Effects of capping on microbial populations and contaminant immobilization in an old unlined landfill.

This research aimed at evaluating the effects of capping on the mitigation of impacts generated by a closed unlined landfill in São Carlos, SP, Brazil. Physicochemical and microbiological analyses (16S rRNA sequencing) of buried solid waste samples were performed, in capped and uncapped areas. Even though leachate pockets could still be encountered in capped areas, the capping construction reduced oxygen availability and created more reducing conditions, propitiating the development of sulfate-reducing bacteria and possibly contributing to the precipitation of the metals Pb, Cd, Ni, Co, As, and Zn as metal sulfides, causing their immobilization. The microbial populations adapted to the anaerobic conditions created under capped zones belonged to the phyla Firmicutes, Chloroflexi, and Euryarchaeota and the genera Methanosaeta, Hydrogenispora, Smithella, and Gelria. Differently, the phyla Acidobacteria, Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Actinobacteria were more abundant in samples from the uncapped zones, in which the abundance of different genera varied homogeneously. Methanogenic activity was not impaired by the intervention measure, as assessed by the specific methanogenic activity (SMA). Capping of old unlined landfills brings benefits to the immobilization of metals and does not impair microbial degradation, being effective for the mitigation of impacts on soils and water resources.

Spatial and temporal distribution of methane emissions from a covered landfill equipped with a gas recollection system.

A previously developed surface probe method, which allows for instantaneous methane (CH4) flux measurement, was used to establish CH4 emission maps of a municipal landfill with a final clay cover and equipped with a gas recollection system. In addition to spatial variations, the method was applied at 7 different times over a total timeframe of 65 h and under similar weather conditions to determine the intrinsic temporal variations of CH4 emissions; i.e., the temporal variation related to the dynamic of the landfill rather than the one driven by external factors. Furthermore, continuous CH4 fluxes, with a data acquisition frequency of 1 Hz, were measured during 12 h at a single position, and for one hour at 22 locations of the landfill, spanning a large range of CH4 emission magnitudes. A simple model for the numerical characterization of spatiotemporal variability of the landfill emission was used and allowed us to separately quantify the temporal and spatial variability. This model showed that, in the landfill tested, the temporal distribution of CH4 emissions resulted more homogeneous than the spatial distribution. Other attributes of the temporal and spatial distributions of CH4 emissions were also established including the anisotropic nature of the spatial distribution and, contrastingly, the stochastic temporal variability of such emissions.

Estudos laboratoriais para avaliação do desempenho de camadas de cobertura de aterros sanitários em relação à redução de emissões de gases e infiltrações / Laboratory studies to evaluate the performance of landfill cover layers for the reduction of gases emissions and infiltrations

RESUMO As camadas de cobertura de aterros sanitários são construídas para impedir a saída de gases para a atmosfera e a entrada de líquidos no interior do aterro, minimizando os impactos no meio ambiente. Este trabalho avaliou, por meio de ensaios de colunas de solos em laboratório, o desempenho de duas camadas de cobertura, compreendendo o comportamento dos solos em função das emissões de metano (CH4) e da infiltração de água em seu interior. Foram utilizadas duas configurações de camada de solos: Coluna 1, camada convencional com solo com espessura 0,60 m e grau de compactação de 80%; e Coluna 2, camada oxidativa, com espessura de 0,30 m de solo com grau de compactação de 80%, sobreposta por uma camada de 0,30 m de solo misturado com produto compostado na proporção de 1:1 em volume com grau de compactação de 76%. Após a confecção das colunas (dimensões úteis de 0,60 m de altura e 0,15 m de diâmetro), foi injetado CH4 em sua parte inferior com concentração de 100% na vazão de 0,5 L/h (8,3 mL/min ou 486 g/m2.dia) para se avaliar a redução das emissões. Posteriormente, foi simulada chuva de 40 mm - sendo 30 mm em 1 dia e 10 mm 3 dias após a primeira simulação - e avaliada a infiltração da água e as emissões de CH4 nas colunas. Os resultados obtidos indicam que as duas configurações de camadas de cobertura apresentaram resultados satisfatórios, diminuindo o volume de líquidos para o interior do aterro e minimizando as emissões de CH4 para a atmosfera. Observou-se que a Coluna 2 (0,30 m de solo + 0,30 m de solo + produto compostado) se mostrou mais eficiente tanto na redução de emissões como na capacidade de retenção de água em relação à Coluna 1 (0,60 m de solo), sugerindo que camadas oxidativas podem se tornar uma alternativa tecnológica para regiões onde exista escassez de solos argilosos.

ABSTRACT Landfill cover layers are built to prevent the release of gases into the atmosphere and the inflow of liquids into the landfill, minimizing impacts on the environment. This study evaluated, through the testing of soil columns in the laboratory, the performance of two cover layers, comprehending the behavior of the soils as a function of methane emissions and liquid flows in its interior. Two configurations were used in the soil layer: Column 1, conventional layer with compacted soil of 0.60 m thickness and 80% degree of compaction; and Column 2, oxidative layer with 0.30 m thickness of soil and 80% degree of compaction, stuck by a layer of 0.30 m of mixed soil with composted product in the volume ratio of 1:1 with 76% degree of compaction. After the confection of the columns (0.60 m in height and 0.15 m in diameter), methane gas was injected into the inferior part of the columns with a concentration of 100% at a flow rate of 0.5 L/h (8.3 mL/min or 486 g/m2.day) to evaluate the emission reduction. Subsequently, a rain of 40 mm was simulated - being 30 mm in one day and 10 mm three days after the first simulation -, and both the methane emissions and the infiltration of water in the columns were evaluated. The obtained results indicate that the two column configurations of landfill cover layers presented satisfactory results, reducing the volume of liquids into the landfill and minimizing the methane emissions into the atmosphere. It is observed that Column 2 (0.30 m of soil + 0.30 m of soil + composted product) was more efficient in the reduction of emissions, as well as in the retention capacity of water in relation to Column 1 (0.60 m of soil), suggesting that oxidative layers can become a technological alternative for regions where there is scarcity of clay soils.

Estudos sobre a oxidação aeróbia do metano na cobertura de três aterros sanitários no Brasil / Studies on the aerobic methane oxidation at three sanitary landfills covers in Brazil

A oxidação biológica e aeróbia do metano em materiais de cobertura de aterros de resíduos sólidos urbanos é uma das alternativas para se minimizarem as emissões dos gases de efeito estufa. Este artigo tem como objetivo avaliar a oxidação biológica do metano em material de cobertura de três aterros brasileiros (dois municipais e uma célula experimental). O trabalho consistiu na coleta de amostras dos solos, as quais foram caracterizadas através de ensaios geotécnicos e microbiológicos. Em laboratório, avaliou-se o consumo de metano de uma amostra de cada aterro. Os resultados revelaram a presença de bactérias metanotróficas e consumo de metano em laboratório, o que sugere que exista uma relação inversa entre o grau de saturação no momento da coleta e o número de bactérias metanotróficas.

The biological and aerobic oxidation of methane within the soil cover of municipal solid waste landfills is one an alternative to minimize emissions of greenhouse effect gases. This study aims at assess the biological oxidation of methane within the final cover of three landfills in Brazil (two municipal ones and one experimental cell). The soil samples obtained from the landfill cover were characterized by geotechnical and microbiological tests. In the laboratory the consumption of methane from each sample were evaluated. The results revealed the presence of methanotrophic bacteria and consumption of methane in the laboratory was observed, which also suggest that there is an inverse relation between the degree of saturation at the time of sampling and the number of methanotrophic bacteria.