Conservation units alone are insufficient to protect Brazilian Amazonian chelonians.

The creation of protected areas (PAs) is not always based on science; consequently, some aquatic species may not receive the same level of protection as terrestrial ones. The objective of this study was to identify priority areas for the conservation of chelonians in the Brazilian Amazon basin and assess the contribution of PAs, distinguishing between Full Protection Areas, Sustainable Use Areas, and Indigenous Lands for group protection. The entire species modeling procedure was carried out using Species Distribution Models. Location records were obtained from platforms such as SpeciesLink, GBIF, the Hydroatlas database, and WorldClim for bioclimatic variables adjusted with algorithms like Maximum Entropy, Random Forest, Support Vector Machine, and Gaussian-Bayesian. Indigenous lands cover more than 50% of the distribution areas of chelonian species in the Brazilian Amazon. Protected areas with higher conservation importance (Full Protection Areas and Sustainable Use Areas) hold less than 15% of the combined species distribution. Researchers face significant challenges when making decisions with models, especially in conservation efforts involving diverse taxa that differ significantly from one another within a group of individuals.

Understanding how environmental degradation, microclimate, and management shape honey production across different spatial scales.

Although the abundance, survival, and pollination performance of honeybees are sensitive to changes in habitat and climate conditions, the processes by which these effects are transmitted to honey production and interact with beekeeping management are not completely understood. Climate change, habitat degradation, and beekeeping management affect honey yields, and may also interact among themselves resulting in indirect effects across spatial scales. We conducted a 2-year, multi-scale study on Chiloe Island (northern Patagonia), where we evaluated the most relevant environmental and management drivers of honey produced by stationary beekeepers. We found that the effects of microclimate, habitat, and management variables changed with the spatial scale. Among the environmental variables, minimum temperature, and cover of the invasive shrub, gorse (Ulex europaeus) had the strongest detrimental impacts on honey production at spatial scales finer than 4 km. Specialized beekeepers who adopted conventional beekeeping and had more mother colonies were more productive. Mean and minimum temperatures interacted with the percentage of mother colonies, urban cover, and beekeeping income. The gorse cover increased by the combination of high temperatures and the expansion of urban lands, while landscape attributes, such as Eucalyptus plantation cover, influenced beekeeping management. Results suggest that higher temperatures change the available forage or cause thermal stress to honeybees, while invasive shrubs are indicators of degraded habitats. Climate change and habitat degradation are two interrelated environmental phenomena whose effects on beekeeping can be mitigated through adaptive management and habitat restoration.

Fatores explicativos da morosidade das demarcações de terras indígenas no Brasil / Factores explicativos del retraso en la demarcación de tierras indígenas en Brasil / Explanatory factors for the delay in the demarcation of indigenous lands in Brazil

Resumo Os processos administrativos de reconhecimento de terras indígenas (TIs) no Brasil podem levar décadas para chegar a termo. Povos indígenas que habitam em TIs não reconhecidas em caráter final são mais vulneráveis a uma série de violações de direitos, o que torna premente sua conclusão. O presente artigo pretende oferecer uma resposta à seguinte pergunta: por que alguns processos demarcatórios demoram mais que outros? Primeiramente, arrolamos cinco condições constantes da literatura sobre demarcação de terras indígenas que podem postergá-las. Na sequência, aplicamos o método qualitative comparative analysis (QCA), em sua modalidade crisp set, a um conjunto de quarenta casos de demarcações de TIs. Apresentamos duas conclusões: que a presença de interesses econômicos é uma condição importante para explicar o longo tempo de alguns processos demarcatórios, mas não é necessária nem suficiente, e que a conjunção desse fator com a judicialização do processo demarcatório explica a maioria dos casos de demarcações de longa duração.

Resumen Los procesos administrativos de reconocimiento de tierras indígenas (TI) en Brasil pueden tardar décadas en llegar a su fin. Los pueblos indígenas que viven en TI cuyo proceso de reconocimiento aún no se finalizó son más vulnerables a una serie de violaciones de derechos, lo que hace urgente su conclusión. Este artículo pretende dar respuesta a la siguiente pregunta: ¿por qué algunos procesos de demarcación demoran más que otros? En primer lugar, enumeramos cinco condiciones encontradas en la literatura sobre la demarcación de tierras indígenas que pueden atrasar dichos procesos. A continuación, aplicamos el método de análisis cualitativo comparativo (QCA), en su modo crisp set, a un conjunto de cuarenta casos de demarcaciones de TI. Presentamos dos conclusiones: que la presencia de intereses económicos es una condición importante para explicar el largo tiempo de algunos procesos de demarcación, pero no es necesaria ni suficiente, y que la conjunción de este factor con la judicialización del proceso de demarcación explica la mayoría de los casos de demarcaciones de larga duración.

Abstract The administrative processes of recognizing Indigenous Lands (ILs) in Brazil can take decades to complete. Indigenous peoples who live in unrecognized ILs are more vulnerable to a series of rights violations, which makes the completion of demarcation processes urgent. This article aims to answer the following question: why do some demarcation processes take longer than others? We listed five conditions found in the literature on the demarcation of indigenous lands that can delay them. Next, we applied the qualitative comparative analysis (QCA) method in its crisp set mode to 40 cases of IL demarcation. We present two conclusions: the presence of economic interests is an important condition to explain the long duration of some demarcation processes, but it is neither necessary nor sufficient, and the conjunction of this factor with the judicialization of the demarcation process explains most cases of long-term demarcations.

Jaguar conservation in the American continent: the role of protected landscape and human-impacted biomes

Introduction: Worldwide, expanding human activities continue to be a threat to many large-bodied species, including jaguars. As these activities continue, it is critical to understand how home range sizes will be impacted by human-modified landscapes. Objective: To evaluate the importance of protected and unprotected land on home-range size across their range. Methods: We used home range data from 117 jaguars in several habitat protection categories and human biome types. We used a Generalized Linear Mixed Model to test home range and spatial overlap with conservation categories and human biomes. Results: Most home-ranges were in Jaguar Conservation Units (62 %), followed by Protected Areas (21 %), Indigenous People's Lands (10 %) and Jaguar Movement Corridors (3 %), where 76 % of the jaguars lived inside one the first three conservation types. However, outside of conserved land, Rangeland, Cropland, Seminatural land and other human biomes were also important (24 % of the individuals). Jaguars in Rangeland, Cropland and Seminatural land had the largest home ranges. Conclusions: Although conservation land was dominant, human-impacted lands appear to play a considerable role in satisfying the spatial requirements of jaguars.

Introducción: A nivel mundial, la expansión de actividades humanas continúa teniendo un riesgo para muchas especies de cuerpo grande, tal como los jaguares. Conforme continúen estas actividades, es crucial entender el impacto de paisajes modificados sobre el tamaño de su territorio. Objetivo: Evaluar la importancia de terrenos protegidos y no protegidos sobre el tamaño de su territorio a lo largo de su rango. Métodos: Usamos datos de tamaño de los territorios de 117 jaguares en varias categorías de protección de hábitats y biomas humanos. Usamos un Modelo Mixto Lineal Generalizado para probar traslapes espaciales y de territorios con categorías de conservación y biomas humanos. Resultados: La mayoría de los territorios estaban en Unidades de Conservación de Jaguares (62 %), seguido por Áreas protegidas (21 %), Tierras de Pueblos Indígenas (10 %) y Corredores de Movimiento de Jaguares (3 %), en donde el 76 % de los jaguares vivían dentro de alguna de las primeras tres modalidades de conservación. Sin embargo, fuera de áreas protegidas, pastizales, tierras de cultivo, terrenos seminaturales y otros biomas humanos también fueron importantes (24 % de individuos). Jaguares en pastizales, tierras de cultivo, y terrenos seminaturales tuvieron territorios más grandes. Conclusiones: Aunque las áreas de conservación fueron dominantes, áreas con impacto humano parecieron jugar un rol considerable en satisfacer los requerimientos espaciales de los jaguares.

Water and sediment pesticide contamination on indigenous lands surrounded by oil palm plantations in the Brazilian Amazon.

Large-scale oil palm cultivation with intensive pesticide use has been growing worldwide and reached the Brazilian Amazon. The rapid expansion of this crop over the last decade has reached vast areas, including the boundaries of different indigenous lands. This study aimed at assessing the occurrence of pesticide residues in surface and ground waters as well as drainage sediments in the Turé-Mariquita Indigenous Territory, in addition to other nearby indigenous villages in the northeastern state of Pará. Thirty-three (33) water samples were collected from streams, springs and from active and abandoned wells at 19 sampling points, as well as 16 sediment samples at 9 sampling sites both during dry and rainy seasons. In total, 49 environmental samples were taken during fieldworks and subsequently analyzed by means of liquid chromatography and mass-mass spectrometry. The analytical determination of pesticide residues showed the occurrence of three pesticides in the water both from streams and from wells, two of them knowingly used by the oil palm company: glyphosate-based herbicides (GBHs) and endosulfan insecticides. Although the highest glyphosate and endosulfan levels as well as the maximum concentration of glyphosate found in ground water are within the Brazilian environmental regulatory guidelines, all the values for human consumption found in the glyphosate-containing samples are well above the European Union regulatory standards. Our results draw the attention to the risks of biota contamination and human exposure to multiple-pesticide residues.

Human-modified landscapes driving the global primate extinction crisis.

The world's primates have been severely impacted in diverse and profound ways by anthropogenic pressures. Here, we evaluate the impact of various infrastructures and human-modified landscapes on spatial patterns of primate species richness, at both global and regional scales. We overlaid the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) range maps of 520 primate species and applied a global 100 km2 grid. We used structural equation modeling and simultaneous autoregressive models to evaluate direct and indirect effects of six human-altered landscapes variables (i.e., human footprint [HFP], croplands [CROP], road density [ROAD], pasture lands [PAST], protected areas [PAs], and Indigenous Peoples' lands [IPLs]) on global primate species richness, threatened and non-threatened species, as well as on species with decreasing and non-decreasing populations. Two-thirds of all primate species are classified as threatened (i.e., Critically Endangered, Endangered, and Vulnerable), with ~86% experiencing population declines, and ~84% impacted by domestic or international trade. We found that the expansion of PAST, HFP, CROP, and road infrastructure had the most direct negative effects on primate richness. In contrast, forested habitat within IPLs and PAs was positively associated in safeguarding primate species diversity globally, with an even stronger effect at the regional level. Our results show that IPLs and PAs play a critical role in primate species conservation, helping to prevent their extinction; in contrast, HFP growth and expansion has a dramatically negative effect on primate species worldwide. Our findings support predictions that the continued negative impact of anthropogenic pressures on natural habitats may lead to a significant decline in global primate species richness, and likely, species extirpations. We advocate for stronger national and international policy frameworks promoting alternative/sustainable livelihoods and reducing persistent anthropogenic pressures to help mitigate the extinction risk of the world's primate species.

Collective property rights lead to secondary forest growth in the Brazilian Amazon.

Forests serve a crucial role in our fight against climate change. Secondary forests provide important potential for conservation of biodiversity and climate change mitigation. In this paper, we explore whether collective property rights in the form of indigenous territories (ITs) lead to higher rates of secondary forest growth in previously deforested areas. We exploit the timing of granting of property rights, the geographic boundaries of ITs and two different methods, regression discontinuity design and difference-in-difference, to recover causal estimates. We find strong evidence that indigenous territories with secure tenure not only reduce deforestation inside their lands but also lead to higher secondary forest growth on previously deforested areas. After receiving full property rights, land inside ITs displayed higher secondary forest growth than land outside ITs, with an estimated effect of 5% using our main RDD specification, and 2.21% using our difference-in-difference research design. Furthermore, we estimate that the average age of secondary forests was 2.2 y older inside ITs with secure tenure using our main RDD specification, and 2.8 y older when using our difference-in-difference research design. Together, these findings provide evidence for the role that collective property rights can play in the push to restore forest ecosystems.

Policies and socioenvironmental dynamics for ecosystem management.

The continuous loss of biodiversity has extended the Convention on Biological Diversity's target towards safeguarding 30% of the planet by 2030 with some form of protected area management. This is a challenge, considering the poor compliance of the Aichi Biodiversity Targets reported in several assessments, and that 37% of the remaining unprotected natural areas are inhabited by indigenous and local communities. Modern conservation policies tend to convert areas destined for protection into complex socioecological landscapes, so it is critical to develop policies capable of establishing long-term harmonious relations between local societies and their environments. Despite the fundamental importance of defining this interrelation, methodologies for evaluating it are still unclear. We propose a method for assessing the outcome of policies in socioenvironmental practices based on a historical-political ecology analysis of a region, the construction of socioenvironmental scenarios, and comparing populations scattered through the study area. Each "scenario" is a relation between nature and society after a shift in public policies. Conservation scientists, environmental managers, and policymakers can use this methodology to assess old policies, design new ones, or map the socioenvironmental dynamics in their area of interest. Here, we detail this approach and illustrate its application in the coastal wetlands of Mexico. The method can be outlined as follows:•Deduce socioenvironmental epochs for a region by analysing its historical political ecology.•Analyse the socioenvironmental dynamics in selected case studies scattered through the region.•Use the resulting scenarios as conceptual bridges between internal policies and current socioenvironmental dynamics.

Phylogenomics and Biogeography of the Mammilloid Clade Revealed an Intricate Evolutionary History Arose in the Mexican Plateau.

Mexico harbors ~45% of world's cacti species richness. Their biogeography and phylogenomics were integrated to elucidate the evolutionary history of the genera Coryphantha, Escobaria, Mammillaria, Mammilloydia, Neolloydia, Ortegocactus, and Pelecyphora (Mammilloid Clade). We analyzed 52 orthologous loci from 142 complete genomes of chloroplast (103 taxa) to generate a cladogram and a chronogram; in the latter, the ancestral distribution was reconstructed with the Dispersal-Extinction-Cladogenesis model. The ancestor of these genera arose ~7 Mya on the Mexican Plateau, from which nine evolutionary lineages evolved. This region was the site of 52% of all the biogeographical processes. The lineages 2, 3 and 6 were responsible for the colonization of the arid southern territories. In the last 4 Mya, the Baja California Peninsula has been a region of prolific evolution, particularly for lineages 8 and 9. Dispersal was the most frequent process and vicariance had relevance in the isolation of cacti distributed in the south of Mexico. The 70 taxa sampled as Mammillaria were distributed in six distinct lineages; one of these presumably corresponded to this genus, which likely had its center of origin in the southern part of the Mexican Plateau. We recommend detailed studies to further determine the taxonomic circumscription of the seven genera.

Insects, Plants, and Microorganisms from Dry Lands as Novel Sources of Proteins and Peptides for Human Consumption.

Protein malnutrition is present in developing countries but also in developed ones due to actual eating habits involving insufficient protein intake. In addition to this, it is estimated by the Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations that the world's population will increase to 9.1 billion people in less than 30 years. This poses a significant challenge in terms of nourishing the population. Different strategies have been proposed to address this challenge, including exploring novel protein sources such as plants. For instance, Prosopis alba pods have an 85.5% protein content. Other examples are microorganisms, such as Halobacillus adaensis which produces 571 U/mL of protease, and insects such as those belonging to the Orthoptera order, like grasshoppers, which have a protein content of 65.96%. These sources have been found in dry lands and are being explored to address this challenge.

Development of the organic production in Ukraine: problems and perspectives / Desenvolvimento da produção orgânica na Ucrânia: problemas e perspectivas

This review article examines the legal support and proper state support of organic production in Ukraine, substantiation of the potential and obstacles to the development of organic production, as well as proposals for improving the current legislation. This review also analyzes the modern market of organic products, which, in terms of growing consumer demand for environmentally friendly and safe for human health, is very perspective for Ukraine. The increase in the area of agricultural land allocated for organic production, the number of domestic organic operators, and the ever-increasing volume of exports of organic products to other countries indicate a steady trend of growth and further development of this market. However, it is noted that the need to form the infrastructure of the organic products market still remains important. In addition, the problem of improving the system of standardization and certification of production, processing, storage and transportation of organic products, as well as the introduction of an effective control system over the sale of organic raw materials, are the main challenges to be solved.

O artigo examina o respaldo legal e o devido apoio estatal à produção orgânica na Ucrânia, comprovação do potencial e obstáculos ao desenvolvimento da produção orgânica, bem como propostas para melhorar a legislação atual da Ucrânia. O artigo também analisa o mercado moderno de produtos orgânicos, que, em termos de crescente demanda dos consumidores por produtos ecologicamente corretos e seguros para a saúde humana, é uma grande perspectiva para o país. O aumento da área de terras agrícolas destinadas à produção orgânica, o número de operadores orgânicos domésticos e o volume cada vez maior de exportações de produtos orgânicos para outros países indicam uma tendência constante de crescimento e desenvolvimento deste mercado. Nota-se que a necessidade de formar uma infraestrutura de mercado própria para produtos orgânicos. Além disso, deve ser resolvido o problema da melhoria do sistema de padronização e certificação da produção, processamento, armazenamento e transporte de produtos orgânicos, bem como a introdução de um sistema eficaz de controle sobre a venda de matérias-primas orgânicas.

Formación de un humedal en la costa norte del Perú: estabilidad biofísica y diversidad biológica

Se describe, analiza y reporta por primera vez la formación de un humedal costero en el sur de Salaverry (La Libertad, Perú). Se realiza la comparación del número de especies con otros humedales ubicados en áreas costeras de la región, empleando para ello imágenes satelitales de acceso público e información biológica. Se obtuvo una serie de tiempo suficiente para plantear una hipótesis sobre su formación, calculando el NDVI (Índice de Vegetación de Diferencia Normalizada) y NDMI (Índice de Humedad de Diferencia Normalizada) para confirmar su estabilidad e influencia. El resultado del análisis sugiere que el humedal sur de Salaverry se formó hace quince años por dos aportes antrópicos: filtraciones de agua dulces desde terrenos agrícolas y agua de mar usada para el bombeo del material dragado en las inmediaciones del Puerto de Salaverry. Por sus características ecosistémicas, el humedal se encontraría en las primeras etapas de sucesión ecológica, y a pesar de origen espontáneo, estaría operando como una laguna costera salobre que atrae fauna oportunista, principalmente aves.

The formation of a coastal wetland located south of Salaverry (La Libertad - Peru) is first described, analyzed, and reported, and their biodiversity is compared with regional wetlands located at coastal areas, using publically access satellite imagery and biological information. An adequate time-series was obtained to hypothesize their formation, calculating the NDVI (Normalized difference vegetation index) and NDMI (Normalized Difference Moisture Index) to confirm the stability and influence. The analysis suggests that the wetland south of Salaverry was formed fifteen years ago by two human sources: freshwater infiltration from farmlands and seawater used to pump the dredged material in the vicinity of the Salaverry Port. Because of its ecosystemic features, the wetland would be at the first stages of the ecological succession, and despite its spontaneous origin, it will be functioning as a brackish coastal lagoon attracting opportunistic fauna, mainly birds.

Sustainability issues in a tropical mega trail.

Sustainability is a target that involves many socio-ecological questions, depends on opportunities and combines different initiatives. This can be especially difficult in regions with high biodiversity scores, mega cities, high level of human populations and an intense and long-standing land use. Here, we show how a mega trail, named Atlantic Forest Trail, within the Brazilian Atlantic Forest can join the protection of biodiversity and sustainable tourism through a 4270 km corridor connecting protected areas and crossing a variety of landscapes. Further, we show some initiatives of ongoing biodiversity monitoring, and an analysis of ecological restoration in private lands that can be applied in many regions to improve habitat connectivity for both biodiversity and human use.

Arable lands under the pressure of multiple land degradation processes. A global perspective.

While agricultural systems are a major pillar in global food security, their productivity is currently threatened by many environmental issues triggered by anthropogenic climate change and human activities, such as land degradation. However, the planetary spatial footprint of land degradation processes on arable lands, which can be considered a major component of global agricultural systems, is still insufficiently well understood. This study analyzes the land degradation footprint on global arable lands, using complex geospatial data on certain major degradation processes, i.e. aridity, soil erosion, vegetation decline, soil salinization and soil organic carbon decline. By applying geostatistical techniques that are representative for identifying the incidence of the five land degradation processes in global arable lands, results showed that aridity is by far the largest singular pressure for these agricultural systems, affecting ~40% of the arable lands' area, which cover approximately 14 million km2 globally. It was found that soil erosion is another major degradation process, the unilateral impact of which affects ~20% of global arable systems. The results also showed that the two degradation processes simultaneously affect an additional ~7% of global arable lands, which makes this synergy the most common form of multiple pressure of land degradative conditions across the world's arable areas. The absolute statistical data showed that India, the United States, China, Brazil, Argentina, Russia and Australia are the most vulnerable countries in the world to the various pathways of arable land degradation. Also, in terms of percentages, statistical observations showed that African countries are the most heavily affected by arable system degradation. This study's findings can be useful for prioritizing agricultural management actions that can mitigate the negative effects of the two degradation processes or of others that currently affect many arable systems across the planet.

La epidemiología crítica y el despojo de tierras y territorios: una reflexión teórica / Critical Epidemiology and Dispossession of Lands and Territories: A Theoretical Reflection / A epidemiologia crítica e o despojamento de terras e territórios: uma reflexão teórica

Resumen Introducción: la epidemiología crítica, como propuesta epistémica para comprender los procesos de salud, articula un sistema conceptual e instrumental que permite explicar cómo la salud y la enfermedad están determinadas socialmente. Para el caso de la población rural, el impacto de fenómenos geopolíticos como el acaparamiento y el despojo de tierras y territorios es determinante de sus procesos de salud-enfermedad. A lo largo de este artículo de reflexión teórica, se presentan una serie de enfoques y categorías propuestas por Jaime Breilh, quien ha sido pionero en la materia, e identifica su potencial para explicar la incidencia de dichos fenómenos en la modificación de los modos de vida y en la situación de salud de la población rural. Desarrollo: algunos componentes sustanciales de la epidemiología crítica, en relación con su pertinencia teórica y metodológica para analizar el despojo de tierras y los procesos de salud, son: la presencia de lo social en la epidemiología; la dimensión procesual y espacio-temporal; lo macro y lo micro: unidad y jerarquía; procesos protectores y destructores de la salud; y el concepto de metabolismo sociedad-naturaleza. Conclusiones: el despojo de tierras en Colombia ha sido de gran magnitud, y su resolución se considera un tema central para la construcción de la paz en el posconflicto. Desde el marco teórico de la epidemiología crítica, se posibilita adelantar investigaciones para abordar la incidencia del despojo, y el acaparamiento de tierras y territorios, en la situación de salud colectiva de la población rural. Este tipo de abordajes ha tenido poco desarrollo en el país y cobra importancia en el contexto actual, bajo el cual el extractivismo creciente amenaza los procesos vitales de las comunidades agrarias.

Abstract Introduction: Critical epidemiology, as an epistemic proposal for understanding health processes, articulates a conceptual and instrumental system that allows explaining how health and disease are socially determined. In the case of the rural population, the impact of geopolitical phenomena such as land grabbing and dispossession of lands and territories is a determinant of their health-disease processes. Throughout this article of theoretical reflection, a series of approaches and categories proposed by Jaime Breilh, who has pioneered the subject, is presented and their potential to explain the incidence of these phenomena in the modification of ways of live and the health situation of the rural population. Development: Some substantial components of critical epidemiology in relation to their theoretical and methodological relevance to analyze land dispossession and health processes are the presence of the social in epidemiology; the procedural and spatial-temporal dimension; the macro and the micro: unity and hierarchy; protective and destructive health processes, and the concept of society-nature metabolism. Conclusions: The dispossession of land in Colombia has been of great magnitude, and its resolution is considered a central issue for the construction of post-conflict peace. From the theoretical framework of critical epidemiology, it is possible to carry out research to address the incidence of dispossession and the grabbing of lands and territories, in the collective health situation of the rural population. This type of approach has had little development in the country and becomes important in the current context, where growing extractivism threatens the vital processes of agrarian communities.

Resumo Introdução: a epidemiologia crítica como proposta epistémica para compreender os processos de saúde, articula um sistema conceitual e instrumental que permite explicar como a saúde e a doença estão determinadas socialmente. Para o caso da população rural, o impacto de fenômenos geopolíticos como a mono-polização e despojamento de terras e territórios, é determinante de seus processos de saúde-doença. Ao longo deste artigo de reflexão teórica se irão a apresentar uma série de enfoques e categorias propostas por Jaime Breilh, quem tem sido pioneiro na matéria, e se irá identificando seu potencial para explicar a incidência de ditos fenômenos na modificação dos modos de vida e na situação de saúde da população rural. Desenvolvimento: alguns componentes substanciais da epidemiologia crítica em relação com a sua pertinência teórica e metodológica para analisar o despojamento de terras e os processos de saúde, são: a presença do social na epidemiologia; a dimensão processual e espaço-temporal; o macro e o micro: unidade e hierarquia; processos protetores e destrutores de saúde; e, o conceito de metabolismo socie-dade-natureza. Conclusões: o despojamento de terras na Colômbia tem sido de grande magnitude e sua resolução considera-se um tema central para a construção da paz no pós-conflito. Desde o marco teórico da epidemiologia crítica possibilita-se adiantar pesquisas para abordar a incidência do despojamento, e a monopolização de terras e territórios, na situação de saúde coletiva da população rural. Este tipo de abordagens tem tido pouco desenvolvimento no país e toma importância no contexto atual onde o extrativismo crescente ameaça os processos vitais das comunidades agrárias.

Improving carbon sequestration estimation through accounting carbon stored in grassland soil.

Based on international guidelines, the elaboration of national carbon (C) budgets in many countries has tended to set aside the capacity of grazing lands to sequester C as soil organic carbon (SOC). A widely applied simple method assumes a steady state for SOC stocks in grasslands and a long-term equilibrium between annual C gains and losses. This article presents a theoretical method based on the annual conversion of belowground biomass into SOC to include the capacity of grazing-land soils to sequester C in greenhouse gases (GHG) calculations. Average figures from both methods can be combined with land-use/land-cover data to reassess the net C sequestration of the rural sector from a country. The results of said method were validated with empirical values based on peer-reviewed literature that provided annual data on SOC sequestration. This methodology offers important differences over pre-existing GHG landscape approach calculation methods: •improves the estimation about the capacity of grazing-land soils to sequester C assuming these lands are not in a steady state and•counts C gains when considering that grazing lands are managed at low livestock densities.

COVID-19 in New Mexico Tribal Lands: Understanding the Role of Social Vulnerabilities and Historical Racisms.

The Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has disproportionally affected Indigenous Peoples. Unfortunately, there is no accurate understanding of COVID-19's impacts on Indigenous Peoples and communities due to systematic erasure of Indigenous representation in data. Early evidence suggests that COVID-19 has been able to spread through pre-pandemic mechanisms ranging from disproportionate chronic health conditions, inadequate access to healthcare, and poor living conditions stemming from structural inequalities. Using innovative data, we comprehensively investigate the impacts of COVID-19 on Indigenous Peoples in New Mexico at the zip code level. Specifically, we expand the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Social Vulnerability Index (SVI) to include the measures of structural vulnerabilities from historical racisms against Indigenous Peoples. We found that historically-embedded structural vulnerabilities (e.g., Tribal land status and higher percentages of house units without telephone and complete plumbing) are critical in understanding the disproportionate burden of COVID-19 that American Indian and Alaska Native populations are experiencing. We found that historically-embedded vulnerability variables that emerged epistemologically from Indigenous knowledge had the largest explanatory power compared to other social vulnerability factors from SVI and COVID-19, especially Tribal land status. The findings demonstrate the critical need in public health to center Indigenous knowledge and methodologies in mitigating the deleterious impacts of COVID-19 on Indigenous Peoples and communities, specifically designing place-based mitigating strategies.

Scale dependency of conservation outcomes in a forest-offsetting scheme.

Offset schemes help avoid or revert habitat loss through protection of existing habitat (avoided deforestation), through the restoration of degraded areas (natural regrowth), or both. The spatial scale of an offset scheme may influence which of these 2 outcomes is favored and is an important aspect of the scheme's design. However, how spatial scale influences the trade-offs between the preservation of existing habitat and restoration of degraded areas is poorly understood. We used the largest forest offset scheme in the world, which is part of the Brazilian Forest Code, to explore how implementation at different spatial scales may affect the outcome in terms of the area of avoided deforestation and area of regrowth. We employed a numerical simulation of trade between buyers (i.e., those who need to offset past deforestation) and sellers (i.e., landowners with exceeding native vegetation) in the Brazilian Amazon to estimate potential avoided deforestation and regrowth at different spatial scales of implementation. Allowing offsets over large spatial scales led to an area of avoided deforestation 12 times greater than regrowth, whereas restricting offsets to small spatial scales led to an area of regrowth twice as large as avoided deforestation. The greatest total area (avoided deforestation and regrowth combined) was conserved when the spatial scale of the scheme was small, especially in locations that were highly deforested. To maximize conservation gains from avoided deforestation and regrowth, the design of the Brazilian forest-offset scheme should focus on restricting the spatial scale in which offsets occur. Such a strategy could help ensure conservation benefits are localized and promote the recovery of degraded areas in the most threatened forest landscapes.

Los esquemas de compensación ayudan a evitar o revertir la pérdida de hábitat mediante la protección del hábitat existente (deforestación evitada), mediante la restauración de áreas degradadas (recrecimiento natural) o ambos. La escala espacial de una mitigación puede influir en cuál de ellos es seleccionado y es un aspecto importante del diseño de esquema. Sin embargo, no se entiende bien cómo influye la escala espacial en las compensaciones entre la preservación del hábitat existente y la restauración de áreas degradadas. Utilizamos el esquema de compensación forestal más grande del mundo, que forma parte del Código Forestal Brasileño, para explorar cómo la implementación a diferentes escalas espaciales puede afectar el resultado en términos de la superficie de deforestación evitada y el área de recrecimiento. Empleamos una simulación numérica del comercio entre compradores (i. e., aquellos que necesitan compensar la deforestación pasada) y vendedores (i. e., propietarios con exceso de vegetación nativa) en la Amazonía brasileña para estimar deforestación evitada y el recrecimiento a diferentes escalas espaciales de implementación. Permitir compensaciones en grandes escalas espaciales dio lugar a una superficie de deforestación evitada 12 veces mayor que de recrecimiento, mientras que restringir compensaciones a pequeñas escalas espaciales dio lugar a una superficie de recrecimiento dos veces mayor que la deforestación evitada. La mayor superficie total (deforestación evitada y recrecimiento combinados) se conservó cuando la escala espacial del esquema era pequeña, especialmente en localidades muy deforestadas. Para maximizar los beneficios de conservación derivados de la deforestación evitada y el recrecimiento, el diseño del esquema brasileño de compensaciones debe centrarse en restringir la escala espacial en la que se producen las compensaciones. Esta estrategia ayudaría a garantizar que los beneficios de la conservación sean localizados y promuevan la recuperación de zonas degradadas en los paisajes forestales más amenazados.

Mercúrio nos Garimpos da Terra Indígena Yanomami e Responsabilidades / Mercury-Based Mining in Yanomami Indigenous Lands and Accountabilities / Mercurio en la Minería de las Tierras Indígenas Yanomami y Responsabilidades

Mercury-based gold exploitation in Amazonian indigenous lands is illegal and leads to socio-environmental impacts. Yanomami people living near mining areas in Uraricoera River are exposed to contamination by mercury, which is a metal with bioaccumulation properties. The aims of the current study are to analyze the interdisciplinary nature of mercury-based placer mining carried out in Yanomami Indigenous Land, Roraima State, as well as to evaluate State agencies' responses to this phenomenon. Based on bibliographical and documentary survey of qualitative approach, which involved Yanomami's accounts, as well as police, administrative and judicial procedures implemented from 2013 to 2017, it was possible perceiving intense use of mercury in, and damages caused by, this illicit activity, as well as insufficient state action. There are divergences between protection and responsibilities described in the Brazilian legal system and the herein investigated illegal phenomenon, which violates indigenous rights, as well as scientific and ethical imperatives that can lead to the end of the world and of the Yanomami people.

La explotación de oro en tierras indígenas en la Amazonia utilizando mercurio, es clandestina y causa impactos socioambientales. Los yanomami cerca de las minas del río Uraricoera están expuestos a la contaminación por mercurio, un metal con propiedades de bioacumulación. Se objetiva análisis de carácter interdisciplinario del uso del mercurio en las garimpos de la Tierra Indígena Yanomami, en Roraima, así como evaluar las respuestas de los órganos de Estado al fenómeno. A partir del levantamiento bibliográfico y documental de un enfoque cualitativo, involucrando la voz Yanomami y procedimientos policiales, administrativos y procesos judiciales de 2013 a 2017, se percibió intenso uso de mercurio y daños de la actividad ilícita, con insuficiente acción estatal. Hay divergencias entre la protección y responsabilidades inscritas en el orden jurídico brasileño y el fenómeno clandestino estudiado, en violación a las voces indígenas, científicas y el imperativo ético, que pueden llevar al fin del mundo y del pueblo Yanomami.

A exploração de ouro em terras indígenas na Amazônia, com uso de mercúrio, é clandestina e causa impactos socioambientais. Os Yanomami próximos aos garimpos do rio Uraricoera estão expostos à contaminação pelo mercúrio, metal com propriedades de bioacumulação. Objetiva-se análise de caráter interdisciplinar do uso do mercúrio nos garimpos da Terra Indígena Yanomami, em Roraima, bem como avaliar as respostas dos órgãos de Estado ao fenômeno. A partir do levantamento bibliográfico e documental de abordagem qualitativa, envolvendo a voz indígena Yanomami e procedimentos policiais, administrativos e processos judiciais de 2013 a 2017, percebeu-se intenso uso de mercúrio e danos da atividade ilícita, com insuficiente ação estatal. Há divergências entre a proteção e responsabilidades inscritas na ordem jurídica brasileira e o fenômeno clandestino estudado, em violação às vozes indígenas, científicas e a imperativo ético, que coadunam na possibilidade de prejuízos e no fim do mundo e do povo Yanomami.

The rarest of the rare: rediscovery and status of the critically endangered Belem Curassow, Crax fasciolata pinima (Pelzeln, 1870)

The Belem Curassow (Crax fasciolata pinima) is one of the most endangered birds in South America, without sightings of birds in the wild for 40 years. This subspecies is nationally and internationally classified as critically endangered and close to extinction, suffering from poaching and deforestation in its range. Here we present new records of free-living individuals made on three indigenous lands in Pará and Maranhão states: in part of Terra Indígena Mãe Maria, Bom Jesus do Tocantins, Pará; in locations within the Reserva Biológica do Gurupi/Terra Indígena Alto Turiaçu, Centro Novo do Maranhão, Maranhão; and around the Terra Indígena Rio Pindaré, Alto Alegre do Pindaré, Maranhão. We also provide recommendations to protect this bird via a dedicated conservation program which includes finding new individuals in non-sampled areas (north of BR-222), estimating population size, enhancing taxonomic and natural history knowledge, capturing wild animals in order to start urgent ex situ conservation programs, and developing environmental awareness programs with the local and indigenous populations.(AU)