95% CI: -10.7, -0.7). Union density's absolute (lives-saved) effects on overdose/suicide mortality were stronger for men than women, but its relative effects were similar across genders. Union density had little effect on all-cause mortality overall or across subgroups, and modeling suggested union-density increases would not affect mortality inequities. CONCLUSIONS: Declining union density (as operationalized in this study) may not explain all-cause mortality inequities, although increases in union density may reduce overdose/suicide mortality.

Percepção das lideranças de enfermagem sobre a luta contra a precarização das condições de trabalho / Percepción de los liderazgos de enfermería acerca de la lucha contra la precarización de las condiciones laborales / Perception of nursing leadership on the fight against the precariousness of working conditions

RESUMO Objetivo Descrever e analisar, sob a percepção das lideranças de enfermagem, questões de gênero e socioeconômicas dos trabalhadores da categoria que interferem na luta contra a precarização das condições de trabalho. Método Estudo descritivo, exploratório, com abordagem qualitativa, realizado na ABEn, Coren, sessões Rio de Janeiro e SindEnfRJ, com líderes de entidades de classe, profissionais de cargos de liderança, incluindo diretoria ou presidência. Realizaram-se entrevistas individuais, e os dados foram tratados por meio da técnica de análise de conteúdo. Resultados Participaram do estudo 17 líderes de entidades de classe. Se nas falas predominância feminina, dupla jornada de trabalho, origem social e cultural, desvalorização profissional, reduzida participação em espaços de luta e questões burocráticas do trabalho como justificativas para o baixo envolvimento em disputas trabalhistas. Conclusão São necessárias parcerias entre a categoria e as entidades de classe para maior mobilização e combate a esse processo perverso, por mudanças na legislação, imprescindíveis para viabilizar a manutenção do emprego, a qualidade de vida do trabalhador e, consequentemente, a excelência na assistência prestada à população.

RESUMEN Objetivo Describir y analizar, bajo la percepción de los liderazgos de enfermería, cuestiones de género y socioeconómicas de los trabajadores de la categoría que interfieren en la lucha contra la precarización de las condiciones laborales. Método Estudio descriptivo, exploratorio, con abordaje cualitativo, realizado en la ABEn, Coren, sesiones Río de Janeiro y SindEnfRJ, con líderes de entidades de clase, profesionales de puestos de liderazgo, incluyendo el directorio o la presidencia. Se llevaron a cabo entrevistas individuales, y los datos fueron tratados mediante la técnica de análisis de contenido. Resultados Participaron en el estudio 17 líderes de entidades de clase. Se destacan en los discursos la predominancia femenina, doble jornada laboral, origen social y cultural, desvalorización profesional, reducida participación en espacios de lucha y temas burocráticos del trabajo como justificaciones para la baja adhesión a las disputas laborales. Conclusión Son necesarias alianzas entre la categoría y las entidades de clase para mayor movilización y combate a ese proceso perverso, por cambios en la legislación, imprescindibles para hacer viable el mantenimiento del empleo, la calidad de vida del trabajador y, consecuentemente, la excelencia en la asistencia prestada a la población.

ABSTRACT Objective To describe and analyze gender and socioeconomic issues of category workers which interfere in the fight against the precariousness of working conditions within the perception of nursing leaders. Method A descriptive, exploratory study with a qualitative approach conducted at ABEn , Coren , Rio de Janeiro sessions and SindEnfRJ with leaders of work organizations, professionals in leadership positions, including directors or presidents. Individual interviews were conducted, and the data were treated using the content analysis technique. Results Seventeen (17) class entity leaders participated in the study. In the speeches, female predominance, double working hours, social and cultural origin, professional devaluation, reduced participation in spaces of struggle and bureaucratic labor issues were presented as justifications for the low involvement in labor disputes. Conclusion There is a need for partnerships between the category and the work organizations to mobilize and combat this perverse process through changes in legislation, which is essential to enable maintaining employment, the worker's quality of life, and consequently excellence in the care provided to the population.

Building a Sustainable Construction Workforce.

The average U.S. construction worker is aged 42.6 years, and will not be eligible for full Social Security retirement benefits until age 67. Delayed retirement is largely driven by economic need, but construction workers face considerable challenges in remaining on the job. This study explores trade-specific age trends within the construction industry, and the experiences of building trade unions with aging membership. A mixed-methods approach used trade-specific age statistics from the Current Population Survey and key informant interviews with labor leaders, in order to identify union experiences and interventions. Mean and median ages for all subgroups in construction increased from 2003 to 2017. Immigrant construction workers were significantly younger than workers who were born in the U.S. (41 vs. 43, p < 0.001). Union workers were older than non-union workers (42 vs. 39 in 2017, p < 0.001); the age differential between self-employed and wage-and-salary workers was wide (49 vs. 40, p < 0.001). Union leaders described barriers, such as age discrimination and the loss of previously available light tasks, as well as current and potential solutions through union contract language requiring the inclusion of older workers, or establishing limits for lifting. Other solutions included career pathways for training and safety, with their attendant limitations; mentoring/pairing opportunities with apprentices; and the potential opportunities and training needs for site management positions.

Implantação do Programa Seguro-Emprego e saúde dos trabalhadores na indústria automobilística / Employment-Insurance Program implantation and workers' health at automotive industry

RESUMO O objetivo do artigo foi analisar a implantação do Programa Seguro-Emprego (PSE) em relação à saúde dos trabalhadores nas montadoras de autoveículos do ABC. A metodologia incluiu pesquisa documental em acordos coletivos de trabalho, legislação, documentos de entidades sindicais e empresariais. Em 2015, o PSE foi lançado pelo governo como resposta à crise econômica, permitindo redução de até 30% da jornada de trabalho e de salário. Apesar dos questionamentos de grupos sindicais e da resistência operária nas montadoras, a maioria do sindicalismo apoiou a implantação do Programa. Os resultados da pesquisa apontaram o PSE como parte de um novo ciclo de expansão e transformações produtivas na indústria automobilística, ampliando e aprofundando a intensificação do trabalho como forma de geração do desgaste operário. O PSE participa da estratégia empresarial para manter o emprego mais produtivo, selecionando os operários que se manterão no emprego e excluindo trabalhadores considerados de 'baixo desempenho' e os 'compatíveis' (com redução da capacidade laboral). A inclusão do Programa na reforma trabalhista torna-o alternativa permanente para utilização pelas empresas. Portanto, trata-se de tema relevante para as pesquisas e ações em saúde coletiva e saúde do trabalhador.

ABSTRACT The aim of this article was to analyze the implementation of the Employment-Insurance Program (PSE) in relation to the workers' health in the ABC automotive industry. The methodology included documentary research in collective labor agreements, legislation, union and corporate documents. In 2015, the PSE was launched by the government as a response to the economic crisis, allowing up to 30% reduction in working hours and wages. Despite questions from trade union groups and workers' resistance at the automakers, most unionism supported the implementation of the Program. The survey results pointed to the PSE as part of a new cycle of expansion and productive transformations in the automobile industry, expanding and deepening the intensification of work as a way of generating worker wear. PSE participates in the business strategy to maintain more productive employment by selecting workers who will remain in employment and excluding 'low performers' and 'compatible' workers (with reduced work capacity). The inclusion of the Program in labor reform makes it a permanent alternative for use by companies. Therefore, it is a relevant theme for research and actions in collective health and worker's health.

Movimento da Reforma Sanitária e Movimento Sindical da Saúde do Trabalhador: um desencontro indesejado / Sanitary Reform Movement and Union Movement for Workers' Health: an unwanted mismatch

RESUMO O artigo discute a origem do Movimento da Reforma Sanitária Brasileira (MRSB) e do Movimento Sindical da Saúde do Trabalhador (MSST) e como a frágil base social da Reforma Sanitária tem relação com o 'divórcio' entre estes. Pauta-se na ótica da Saúde do Trabalhador a partir de revisão da literatura publicada na revista 'Saúde em Debate' e por autores nas décadas de 1980 a 2010 que compuseram a Comissão Nacional da Reforma Sanitária. Mostra o avanço obtido pelo MSST, nos anos 1970-1980, na implementação de Programas de Saúde do Trabalhador, protagonizados pelos sindicatos envolvidos na luta pela saúde no trabalho, assessorados por seu órgão intersindical, questão desconsiderada pelo MRSB. Com a hegemonia da reestruturação produtiva neoliberal global no País e o desemprego estrutural, há um declínio da ação do movimento sindical, enfraquecendo seu protagonismo na luta pela saúde no trabalho, o que poderia ter potencializado a luta pela Reforma Sanitária Brasileira.

ABSTRACT This article discusses the origin of the Brazilian Sanitary Reform Movement (MRSB) from the review of the literature published in the journal 'Saúde em Debate', by the National Commission on Sanitary Reform, from 1980 to 2010. (MSST), and how the fragile social base of the Health Reform is related to the 'divorce' between them. It shows the progress achieved by the MSST in the late 1970s and 1980s in the implementation of Worker's Health Programs, which were carried out by the Unions advised by their inter-union body, in the struggle for health at work, an issue which was disregarded by MRSB. With the hegemony of global neoliberal productive restructure in the country and structural unemployment, there is a decline in the action of the Union movement, weakening its role in the struggle for health at work, which could have potentiated the fight for Brazilian Sanitary Reform.

Reforma Sanitária Brasileira e o sindicalismo na saúde: quais perspectivas no contexto atual? / Brazilian Health Care reform and trade unionism in health: what perspectives are there in the current context?

RESUMO O presente ensaio teve como objetivo analisar os dilemas na relação da construção do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) e o movimento sindical com o intuito de apontar perspectivas de lutas, no contexto de congelamento dos gastos públicos (previsto na Emenda Constitucional 95 aprovada em 2016) que impactam no SUS e da recente reforma trabalhista aprovada no governo Michel Temer, em 2017. Logo, revisita-se a literatura acadêmica sobre o sindicalismo brasileiro e o Movimento da Reforma Sanitária Brasileira (MRSB), usando análises que envolvam os campos da saúde coletiva, da saúde do trabalhador e da sociologia do trabalho, com o intuito de aprofundar as discussões sobre as transformações no mundo do trabalho e do sindicalismo no cenário nacional correlacionando com a realidade dos trabalhadores da saúde no SUS. Dessa forma, aponta-se para algumas possibilidades de articulação e organização de atuação sindical que envolva os diversos atores sociais do MRSB e sindicatos dos trabalhadores da saúde no SUS, perpassando desde a concepção de 'novo sindicalismo social', à organização no local de trabalho e até a necessidade da construção de lutas para além do setor saúde com intuito de enfrentar os desafios da conjuntura atual desfavorável à 'classe-que-vive-do-trabalho'.

ABSTRACT This essay aims to analyze the dilemmas in the relationship between the construction of the Unified Health System (SUS) and the trade union movement in order to point out perspectives of struggles in the context of freezing public spending (provided for in Constitutional Amendment 95, approved in 2016) that impact on the SUS, and the recent labor reform approved by Michel Temer's government in 2017. Therefore, we revisit the academic literature on Brazilian trade unionism and the Brazilian Health Reform Movement (MRSB), using analyses involving the fields of collective health, occupational health, and sociology of work in order to deepen the discussions on the transformations in the world of work and unionism in the national scenario, correlating it with the reality of health workers in the SUS. Thus, it points to some possibilities of articulation and organization of union action that involves the various social actors of the MRSB and health workers unions in the SUS, going from the conception of 'new social unionism' to the organization in the workplace, and even the need to build struggles beyond the health sector in order to face the challenges in this current conjuncture unfavorable to the 'working-class'.

Construcción social del riesgo en el agro uruguayo: desafíos a la actividad sindical / Social construction of risk in the Uruguayan agricultural sector: challenges for union activity

RESUMEN Desde fines de la década de 1990, al igual que otros países de América Latina, Uruguay experimentó un "boom agrícola", el avance del sector agropecuario y la introducción de nuevas tecnologías, así como nuevas formas de producir y trabajar. Asimismo, a partir del año 2005 se observa un impulso de la sindicalización rural, asociado a los procesos de negociaciones colectivas y a la expansión de los derechos de los trabajadores a nivel nacional. Sin embargo, este proceso aún no ha logrado consolidar cambios significativos en las históricas condiciones laborales del trabajo rural. El trabajo analiza la construcción social del riesgo del trabajo asalariado rural, desde la perspectiva de dirigentes rurales, a partir de una aproximación cualitativa. En sus discursos aparecen elementos de naturalización y las dificultades persistentes en su labor para poder mejorar sus condiciones laborales, de modo de impactar en su salud y calidad de vida.

ABSTRACT Since the end of the 1990s, as in other Latin American countries, Uruguay has experienced an "agricultural boom," an advance in the agricultural sector and the introduction of new technologies as well as new ways of producing and working. In addition, since 2005, the country has seen a surge in rural unionization, associated with collective bargaining processes and the expansion of workers' rights at the national level. However, this process has not yet been able to consolidate significant changes in the historical working conditions of rural labor. This paper analyzes the social construction of the risk of rural wage labor from the perspective of rural leaders, based on a qualitative approach. In the workers' discourses appear elements of naturalization as well as persistent difficulties in their work to improve their working conditions, as a way of impacting their health and quality of life.

Concepções de saúde na pauta sindical da confederação nacional dos trabalhadores em educação / Concepts of health on the agenda of the national confederation of education workers / Conceptos de salud en la pauta sindical de la confederación nacional de los trabajadores en educación

Resumo O objetivo deste trabalho é identificar e analisar concepções de saúde presentes nas reivindicações dos professores, na Confederação Nacional dos Trabalhadores em Educação. Trata-se de resultado de pesquisa documental realizada nas resoluções congressuais da entidade sindical, abrangendo os anos de 1999 a 2014. Por meio de análise de conteúdo, as referências à saúde presentes nos documentos foram classificadas em reivindicações próximas a uma natureza econômico-corporativa ou ético-política. Os resultados da pesquisa indicam que, além de uma concepção restrita, marcada por reivindicações corporativas, há uma concepção ampliada presente na documentação investigada. A reivindicação da saúde, sob a perspectiva de um direito social, garantido mediante políticas públicas, pode ser um caminho fértil para a defesa da saúde no seu sentido ontológico, e não como um fator econômico, compreendido como mercadoria e suficiente para a reprodução da força de trabalho.

Abstract This article aims to identify and analyze the concepts of health present in teachers' demands at the National Confederation of Education Workers, in Brazil. It is the result of a documental research carried out on the resolutions of congresses held by the labor union in the period from 1999 to 2014. Using content analysis of documents, references to health were classified in demands either of economic-corporative or ethical-political nature. The results of the documental investigation indicate that, besides a strict concept of health marked by corporative demands, there is also a broad concept of health. The demand for health under the perspective of a social right guaranteed through public policies may be a fertile pathway for the defense of health in its ontological sense, rather than as an economic factor understood as merchandise and sufficient to reproduce the workforce.

Resumen El objetivo de esto estudio es identificar y analizar conceptos de salud presentes en las reivindicaciones de los profesores en la Confederación Nacional de los Trabajadores en Educación. Es el resultado de pesquisa documental realizada en las resoluciones congresuales de la entidad sindical entre los años de 1999 y 2014. Por medio del análisis de contenido, las referencias a la salud presentes en los documentos fueran clasificadas en reivindicaciones próximas a una naturaleza económico-corporativa o ético-política. Los resultados de la pesquisa indican que, además de una concepción restricta de la salud marcada por reivindicaciones corporativas, la documentación investigada presenta una concepción ampliada. La reivindicación de la salud, desde la perspectiva de un derecho social garantizado mediante políticas públicas, pude ser un camino fértil para la defensa de la salud en el sentido ontológico, y no como un factor económico, comprendido como mercancía y bastante para la reproducción de la fuerza de trabajo.