Patrolling the area, not ousting intruders, relates to reproductive success for territorial male Leon Springs pupfish, Cyprinodon bovinus.

We considered the relationship between the benefits and costs of territorial defense in a wild population of the Leon Springs pupfish, Cyprinodon bovinus. We defined benefit as the number of eggs deposited on an artificial substratum placed within the defender's territory. Costs included two defensive behaviors. First, males frequently "patrolled" their territories, swimming back-and-forth across their area. Second, males chased intruding Pecos gambusia (Gambusia nobilis) as well as small male and female conspecific C. bovinus from their territories. Both of these species prey on the territorial defenders' eggs; additionally, small male C. bovinus will attempt to "steal" spawns from the territorial defender by spawning with females in the territory. Our analyses revealed that only patrol frequency was related to the reproductive benefit of the territory. Neither chases against gambusia nor conspecifics were predicted by egg numbers on the breeding substrata. We speculate that the frequency of patrolling is an indicator of territorial value and note the qualitative differences in chasing behavior against the different species of intruder.

Charcot and Léon Daudet and Charcot: A missed love story?

Biographies, articles, and meetings devoted to the founder of modern neurology, Jean-Martin Charcot, are typically dithyrambic, if not hagiographic. It seems that the striking professional and familial qualities of Charcot have erased any other characteristic of the person, and scratches on the Master image commonly have not been well accepted. With this in mind, it is interesting to present and evaluate the rather negative opinions on Charcot by the famous French writer Léon Daudet, who initially was very close to the Charcots through his father, Alphonse Daudet, and who wrote rather extensively on Charcot in his diary and memoirs. Our point is not to underline these writings as the "truth" about Charcot's personality and life (Daudet, who was a prominent extreme right-wing figure, was known to exaggerate and play with his sharp opinions), but Daudet's criticisms paradoxically provide a fascinating perspective, which may help to reconstruct better who Charcot really was in counterbalancing a bit the overcrowded, politically correct, praising group.

Rickettsial Disease Outbreak, Mexico, 2022.

Beginning in 2022, Nuevo Leon, Mexico, experienced an outbreak of rickettsioses that is still ongoing despite multidisciplinary control efforts. A total of 57 cases have been confirmed, particularly affecting children. We report a high mortality rate among hospitalized persons in Nuevo Leon. Continuing efforts are required to control the outbreak.

A realidade da alma no pensamento de Léon Bonaventure / The reality of the soul in the thought of Léon Bonaventure / La realidad del alma en el pensamiento de Léon Bonaventure

O artigo integra a pesquisa de 2021 de pós-doutorado "Contribuição à história da psicologia analítica pelo olhar de Léon Bonaventure", baseada em entrevistas com esse autor e em seus textos. A inserção da psicologia analítica no Brasil por meio dos pioneiros Nise da Silveira, na saúde mental, Pethö Sandor, com a integração fisio psíquica e Léon Bonaventure, na clínica com ênfase na realidade da alma, reflete o diálogo interdisciplinar presente na construção da concepção. Psicoterapeuta, pesquisador e editor responsável pela transmissão da obra de Jung no Brasil, firmado na existência da alma per se ­ sujeito e objeto do conhecimento psicológico ­ Bonaventure a vê como matriz das experiências, apresenta o modo de conhecê-la, discute a presença da tipologia nos textos. Tematiza a noção de Si-mesmo com base nos textos da mística Teresa de Ávila e compara a compreensão da alma e seu centro à de Jung. Como um "jardineiro da alma", se aproximou dela como experiência e realidade, numa atitude simbólica.

The article is part of the 2021 postdoctoral research Contribution to the history of analytical psychology through the eyes of Léon Bonaventure based on interviews with him and his texts. The insertion of the analytical psychology in Brazil through the pioneers Nise da Silveira in mental health, Pethö Sandor with the physiopsychic integration and Léon Bonaventure at the clinic emphasizing the reality of the soul reflects the interdisciplinary dialogue present in the construction of the conception. Psychotherapist, researcher and editor responsible for the transmission of Jungian work in Brazil, based on the existence of the soul per se - subject and object of psychological knowledge - Bonaventure highlights it as a matrix of experiences, presents the way of knowing it, discusses the presence of the typology in the authors' production. He thematizes the notion of the Self, based on the writings of the mystic Teresa of Ávila and compares the understanding of the soul and its center to that of Jung. As a "gardener of the soul", he approached it as experience and reality, in a symbolic attitude.

El artículo integra la investigación de 2021 de posdoctorado "Contribución a la historia de la psicología analítica por la mirada de Léon Bonaventure, basada en entrevistas con él y en sus textos. La inserción de la psicología analítica en Brasil a través de los pioneros Nise da Silveira en la salud mental, Pethö Sandor con la integración fisio-psíquica y Léon Bonaventure en la clínica con el énfasis en la realidad del alma, refleja el diálogo interdisciplinario presente en la construcción de la concepción. Psicoterapeuta, investigador y editor responsable por la transmisión de la obra de Jung en Brasil, firmado en la existencia del alma per se ­ sujeto y objeto del conocimiento psicológico ­ Bonaventure la ve como matriz de las experiencias, presenta el modo de conocerla, discute la presencia de la tipología en los textos. Tematiza la noción del Sí-mismo con base en los textos de la mística Teresa de Ávila y compara la comprensión del alma y su centro con la de Jung. Como un "jardinero del alma" se acercó a ella como experiencia y realidad, en una actitud simbólica.

El despegue de la sanidad leonesa en la segunda mitad de los años sesenta del siglo XX. La construcción de los grandes hospitales privados / The acknowledgement of health service of León in the second half of the sixties of the twentieth century. The building of the large and private hospitals

En una época de precariedad sanitaria e inexistencia de camas hospitalarias, la capital de la provincia leonesa, siguiendo la estela de lo que ocurría en el resto del país, asistió, en la segunda mitad de los años sesenta del siglo XX, a la construcción de cinco hospitales, uno de titularidad pública y cuatro de titularidad privada, a los que dedicaremos este artículo. Objetivo principal: Evaluar la importancia de la década de los sesenta del siglo XX en el desarrollo sanitario de la capital de la provincia española de León. Metodología: Se ha realizado un estudio histórico descriptivo de las instalaciones sanitarias al inicio y al final de la década. Resultados principales: Se dotó de más de 900 camas sanitarias de titularidad privada y 280 de titularidad pública, además de un hospital antituberculoso y todo ello en el corto periodo de diez años. En solo cinco años, la oferta de camas privadas prácticamente se triplicó. Conclusión principal: La sanidad leonesa dio un salto cuantitativo y cualitativo para ofrecer a los ciudadanos instalaciones hospitalarias de titularidad privada que complementarían, en su caso, a la Seguridad Social y competirían con ella en la oferta de especialidades médicas y tecnología (AU)

In the second half of the sixties of the twentieth century during the period of health precariousness and lack of hospital beds, the capital of the province of León, which kept up with the other cities of Spain, put up five hospitals, on the one hand, a hospital of public ownership, and the other, four hospitals of private ownership, which will be looked into this article. Main target: Analysing the importance of the sixties of the twentieth century during the health development of the capital of the Spanish province of León. Methodology: We have made a developing a historical-descriptive study of the sanitary facilities at the beginning and end of this decade. Main results: 900 hospital beds of private ownership and 280 of public ownership, besides an antitubercular hospital were put up in so short a period of ten years. In five years, the amount of private beds almost tripled. Main conclusion: The health service of León made a quantitative and qualitative leap, which provides the citizens hospital facilities of private ownership. This will be complementary with social security and will compare with her in the amount of medical specialities and technology (AU)

El despegue de la sanidad leonesa en la segunda mitad de los años sesenta del siglo XX. La construcción de los grandes hospitales privados / The acknowledgement of health service of León in the second half of the sixties of the twentieth century. The building of the large and private hospitals

En una época de precariedad sanitaria e inexistencia de camas hospitalarias, la capital de la provincia leonesa, siguiendo la estela de lo que ocurría en el resto del país, asistió, en la segunda mitad de los años sesenta del siglo XX, a la construcción de cinco hospitales, uno de titularidad pública y cuatro de titularidad privada, a los que dedicaremos este artículo. Objetivo principal: Evaluar la importancia de la década de los sesenta del siglo XX en el desarrollo sanitario de la capital de la provincia española de León. Metodología: Se ha realizado un estudio histórico descriptivo de las instalaciones sanitarias al inicio y al final de la década. Resultados principales: Se dotó de más de 900 camas sanitarias de titularidad privada y 280 de titularidad pública, además de un hospital antituberculoso y todo ello en el corto periodo de diez años. En solo cinco años, la oferta de camas privadas prácticamente se triplicó. Conclusión principal: La sanidad leonesa dio un salto cuantitativo y cualitativo para ofrecer a los ciudadanos instalaciones hospitalarias de titularidad privada que complementarían, en su caso, a la Seguridad Social y competirían con ella en la oferta de especialidades médicas y tecnología. (AU)

In the second half of the sixties of the twentieth century during the period of health precariousness and lack of hospital beds, the capital of the province of León, which kept up with the other cities of Spain, put up five hospitals, on the one hand, a hospital of public ownership, and the other, four hospitals of private ownership, which will be looked into this article. Main target: Analysing the importance of the sixties of the twentieth century during the health development of the capital of the Spanish province of León. Methodology: We have made a developing a historical-descriptive study of the sanitary facilities at the beginning and end of this decade. Main results: 900 hospital beds of private ownership and 280 of public ownership, besides an antitubercular hospital were put up in so short a period of ten years. In five years, the amount of private beds almost tripled. Main conclusion: The health service of León made a quantitative and qualitative leap, which provides the citizens hospital facilities of private ownership. This will be complementary with social security and will compare with her in the amount of medical specialities and technology. (AU)

On Moral Nose.

There are many authors who consider the so-called "moral nose" a valid epistemological tool in the field of morality. The expression was used by George Orwell, following in Friedrich Nietzsche's footsteps and was very clearly described by Leo Tolstoy. It has also been employed by authors such as Elisabeth Anscombe, Bernard Williams, Noam Chomsky, Stuart Hampshire, Mary Warnock, and Leon Kass. This article examines John Harris' detailed criticism of what he ironically calls the "olfactory school of moral philosophy." Harris' criticism is contrasted with Jonathan Glover's defense of the moral nose. Glover draws some useful distinctions between the various meanings that the notion of moral nose can assume. Finally, the notion of moral nose is compared with classic notions such as Aristotelian phronesis, Heideggerian aletheia, and the concept of "sentiment" proposed by the philosopher Thomas Reid. The conclusion reached is that morality cannot be based only on reason, or-as David Hume would have it-only on feelings.

Plantas alimentícias não convencionais: revisão / Non-conventional food plants: review / Plantas alimenticias no convencionales: revisión

As plantas alimentícias não convencionais (PANCs) são hortaliças nativas, normalmente encontradas em calçadas ou terrenos abandonados, sempre fizeram parte do cardápio dos antepassados. No entanto, com a modernização da agricultura e do êxodo rural, seu consumo foi esquecido de ser repassado para as gerações futuras. O objetivo deste estudo consistiu em realizar um levantamento bibliográfico sobre as plantas alimentícias não convencionais (PANCs), sua importância na alimentação e farmacológica. A metodologia consistiu na realização de levantamento bibliográfico, com as principais plantas utilizadas como alimento pelos antepassados sendo as plantas Pereskia aculeata Miller, Basella alba, Sonchus oleraceus, Stachys byzantina, Taraxacum Officinale, Xanthosoma sagittifolium, Dioscorea bulbifera, Physalis angulata, Acmella oleracea, Tropaeolum majus. Através deste estudo pode-se constatar que estas plantas são úteis, pois além de apresentar valor nutricional e a sua utilização na alimentação, também são utilizadas como como plantas medicinais, devido à presença de compostos ativos responsáveis pela ação biológica.

Unconventional food plants (PANCs) are native vegetables, usually found on sidewalks or abandoned land, have always been part of the ancestors' menu. Nonetheless, with the modernization of agriculture and the rural exodus, its consumption was forgotten to be passed on to future generations. The objective of this study was to carry out a bibliographic survey on unconventional food plants (PANCs), their importance in food and pharmacology. The methodology consisted of carrying out a bibliographic survey, with the main plants used as food by the ancestors being the plants Pereskia aculeata Miller, Basella alba, Sonchus oleraceus, Stachys byzantina, Taraxacum Officinale, Xanthosoma sagittifolium, Dioscorea bulbifera, Physalis angulata, Acmella oleracea, Tropaeolum majus. Through this study it can be seen that these plants are useful, because in addition to presenting nutritional value and their use in food, they are also used as medicinal plants, due to the presence of active compounds responsible for biological action.

Las plantas alimenticias no convencionales (PANC, por sus siglas en inglés) son vegetales nativos, que generalmente se encuentran en las aceras o en terrenos abandonados, y siempre han sido parte del menú de los antepasados. Sin embargo, con la modernización de la agricultura y el éxodo rural, su consumo quedó en el olvido para pasar a las generaciones futuras. El objetivo de este estudio fue realizar un levantamiento bibliográfico sobre las plantas alimenticias no convencionales (PANCs), su importancia en la alimentación y farmacología. La metodología consistió en realizar un levantamiento bibliográfico, siendo las principales plantas utilizadas como alimento por los ancestros las plantas Pereskia aculeata Miller, Basella alba, Sonchus oleraceus, Stachys byzantina, Taraxacum Officinale, Xanthosoma sagittifolium, Dioscorea bulbifera, Physalis angulata, Acmella oleracea , Tropaeolum mayor. A través de este estudio se puede apreciar que estas plantas son útiles, pues además de presentar valor nutritivo y su uso en la alimentación, también son utilizadas como plantas medicinales, debido a la presencia de compuestos activos responsables de la acción biológica.

First Record of Wyeomyia mitchellii in Nuevo León, Mexico.

On October 5, 2021, mosquito collections were conducted in Nuevo León in search of an undescribed species within the genus Wyeomyia reported previously in this state. Species collected included Aedes quadrivittatus, Ae. amabilis, Ae. triseriatus group, Ae. albopictus, and Wy. mitchellii. Although the undescribed species was not found, the occurrence record for Wy. mitchellii in Nuevo León constitutes the 1st record for this species in this state. Additionally, historical records of the presence of Wy. mitchelli in Mexico, available in the literature, were reviewed and updated. Specimens collected during this study were deposited in the Culicidae Collection of the Parasitology Department, Autonomous Agrarian University Antonio Narro, Laguna unit. With the addition of Wy. mitchellii to the mosquito fauna of Nuevo León, there are currently 67 species in the state.

Impacto del Covid-19 en las condiciones laborales de la población joven de Nuevo León, México / The impact of Covid-19 in youth working conditions in Nuevo Leon, Mexico

Resumen La pandemia del COVID-19 no solo ha afectado la salud pública, también ha repercutido en la macro y micro economía. Las condiciones laborales cambiaron, sobre todo para la población joven, al presentarse desde disminución de salarios y prestaciones, hasta el cierre de negocios, principalmente los negocios pequeños. El objetivo del presente estudio fue analizar el efecto de esas alteraciones en las personas de entre 15 y 29 años, en el estado de Nuevo León. Para ello, se compararon sus condiciones laborales con las de los adultos del estado y de los jóvenes del resto del país a partir de la información obtenida de los microdatos de la Encuesta Nacional de Ocupación y Empleo del tercer trimestre de 2019 y el de 2020. El análisis indica que la participación laboral de este segmento poblacional del estado se redujo considerablemente; sin embargo, quienes perdieron su empleo decidieron no buscar uno nuevo, lo que ocasionó que su tasa de desempleo sólo se incrementara ligeramente. No obstante, la porción que continuó trabajando registró un deterioro importante en sus condiciones laborales, como prestaciones, informalidad o salario, especialmente para los hombres más jóvenes y con menores niveles de escolaridad.

Abstract The Covid-19 pandemic has not only affected public health, but it has also affected the macro and micro economy. The working conditions changed, especially for the young population, presenting everythin from a decrease in wages and benefits, to the closure of small businesses. The objective of this paper was to analyze the effects of these changes in people between 15 to 29 years old, in the state of Nuevo Leon. To do this, their working conditions were compared with those of adults in the state and with those of young people in the rest of the country. To do it, we use the National Occupation and Employment Survey of Q3-2019 and Q3-2020. The analysis indicates that the labor participation of this population segment of the state was considerably reduced; however, those who lost their jobs decided not to look for a new one, which caused their unemployment rate to only increase slightly. However, the portion that continued to work recorded a significant deterioration in their working conditions, such as health benefits, informality or wages, especially for younger men with lower levels of schooling.

Healthy narcissism and individuation - clinical, cultural and political manifestations.

This paper explores the healthy narcissism related to self-expression and looks at how this is frequently pathologized and split-off, with problematic consequences for the individual and for culture. This is explored through Yeats' poem, 'The Second Coming', as are other personal, cultural and clinical manifestations, with a split evident between those who advocate self-denial and those who are 'full of passionate intensity' and seen as narcissistic. The paper argues that the process of individuation requires us to embrace a multiplicity of self-states, and thus a broadening of ego-identifications, including states of vulnerability, self-denial, self-centredness, murderousness and power, in contrast to the unworkable unitary identifications of previous eras, where such states were projected onto scapegoat groups in, for example, racism. The neurobiological underpinnings of the core self are outlined which, the paper argues, help us better understand and accept the broad range of narcissistic phenomena. Embracing guilt, out of care and concern as described by Loewald (1979), and thus addressing states of both passive and active blindness to the other, allows us to put a 'human head on the lion's body', described in Yeats' poem. Some clinical manifestations and dynamics are also outlined.

Cet article explore le bon narcissisme, qui est en lien avec l'expression de soi. L'article observe comment cela est fréquemment considéré comme pathologique et clivé, avec des conséquences problématiques pour l'individu et la culture. Ceci est examiné à travers le poème de Yeats « La Seconde Venue ¼, comme le sont d'autres manifestations personnelles, culturelles et cliniques, avec un clivage évident entre ceux qui se font l'avocat du déni de soi et ceux qui sont « plein d'intensité passionnée ¼ et considérés comme narcissiques. L'article soutient que le processus d'individuation nous demande d'englober une multiplicité d'états de soi, et ainsi un élargissement d'identifications du moi, qui incluent des états de vulnérabilité, de déni de soi, de centration sur soi, de puissance et d'envie de meurtre, en contraste avec les identifications d'époques précédentes, unitaires et impraticables. Dans ces époques précédentes de tels états furent projetés sur des groupes pris comme boucs émissaires, par exemple dans le racisme. Les fondations neurobiologiques du noyau du soi sont exposées dans les grandes lignes afin, comme le soutient l'article, de nous aider à mieux comprendre et à accepter le vaste panorama des phénomènes narcissiques. Accepter pleinement la culpabilité, motivée par le soin et la sollicitude - tels qu'ils sont décrits par Loewald (1979) - et ainsi s'occuper d'états passifs et actifs d'aveuglement à l'autre, nous permet de mettre « une tête humaine sur un corps de lion ¼ comme Yeats le décrit dans son poème. Quelques manifestations et dynamiques cliniques sont également soulignées.

El presente trabajo explora el narcisismo saludable con relación a la autoexpresión, y examina cómo esto es frecuentemente patologizado y disociado, con consecuencias problemáticas para el individuo y la cultura. A través del poema de Yeats 'The Second Coming', se explora este tema junto a las manifestaciones personales, culturales y clínicas, con una disociación evidente entre quienes son partidarios de la auto negación, y quienes están 'llenos de una intensidad apasionada' y son vistos como narcisistas. El trabajo argumenta que el proceso de individuación requiere que aceptemos la multiplicidad de estados del self, ampliando así las identificaciones del ego, incluyendo estados de: vulnerabilidad, autonegación, auto-centración, sentimientos homicidas, y poder, en contraste con las identificaciones unitarias inviables de eras previas, en las que estos estados eran proyectados en grupos chivos expiatorios, por ejemplo, el racismo. Se describen las bases neurobiológicas del self nuclear, las cuales nos ayudan a comprender mejor y a aceptar un amplio espectro de fenómenos narcisistas. Abrazar la culpa, desde el cuidado y el interés, como lo describe Loewald (1979), y así dar cuenta de los estados de ceguera activa y pasiva hacia el otro, nos permite colocar 'una cabeza humana en el cuerpo del león', descripto en el poema de Yeats. También se delinean algunas manifestaciones y dinámicas clínicas.

Este artigo explora o narcisismo saudável relacionado à autoexpressão e analisa como isso é frequentemente patologizado e dividido, com consequências problemáticas para o indivíduo e para a cultura. Explorado no poema de Yeats, 'A Segunda Vinda', assim como em outras manifestações pessoais, culturais e clínicas, com uma divisão evidente entre aqueles que defendem a abnegação e aqueles que são "cheios de intensidade apaixonada" e vistos como narcísicos. O artigo argumenta que o processo de individuação exige que abracemos uma multiplicidade de autoestados e, portanto, uma ampliação das identificações do ego, incluindo estados de vulnerabilidade, abnegação, egocentrismo, assassinato e poder, em contraste com as identificações unitárias impraticáveis de eras anteriores, onde tais estados foram projetados em grupos de bodes expiatórios, por exemplo, no racismo. Os fundamentos neurobiológicos do eu central são delineados, argumenta o artigo, o que nos ajuda a entender e aceitar melhor a ampla gama de fenômenos narcísicos. Abraçar a culpa, por cuidado e preocupação, conforme descrito por Loewald (1979), e assim abordar estados de cegueira passiva e ativa para o outro, nos permite colocar uma "cabeça humana no corpo do leão", descrita no poema de Yeats. Algumas manifestações clínicas e dinâmicas também são descritas.

Platos olvidados o de consumo ocasional en la gastronomía española: Castilla y León / Forgotten dishes or occasional consumption in Spanish gastronomy: Castilla y León

La gastronomía de Castilla y León tiene su base en los cocidos y los asados, además de un gran surtido de dulces. Destacan los asados de cordero, y de cochinillo. También destacan el cerdo y los embutidos como la morcilla, el jamón o los chorizos. Las legumbres (alubia de Saldaña, judías de El Barco de Ávila, judiones de La Granja, lentejas de la Armuña, garbanzos de Fuentesaúco, etcétera) son protagonistas de los cocidos y las humildes y excelentes sopas de ajo. El pan es un elemento imprescindible en esta tierra cerealista. (AU)

The gastronomy of Castilla y León is based on stews and roasts, as well as a wide assortment of sweets. The roast lamb and suckling pig stand out. The pork and sausages such as black pudding, ham or chorizos also stand out. Legumes (beans from Saldaña, beans from El Barco de Ávila, kidney beans from La Granja, lentils from La Armuña, chickpeas from Fuentesaúco, etc.) are the protagonists of the stews and the humble and excellent garlic soups. Bread is an essential element in this cereal land. (AU)

Mycobacterium leprae Infection in a Wild Nine-Banded Armadillo, Nuevo León, Mexico.

Nine-banded armadillos (Dasypus novemcinctus) are naturally infected with Mycobacterium leprae and are implicated in the zoonotic transmission of leprosy in the United States. In Mexico, the existence of such a reservoir remains to be characterized. We describe a wild armadillo infected by M. leprae in the state of Nuevo León, Mexico.

Trap rebuilding by Myrmeleon brasiliensis larvae (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae) in response to flooding: the effect of body size / Reconstrucción de trampas por larvas de Myrmeleon brasiliensis (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae) tras las inundaciones: efecto del tamaño corporal

Abstract Introduction: Immature forms of the antlion Myrmeleon brasiliensis (Neuroptera, Myrmeleontidae) build traps in dry sandy soil to capture prey. Objective: The aim of the present study was to investigate how the waterlogging of the soil due to rain affects the trap rebuilding and relocation behavior of M. brasiliensis of different sizes. Methods: The study was conducted between July and December 2019. Larvae M. brasiliensis were observed and collected from a forest reserve in the municipality of Aquidauana in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. Results: In the natural environment, most larvae rebuilt their traps in the same location seven days after the simulation of rain, with a smaller diameter than that observed prior to the simulation of rain. In the laboratory, the movements of M. brasiliensis larvae and rebuilding of the traps after the waterlogging of the soil was affected by body size. Larger larvae moved more and were more likely to rebuild their traps. Conclusions: The saturation of the soil affects the foraging of M. brasiliensis larvae, which are impeded from rebuilding their traps for a period. In situations of long periods of saturated soil, the mortality rate of the larvae is high and rebuilding of the traps occurs after the soil dries out, but with a smaller trap size. These data suggest that changes in the rainfall pattern can affect the population structure of M. brasiliensis larvae, with the selection of larger individuals in situations of more severe rains. In this process, the smaller larvae are more affected, as their foraging is impeded.

Resumen Introducción: Los insectos inmaduros de hormiga león de la especie Myrmeleon brasiliensis (Neuroptera, Myrmeleontidae), construyen trampas en el suelo arenoso seco para capturar a sus presas. Objetivo: El objetivo de este trabajo fue analizar cómo la inundación del suelo, como la lluvia, afecta al comportamiento de reconstrucción y de desplazamiento de las trampas de M. brasiliensis según las diferentes tallas. Métodos: El estudio fue conducido entre julio y diciembre del 2019. Las larvas fueron observadas y recolectadas en una Reserva Forestal en la ciudad de Aquidauana, Estado de Mato Grosso del Sur, Brasil. Resultados: Observamos que, en el ambiente natural, siete días después de la lluvia simulada, la mayoría de las larvas reconstruyeron a sus trampas en el mismo sitio y con diámetro más pequeño que el observado antes de la lluvia simulada. En el laboratorio fue observado que después de la inundación del suelo, el desplazamiento de las larvas y la reconstrucción de las trampas es afectado por el tamaño de su cuerpo. Así, larvas de M. brasiliensis más grandes se desplazan más y presentan una probabilidad más grande de reconstruir a sus trampas. Conclusión: De esa manera, la inundación del suelo afecta el forrajeo de las larvas M. brasiliensis, que se quedan impedidas por un tiempo durante la reconstrucción de sus trampas. Además, en situaciones de largos periodos de inundación del suelo, las larvas presentan una alta tasa de mortalidad y la reconstrucción de sus trampas ocurre después que se seca el suelo, pero esas trampas suelen ser más pequeñas. Esos datos sugieren que es posible que variaciones en el patrón de lluvia pueden afectar la estructura poblacional de las larvas M. brasiliensis, pues en situaciones de lluvias más fuertes, las larvas más grandes suelen tener más éxito. En este proceso, las larvas más pequeñas se ven más afectadas, ya que se impide su búsqueda de alimento.

First Record of Aedes podographicus in Nuevo León State, Mexico.

In Mexico, Aedes podographicus is one of the most common species within the subgenus Protomacleaya of Aedes. This species has been collected in 12 states close to the coastal regions; however, few records confirm the presence of Ae. podographicus inland. During a mosquito-survey using ovitraps in the state of Nuevo León, Mexico, Ae. podographicus was collected in association with Ae. albopictus and Culex quinquefasciatus. This is the first record of the presence of Ae. podographicus in Nuevo León. With the addition of Ae. podographicus to the mosquito fauna of Nuevo León, there are currently 66 species in the state, 19 within the genus Aedes and 6 within the subgenus Protomacleaya, the genus Aedes being the group with the major number of species in Nuevo León. Specimens collected during this study were deposited in the collection of insects and mites of medical importance of the Laboratory of Medical Entomology of the Autonomous University of Nuevo León, Mexico.

Angiostrongylus vasorum in Domestic Dogs in Castilla y León, Iberian Peninsula, Spain.

Angiostrongylus vasorum is the causative agent of canine angiostrongylosis, a disease affecting domestic and wild canids. In Europe, it is an emerging disease, mainly reported in red foxes. In Spain, there are a few studies that address the prevalence and pathology of this disease. Castilla y León is the largest region of the Iberian Peninsula, whose extensive area is 94,224 km2; however, until now, there have been no epidemiological studies on this disease. Therefore, the aim of this study was to analyze the presence of antigens of A. vasorum in 1475 dogs from Castilla y León, showing an overall prevalence of 0.75%. The infected dogs were mainly outdoors, guard and hunting breed dogs and living in locations with mild climates close to areas of high edaphic humidity, such as stagnant water, irrigated crops or riverbanks, with the vegetation dominated by alders, holm oak and gall oak forests, where the intermediate hosts develop. It is necessary to carry out more in-depth studies on the epidemiology and pathology of this disease in Spain and Europe in order to carry out efficient control in both domestic and wild animals.

Anatomical features of some bones of the forelimbs of lions (Panthera leo) / Características anatómicas de algunos huesos de los miembros torácicos de leones (Panthera leo)

SUMMARY: We studied the bones of forelimb of four adult lions (Panthera leo) of both sexes to record the gross anatomical and morphometrical features of the scapula, humerus, radius and ulna. We observed some unique anatomical features that will be helpful for radiographic interpretation and forensic investigations. The lateral surface of scapula was unequally divided into supraspinous (fossa supraspinata) and infraspinous fossa (fossa infraspinata) by a well developed spine (spina scapulae). The acromion process was subdivided into suprahamate process (processus suprahamatus)and hamate process (processus hamatus); the later one was over hanged the glenoid cavity (cavitas glenoidalis), but the supraglenoid tubercle (tuberculum supraglenoidalis) was absent. The shaft (diaphysis) of humerus was compressed craniocaudally in proximal part, rounded to oval in middle part and compressed mediolaterally in distal part. A long, narrow supracondyloid foramen was found at distal limb just above the medial epicondyle (epicondylus medialis) which didn't connect the radial fossa (fossa radialis) with the olecranon fossa (fossa olecrani). The radius and ulna were twin bones where radius was articulated craniolateral to the ulna proximally and craniomedial to the ulna distally. However, the ulna was the longest bone in the forelimb of lion. The olecranon tuberosity of this bone had three prominences - two were cranially, whereas the caudal one was the largest and rounded. Distally projected styloid processes (processus styloideus) were found in the distal limb of both radius and ulna.

RESUMEN: Estudiamos los huesos de las miembros torácicos de cuatro leones adultos (Panthera leo) de ambos sexos para registrar las características anatómicas y morfométricas macroscópicas de la escápula, el húmero, el radio y la ulna. Se observaron algunas características anatómicas únicas que serán útiles para la interpretación radiográfica y las investigaciones forenses. La superficie lateral de la escápula se dividió de manera desigual en fosa supraespinosa y fosa infraspinosa por una columna bien desarrollada (espina de la escápula). El proceso del acromion se subdividió en proceso suprahamato (processus suprahamatus) y proceso hamato (processus hamatus); el tubérculo supraglenoideo (tuberculum supraglenoidalis) estaba ausente. La diáfisis (diafisis) del húmero estaba comprimida craneocaudalmente en la parte proximal, redondeada a ovalada en la parte media y comprimida mediolateralmente en la parte distal. Se encontró un foramen supracondileo largo y estrecho en la extremidad distal, por encima del epicóndilo medial (epicondylus medilaris) que no conectaba la fosa radial (fosa radial) con la fosa olecraneana (fossa olecrani). El radio y la ulna eran huesos idénticos en los que el radio se articulaba craneolateral a la ulna proximalmente, y craneomedial a la ulna distalmente. Sin embargo, la ulna era el hueso más largo del miembro torácico del león. La tuberosidad del olécranon de este hueso tenía tres prominencias: dos eran craneales, mientras que la caudal era la más grande y redondeada. Se encontraron procesos estiloides proyectados distalmente (processus styloideus) en la extremidades distales del radio y la ulna.

Incidence of Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome (NAS) in Castilla y Leon (Spain).

INTRODUCTION: Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome (NAS) is considered a Public Health problem that is defined as a group of symptoms that appear in the newborn due to withdrawal from intrauterine drug exposure. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to analyze the incidence of NAS in Castilla y León from 2000 to 2019. METHODOLOGY: Data of NAS cases in Castilla y León from 2000 to 2019 were obtained. NAS incidence per 1000 births was calculated and the correlation among data from different provinces and years was analyzed. RESULTS: The cumulative incidence of NAS in Castilla y León per 1000 births between 2000-2019 was 0.91‱, with great interprovincial variability. The provinces of Zamora and Palencia stand out, with high incidence rates of NAS despite their low birth rates. The temporal trend points towards a decrease in incidence from 2000 to 2019. Opioids such as methadone, cannabis, benzodiazepines and poly-drug use are the most prevalent drugs causing NAS, and it has also been observed that methadone is being replaced by cannabis as the major cause of NAS cases at the University Hospital in Salamanca in recent years. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of NAS in Castilla y León decreased in 2004 and remained constant until 2019, but it shows great interprovincial variability. It is necessary to implement a national NAS Registry to obtain comprehensive information regarding its incidence.

Information, meaning and physics: The intellectual evolution of the English School of Information Theory during 1946-1956.

In this comparative historical analysis, we will analyze the intellectual tendency that emerged between 1946 and 1956 to take advantage of the popularity of communication theory to develop a kind of informational epistemology of statistical mechanics. We will argue that this tendency results from a historical confluence in the early 1950s of certain theoretical claims of the so-called English School of Information Theory, championed by authors such as Gabor (1956) or MacKay (), and from the attempt to extend the profound success of Shannon's ([1948] 1993) technical theory of sign transmission to the field of statistical thermal physics. As a paradigmatic example of this tendency, we will evaluate the intellectual work of Léon Brillouin (), who, in the mid-fifties, developed an information theoretical approach to statistical mechanical physics based on a concept of information linked to the knowledge of the observer.

Castilla y León, su tributo al desarrollo quirúrgico europeo. Su evolución hasta la ilustración / Castile and Leon in the development of surgery at europe. His evolution to enlightennment

A través de la Escuela de Traductores de Toledo y del Monasterio de Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe, antes del desarrollo de las universidades, se iniciaron el conocimiento anatómico humano y la cirugía, conocimientos que llegan a Europa. El desarrollo de la cirugía en la Corona de Castilla y en parte también en la Corona de Aragón en el siglo XVI y en menor medida en el siglo XVII es brillante, en comparación con la del resto de Europa, coincidiendo con el denominado “siglo de oro español”. Pero al no adoptar a tiempo en 1620 el nuevo pensamiento inductivo descrito por Bacon en su “Novum Organum”, que revolucionó las Ciencias, el desarrollo quirúrgico posterior ha sido menor. Aunque hemos tenido cirujanos formados fuera, el desarrollo institucional, en cuantoa ser nosotros los pioneros, ha sido poco frecuente. Carecemos de una previsión estratégica adecuada para revertir esa carencia inicial a la entrada de la Edad Moderna. Lo que ha hecho que se adoptasen las evidencias científicas, anatómicas, histológicas, farmacológicas, médicas y quirúrgicas con más de un siglo de retraso. (AU)

Through the Toledo School of Translators and the Monastery of Our Lady of Guadalupe, before the development of universities, human anatomical knowledge and surgery began, knowledge that reaches Europe.The development of surgery in the Crown of Castile and partly also in the Crown of Aragon in the 16th century and to a lesser extent in the 17th century is brilliant, compared to the rest of Europe, coinciding with the so-called “ Spanish golden age ”. But by not adopting in time in 1620 the new inductive thinking described by Bacon in his “Novum Organum”, which revolutionized the Sciences, subsequent surgical development has been less. Although we have had surgeons trained outside, institutional development, in terms of being the pioneers, has been rare. We lack an adequate strategic foresight to reverse this initial deficiency at the beginning of the Modern Age. Which has led to the adoption of scientific, anatomical, histological, pharmacological, medical and surgical evidence with more than a century of delay. (AU)