ABSTRACT
Current climate change is disrupting biotic interactions and eroding biodiversity worldwide. However, species sensitive to aridity, high temperatures, and climate variability might find shelter in microclimatic refuges, such as leaf rolls built by arthropods. To explore how the importance of leaf shelters for terrestrial arthropods changes with latitude, elevation, and climate, we conducted a distributed experiment comparing arthropods in leaf rolls versus control leaves across 52 sites along an 11,790 km latitudinal gradient. We then probed the impact of short- versus long-term climatic impacts on roll use, by comparing the relative impact of conditions during the experiment versus average, baseline conditions at the site. Leaf shelters supported larger organisms and higher arthropod biomass and species diversity than non-rolled control leaves. However, the magnitude of the leaf rolls' effect differed between long- and short-term climate conditions, metrics (species richness, biomass, and body size), and trophic groups (predators vs. herbivores). The effect of leaf rolls on predator richness was influenced only by baseline climate, increasing in magnitude in regions experiencing increased long-term aridity, regardless of latitude, elevation, and weather during the experiment. This suggests that shelter use by predators may be innate, and thus, driven by natural selection. In contrast, the effect of leaf rolls on predator biomass and predator body size decreased with increasing temperature, and increased with increasing precipitation, respectively, during the experiment. The magnitude of shelter usage by herbivores increased with the abundance of predators and decreased with increasing temperature during the experiment. Taken together, these results highlight that leaf roll use may have both proximal and ultimate causes. Projected increases in climate variability and aridity are, therefore, likely to increase the importance of biotic refugia in mitigating the effects of climate change on species persistence.
Subject(s)
Arthropods , Animals , Biodiversity , Climate Change , Ecosystem , Plant LeavesABSTRACT
We sampled Inga Busk species caterpillars weekly in the cerrado on 15 plants of Diospyros burchellii Hern. (Ebenaceae) from January 2002 to December 2003, on 30 plants of Caryocar brasiliense (Caryocaraceae) from July 2003 to June 2004, and since 1991 on several other plant species. In total we found 15 species of Inga on cerrado host plants. Nine species were very rare, with only one to five adults reared. The other six species occurred throughout the year, with higher abundance during the dry season, from May to July, coinciding with overall peaks of caterpillar abundance in the cerrado. Caterpillars of the genus Inga build shelters by tying and lining two mature or old leaves with silk and frass, where they rest and develop (a common habit found in Oecophorinae). The final instar builds a special envelope inside the leaf shelter, where it will complete the larval stage and pupate. The species are very difficult to distinguish in the immature stages. External features were useful in identifying only four species: I. haemataula (Meyrick), I. phaecrossa (Meyrick), I. ancorata (Walsingham), and I. corystes (Meyrick). These four species are polyphagous and have wide geographical distributions. In this paper we provide information on the natural history and host plants of six Inga species common on cerrado host plants, for which there are no reports in the literature.
Dada a ausência de informações sobre a biologia de lagartas que ocorrem em plantas de cerrado, apresentamos aqui algumas informações sobre larvas do gênero Inga Busk. Lagartas foram coletadas, semanalmente, em 15 indivíduos de Diospyros burchelli Hern. (Ebenaceae), de janeiro de 2002 a dezembro de 2003, em 30 indivíduos de Caryocar brasiliense Camb. (Caryocaraceae), de julho de 2003 a junho de 2004 e, em várias outras espécies de plantas desde 1991. No total foram encontradas 15 espécies de Inga em plantas de cerrado, no DF. Nove espécies foram raras com até cinco adultos obtidos em criação no laboratório. As outras seis espécies ocorreram durante o ano sendo mais abundantes entre maio e julho (estação seca), o que coincide com a época de maior abundância de lagartas no cerrado. As lagartas do gênero Inga constroem abrigos, juntando duas folhas maduras ou velhas com fios de seda, onde se alimentam e desenvolvem (um hábito comum entre os Oecophorinae). Larvas de último instar constroem, dentro do abrigo, um tipo de envelope onde completam seu desenvolvimento e empupam. A separação das espécies das lagartas é muito difícil. Características externas permitem o reconhecimento de apenas quatro espécies de Inga: I. haemataula (Meyrick), I. phaecrossa (Meyrick), I. ancorata (Walsingham), and I. corystes (Meyrick). Essas quatro espécies têm ampla distribuição geográfica e são polífagas. Neste artigo, apresentamos informações não encontradas na literatura sobre a história natural de seis espécies de Inga comuns em plantas hospedeiras de cerrado.
Subject(s)
Lepidoptera/classification , Lepidoptera/growth & development , Lepidoptera/parasitology , EbenaceaeABSTRACT
This study quantified parasitoid occurrence on five lepidopteran caterpillars species that use Caryocar brasiliense as host plant, trying to verify if there was a direct relationship between host abundance and the proportion of parasitism; if leaf shelters served as cues or protection from parasitoids; if host size influenced the proportion of parasitism, and if attacks by Diptera were more frequent than by Hymenoptera. Searches for external folivorous caterpillars were carried out in an area of cerrado sensu stricto, from July/2003 to June/2004. Caterpillars were more parasitized when occurred on mature leaves. Nola sp. (Noctuiidae) had the highest proportion of parasitism and a negative correlation between their body size and parasitoid attack. Caterpillars that constructed shelters suffered lower parasitism than those exposed. Hymenopteran parasitoids were more abundant than Dipteran parasitoids attacking caterpillars on C. brasiliense leaves. In general, parasitoid species richness and the proportion of parasitism in lepidopteran caterpillar on C. brasiliense showed associations with host population density, their life strategy, diet and leaf nutritional quality.
Este estudo quantificou a ocorrência de parasitóides em cinco espécies de lagartas de Lepidoptera que possuem Caryocar brasiliense como planta hospedeira, verificando se existe uma relação direta e positiva entre a abundância do hospedeiro e a proporção de parasitismo; se os abrigos utilizados pelas espécies de Lepidoptera atuam como pistas ou proteção contra os parasitóides; se o tamanho do hospedeiro influencia as taxas de parasitismo e se existe uma maior ocorrência de ataques de Diptera em comparação com Hymenoptera nas lagartas de Lepidoptera no cerrado do Distrito Federal, Brasil. O estudo foi realizado em uma área de cerrado sensu stricto da Fazenda Água Limpa no período de julho de 2003 a junho de 2004, à procura de lagartas folívoras externas. As lagartas foram mais parasitadas quando ocorreram em folhas maduras. Nola sp. (Noctuidae) apresentou a maior proporção de parasitismo em comparação com as outras espécies e foi a única espécie em que se verificou uma correlação negativa entre as taxas de parasitismo e o tamanho de seus indivíduos. As espécies de lagartas que constroem abrigos apresentaram menores porcentagens de parasitismo em comparação com as que vivem expostas. Os parasitóides da ordem Hymenoptera foram mais freqüentes que os Diptera. No geral, para as espécies de Lepidoptera em C. brasiliense, a riqueza de espécies de parasitóides e a porcentagem de parasitismo apresentaram associações com a densidade, a estratégia de vida, a dieta do hospedeiro e a qualidade nutricional da folha de C. brasiliense.