Leisure-time physical activity and the incidence of atrial fibrillation in senior adults: a prospective cohort study.

OBJECTIVE: Whether physical activity could reduce the risk of atrial fibrillation (AF) remains unclear. This study was to investigate the relationship of leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) with AF incidence among Chinese older adults. METHODS: A total of 3253 participants aged ≥60 years from the Guangzhou Heart Study were successfully followed between March 2018 and September 2019. LTPA was assessed using a modified Global Physical Activity Questionnaire. AF was ascertained by 12-lead electrocardiograms, 24-hour single-lead Holter and clinical examination. The Cox proportional hazards model was used to the estimate hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) after adjustment for confounders, and the population-attributable fraction (PAF) was estimated. RESULTS: A total of 76 (2.34%) new-onset cases of AF were identified during a median of 31.13 months of follow-up. After adjustment for confounders, subjects who had LTPA at least 10.0 metabolic equivalent (MET)-hours/week had a 55% lower risk of developing AF (HR: 0.45, 95%CI: 0.25-0.81), and at least 20 MET-hours/week reduced the risk by 45% (HR: 0.55, 95%CI: 0.34-0.92). At least 11% (PAF: 11%, 95%CI: 0%-20%) or 14% (PAF: 14%, 95%CI: 0%-26%) of AF cases could be avoided, respectively, if the subjects do LTPA at least 10 MET-hours/week or 20 MET-hours/week. A significant exposure-response trend was also observed between LTPA and AF risk (Plinear-trend = 0.002). For a specific LTPA, doing housework was associated with a 43% reduced risk, while engaging in ball games was associated with an increased risk. CONCLUSION: This prospective cohort study indicated that a higher LTPA volume was associated with a lower AF risk in Chinese older adults.

The association between the child's age and mothers' physical activity: results from the population-based German National Cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Since physical activity is an important determinant of physical and mental health, lower levels of physical activity among mothers reported in previous research are concerning. The aim of this study was to examine whether physical activity levels differ among mothers depending on the age of the youngest child. METHODS: Cross-sectional data from the German National Cohort study, comprising 3959 mothers aged 22-72 years with offspring aged 0-54 years (grouped into 0-5, 6-11, 12-17, 18-29 and > 30 years) was used. The Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ) was used to assess physical activity among mothers in leisure time, transport and (occupational and non-occupational) work settings, quantified as MET-minutes per week. Means (with 95% confidence interval) of mothers' weekly MET-minutes were visualized in graphs, stratified by mothers' and the youngest child's age. Linear regression analyses assessed the association between the child's age and self-reported time and intensity of mothers' physical activity within each activity domain and for the total physical activity. RESULTS: Adjusted results suggested that the MET-minutes in work settings were lower among mothers with younger children. This association was clearest in mothers whose youngest child was under 12 years old, among whom lower self-reported physical activity at work compared to mothers with children at age 30 and older was found. No association was observed between the age of the youngest child and mothers' MET-minutes in leisure nor in transport settings. The self-reported physical activity of mothers whose youngest child was in the same child age group was found to be lower with increased maternal age. As expected, the work related activity dominated the self-reported physical activity. CONCLUSIONS: The results show differences in mothers' self-reported physical activity by the age of the youngest child. The strongest difference was related to physical activity in work settings, indicating the need for supportive actions.

Associations of lifestyle characteristics with circulating immune markers in the general population based on NHANES 1999 to 2014.

Lifestyles maybe associated with the immune and inflammatory state of human body. We aimed to comprehensively explore the relationship between lifestyles and circulating immune-inflammatory markers in the general population. Data from NHANES 1999-2014 was used. Lifestyle factors included leisure-time physical activity (LTPA), diet quality (Healthy Eating Index-2015, HEI-2015), alcohol consumption, cigarettes smoking, sleep hour and sedentary time. Immune makers included C-reactive protein (CRP), neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), systemic immune-inflammation index (SII), platelet-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) and monocyte-lymphocyte ratio (MLR). Generalized linear regression models were used to adjust confounders. Regressions of restricted cubic splines were utilized to evaluate the potentially non-linear relationships between exposures and outcomes. As results, HEI was negatively associated with CRP (P < 0.001), SII (P < 0.001), and NLR (P < 0.001). Cigarettes per day was positively associated with CRP (P < 0.001), SII (P < 0.001), and NLR (P = 0.008). Alcohol consumption was negatively associated with CRP (P < 0.001), but positively associated with PLR (P = 0.012) and MLR (P < 0.001). Physical activity was negatively associated with CRP (P < 0.001), SII (P = 0.005), and NLR (P = 0.002), but positively associated with PLR (P = 0.010). Participants with higher healthy lifestyle score had significantly lower CRP, SII and NLR (all P values < 0.05). Most of the sensitivity analyses found similar results. In conclusion, we found significant associations between lifestyles and immune markers in the general population, which may reflect a systemic inflammatory response to unhealthy lifestyles.

Leisure-time physical activity is associated with depressive symptoms in cancer patients: Data from the NHANES 2007-2018.

BACKGROUND: Cancer patients have a higher risk of depression and are associated with severe adverse prognosis. The relationship between leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) and depressive symptoms in cancer patients is currently unclear. Therefore, our study mainly explores the potential association between LTPA and the weekly cumulative time of LTPA with depressive symptoms in cancer patients. METHODS: We included and analyzed 3368 cancer patients (aged >20 years) from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) of the United States from 1999 to 2018. The LTPA score was evaluated through a self-report questionnaire, while depressive symptoms were evaluated through the Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9). Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to explore the relationship between LTPA duration and the occurrence of cancer-related depressiive symptoms. Linear correlation was studied using the restricted cubic spline method. RESULTS: According to a fully adjusted multivariate logistic regression model with confounding variables, the odds ratio (OR) between LTPA and depressive symptoms in cancer patients in this study was 0.59 (95 % confidence interval = 0.39, 0.92; P = 0.02). When the LTPA level was ≥300 min/week, the incidence of depressive symptoms was reduced by 59 % (OR = 0.41, 95 % CI = 0.21, 0.83). In addition, the cubic spline method was used to obtain a linear negative correlation between LTPA duration and tumor depressive symptoms. CONCLUSION: LTPA was negatively correlated with cancer-related depressive symptoms, and the cumulative time of LTPA/week was linearly correlated with depressive symptoms. The slope of the benefit curve changed significantly when the cumulative time of LTPA reached 600 min per week, suggesting that appropriately increasing LTPA had significant benefits on mental health of cancer patients.

Leisure-Time Physical Activity, Time Spent Sitting and Risk of Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A Cross-Sectional Study in Puglia.

BACKGROUND: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common chronic liver disease in the world. The increasingly sedentary lifestyle in recent years may have accelerated the development of NAFLD, independent of the level of physical activity. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to determine the association between leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) and time spent sitting (TSS) and the likelihood of developing NAFLD in a sample of men and women aged 18-64 years, from southern Italy. DESIGN: The study is based on two cohort studies, a randomized clinical trial and an observational cost-benefit study. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 1269 participants (51.5% women) drawn from 3992 eligible subjects were enrolled in this study. EXPOSURES: Leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) and time spent sitting (TSS) were assessed using the Italian long form of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ-LF), designed for administration to adults aged 18 to 65 years. MAIN MEASURES: The association of exposures with the probability of belonging to a certain NAFLD degree of severity. KEY RESULTS: The probability of having mild, moderate, and severe NAFLD tends to decrease with increasing LTPA and decreasing TSS levels. We selected a combination of participants aged 50 years and older stratified by gender. Men had a statistically significant difference in the probability of developing moderate NAFLD if they spent 70 h per week sitting and had low LTPA, while among women there was a statistically significant difference in the probability of developing mild or moderate NAFLD if they had moderate LPTA and spent 35-70 h/week sitting. CONCLUSIONS: The study thus showed that the amount of LTPA and the amount of TSS are associated with development and progression of NAFLD, but this relationship is not a linear one-especially in women aged ≥ 50 years old.

Prospective associations of occupational and leisure-time physical activity with risk of diabetes: a cohort study from the United States.

OBJECTIVES: Leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) can reduce the risk of incident diabetes, whereas the role of occupational physical activity (OPA) in developing diabetes is still unclear due to conflicting evidence. Moreover, the joint associations of OPA and LTPA with incident diabetes among US workers have not yet been systematically examined. The objective of this study was to assess the independent and joint associations of OPA and LTPA with incident diabetes. METHODS: This prospective cohort study included 1406 workers free from diabetes at baseline (2004-2006) from the national, population-based Mid-life in the United States (MIDUS) study. Associations of OPA and LTPA at baseline with incident diabetes during 9 years of follow-up were examined using Poisson regression models. High OPA was defined based on engagement in physical demands at work, and high LTPA was defined as participation in moderate or vigorous LTPA at least once per week. RESULTS: High OPA was associated with an increased risk of diabetes compared to low OPA (adjusted risk ratios and 95% confidence interval = 1.52 [1.04, 2.22]), while high LTPA was associated with a decreased risk of diabetes compared to low LTPA (0.66 [0.44, 0.97]). Diabetes risk was the highest among workers with high OPA and low LTPA (2.30 [1.30, 4.07]). CONCLUSIONS: In a national, population-based prospective cohort study of US workers, high OPA was associated with an elevated risk of diabetes, while high LTPA was associated with a decreased diabetes risk. The combination of high OPA and low LTPA exhibited the greatest risk of diabetes.

Parental report of quality of life in autistic children and youths: the role of parents' (informal) social support, and children's active leisure time.

Research examining the quality of life (QoL) in children with autism in relation to leisure behavior is extremely rare. An online survey of parents (N = 282) was conducted to help to fill this gap. Using structural equation model (SEM), the association between the parents' (informal) social support and children's QoL (reported by parents) was examined. In this, parental behavior, children's active leisure time, children's TV consumption, as well as children's self-worth (reported by the parents) were integrated. Findings suggested that the parents' (informal) social support, children's active leisure, and self-worth have a positive effect on children's QoL. Implications of the results are discussed.

Changes in sleep score and leisure-time physical activity, their combination, and all-cause mortality in middle-aged and older Chinese adults: The Dongfeng-Tongji cohort study.

OBJECTIVES: To prospectively investigate the associations of longitudinal changes in sleep score and LTPA and their combination with all-cause mortality. METHODS: Among 12,543 participants (mean age: 66.1 years) from the Dongfeng-Tongji cohort, we calculated sleep score (range, 0-4, integrating bedtime, sleep duration, sleep quality, and midday napping, higher score indicating healthier sleep) and LTPA at baseline (2008-2010) and the first follow-up (2013) surveys and their 5-year changes (defining stable sleep score as no change and stable LTPA as change within 150 min/week). We prospectively documented deaths from the first follow-up survey (2013) through December 31, 2018. RESULTS: During a mean 5.5-year follow-up, 792 deaths occurred. The 5-year changes in sleep score and LTPA were inversely associated with all-cause mortality risk, regardless of their initial values. When assessing 5-year changes in sleep score and LTPA jointly, compared with the stable sleep score-stable LTPA group, the decreased sleep score-decreased LTPA group had a 40 % (5-85 %) higher all-cause mortality risk, whereas the increased sleep score-increased LTPA group had a 34 % (9-52 %) lower risk. The direction of the joint association was mainly driven by sleep score change. Participants maintaining sleep scores ≥ 3 and LTPA ≥ 150 min/week over 5 years had a 44 % (28-56 %) lower all-cause mortality risk. CONCLUSIONS: Promoting sleep hygiene and LTPA together may benefit efforts in reducing mortality risk, with particular attention to monitoring long-term sleep health.

Accelerometry-assessed physical activity and sedentary behavior patterns using single- and multi-component latent class analysis among postmenopausal women.

BACKGROUND: Patterns of physical activity and sedentary behavior among postmenopausal women are not well characterized. OBJECTIVES: To describe the patterns of accelerometer-assessed physical activity and sedentary behavior among postmenopausal women. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. METHODS: Women 63-97 years (n = 6126) wore an ActiGraph GT3X + accelerometer on their hip for 1 week. Latent class analysis was used to classify women by patterns of percent of wake time in physical activity and sedentary behavior over the week. RESULTS: On average, participants spent two-thirds of their day in sedentary behavior (62.3%), 21.1% in light low, 11.0% in light high, and 5.6% in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity. Five classes emerged for each single-component model for sedentary behavior and light low, light high, and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity. Six classes emerged for the multi-component model that simultaneously considered the four behaviors together. CONCLUSION: Unique profiles were identified in both single- and multi-component models that can provide new insights into habitual patterns of physical activity and sedentary behavior among postmenopausal women. IMPLICATIONS: The multi-component approach can contribute to refining public health guidelines that integrate recommendations for both enhancing age-appropriate physical activity levels and reducing time spent in sedentary behavior.

Leisure-Time Physical Activity as a Pathway to Sustainable Living: Insights on Health, Environment, and Green Consumerism.

In the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic, the intricate relationship between health and the environment has emerged with unparalleled significance. This investigation examines the effect of leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) on health and environmental consciousness and its influence on attitudes towards green/sustainable products among 533 individuals. Utilizing linear structural modeling and regression analysis, the findings reveal that participation in sports and leisure activities significantly mediates the connection between individual well-being and eco-responsible consumer behaviors. Highlighting LTPA's crucial role in enhancing environmental awareness, this study offers invaluable perspectives for the green product sector. It advocates for the development of strategies that align with consumers' environmental values, underscoring the essential function of sports and leisure in fostering sustainable consumer practices. Crucially, this underscores the intertwined nature of environmental sustainability and individual health, highlighting their mutual dependence.

The longitudinal relationship between levels of leisure-time physical activity and positive and negative affect among older foreign-born adults with mild cognitive impairment.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to investigate the longitudinal impact of different levels of leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) participation on positive and negative affect among older foreign-born adults with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). METHODS: This study used 2012 to 2020 data from the Health and Retirement Study data (n = 1206) that was analyzed using repeated measured multivariate analysis of covariance. RESULTS: The high-level participation LTPA group reported higher positive affect and lower negative affect than the mid and low-level participation groups. The mid-level LTPA group also reported higher positive and lower negative affect than the low-level LTPA group. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides evidence that high levels of LTPA participation contribute to an increase in positive affect and a reduction of negative affect among older foreign-born adults with MCI. The findings of this study will help fill the gap in research on the longitudinal relationship between levels of LTPA participation and positive and negative affect among older foreign-born adults.

Idiopathic Premature Ventricular Contraction Catheter Ablation, Sedentary Population vs. Athlete's Populations: Outcomes and Resumption of Sports Activity.

There are no investigations about the outcomes of idiopathic PVC catheter ablation (CA) in athletes compared to the sedentary population. We conducted a prospective single-centre observational study. The primary and secondary procedural outcomes were the post-ablation reduction of premature ventricular contractions (PVCs) in an athletes vs. non-athletes group and in agonist vs. leisure-time athletes. The third was the evaluation of the resumption of physical activity and the improvement of symptoms in agonist and leisure-time athletes. From January 2020 to October 2022 we enrolled 79 patients with RVOT/LVOT/fascicular PVC presumed origin. The median percentage of decrease between the pre-procedure and post-procedure Holter monitoring in the non-athletes group was 96 (IQR 68-98) and 98 in the athletes group (IQR 92-99) (p = 0.08). Considering the athletes, the median percentage of decrease in the number of PVCs was 98 (IQR 93-99) and 98 (IQR 87-99), respectively, in leisure-time and agonistic athletes (p = 0.42). Sixteen (70%) leisure time and seventeen (90%) agonist athletes (p = 0.24) have resumed physical activity 3 months after PVC CA; among agonistic athletes, 59% have resumed competitive physical activity. Many leisure-time (88%) and agonist (70%) athletes experienced an improvement in symptoms after ablation. PVC CA was effective and safe in both groups, reducing symptoms and allowing a quick and safe return to sports activities in athletes.

Originalarbeiten / Original Articles. Die Bedeutung der Freizeitgestaltung für die Suizidalität bei Jugendlichen und jungen Erwachsenen.

The Importance of Leisure Activities for Suicidality in Adolescents and Young Adults Leisure time is important for the development of adolescents. It influences adolescents' psychological well-being and psychosocial development. It may also have a protective effect on suicidality. This study investigates how adolescents' leisure time is related to suicidality, distinguishing between general aspects and various specific leisure time activities. Data from adolescents in counseling (n = 25) and the general population (n = 57) were analyzed. Adolescents who spend most of their leisure time alone are more suicidal than adolescents who spend their leisure time with others. General aspects of leisure activities were related to suicidality; among specific activities, only sports activities were found to be significant.The strongest association with suicidality was shared activities with others. Based on these results, it can be shown that leisure time activities could be effective as a preventive measure. In particular, social activities in leisure time should be encouraged.

It doesn't matter if I feel obliged as long as I enjoy it: The associations between organized leisure-time activities and adolescents' mental health and wellbeing.

INTRODUCTION: There is a consensus that adolescents' participation in organized leisure-time activities (OLTAs) is pro-developmental and beneficial for youth mental health. While enjoyment in OLTA is commonly regarded as positive, the role of obligation in the context of adolescents' OLTA has been scarcely researched. The present study investigated how these theoretically contradictory experiences (enjoyment and/or obligation) in OLTA participation relate to adolescents' wellbeing and incidence of psychological complaints accounting for their possible co-occurrence. METHODS: A nationally representative sample of 14,128 eleven-fifteen-year-old adolescents (49.7% girls) drawn from the Czech 2021/2022 Health Behaviour in School-aged Children cross-sectional study was used. A series of multivariate regression analyses assessed how perceptions of obligation and enjoyment in OLTA related to wellbeing and occurrence of psychological complaints. A person-centered approach derived groups of respondents on the basis of their perceptions of obligation and enjoyment. RESULTS: Regression analyses, controlled for sociodemographic and family environment factors, and dimensions of OLTA participation, indicated that adolescents enjoying their OLTA displayed more favourable mental wellbeing reports. In contrast, perceptions of obligation were only weakly associated with more frequent psychological complaints and not at all with wellbeing, unless adolescents also reported the lack of enjoyment. CONCLUSIONS: Enjoyment in OLTA plays a pivotal role in the association between OLTA participation and mental health, whereas the role of obligation is far less pronounced. In fact, if adolescents do not enjoy their participation, but feel obliged to participate, their self-assessed mental wellbeing is comparable to their peers not participating in OLTA at all.

Leisure-time and occupational physical activity and risk of cardiovascular disease incidence: a systematic-review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Physical activity has benefits for the cardiovascular system, however, what levels and types of activity provide optimal cardiovascular health is unclear. We aimed to determine the level of physical activity that has the most benefits against cardiovascular diseases (CVD). METHODS: PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science were searched for prospective cohort studies on leisure-time (LTPA) or occupational physical activity (OPA) as the exposure and major types of CVD (total CVD, coronary heart disease [CHD], stroke, and atrial fibrillation [AF]) incidence as the outcome. Risk of bias of studies was evaluated using the ROBINS-I tool. Summary hazard ratios (HR) were calculated using random-effects pairwise model. RESULTS: A total of 103 studies were included in the analysis. The highest versus the lowest LTPA was associated with a lower risk of overall CVD (HR = 0.81; 95% CI: 0.77-0.86), CHD (HR = 0.83; 0.79-0.88), and stroke (HR = 0.83; 0.79-0.88), but not AF (HR = 0.98; 0.92-1.05). Linear dose-response analyses showed a 10%, 12%, 9%, and 8% risk reduction in CVD, CHD, stroke, and AF incidence, respectively, for every 20 MET-hours/week increase in LTPA. In nonlinear dose-response analyses, there were inverse associations up to 20 MET-hours/week with 19% and 20% reduction in CVD and CHD risk, and up to 25 MET-hours/week with 22% reduction in stroke, with no further risk reduction at higher LTPA levels. For AF, there was a U-shaped nonlinear association with the maximum 8% risk reduction at 10 MET-hours/week of LTPA. Higher levels of OPA were not associated with risk of CVD, CHD, stroke, or AF. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, results showed an inverse dose-response relationship between LTPA and risk of CVD, CHD, stroke, and AF. Running was the most beneficial LTPA but the risk was similar among various LTPA intensities. OPA showed no benefits in total or any type of CVD.

The role of dietary intake of live microbes in the association between leisure-time physical activity and depressive symptoms: a population-based study.

Current research has shown promising associations between factors such as diet, total physical activity, and mental health outcomes, acknowledging the intricate interplay between these variables. However, the role of dietary intake of live microbes, coupled with leisure-time physical activity (LTPA), in their relationship to depressive symptoms necessitates further exploration. The present study examined a cohort of 25 747 individuals who participated in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey between the years 2007 and 2018. Patient's Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) was employed, whereby individuals scoring ≥ 10 were classified as exhibiting symptoms of depression. LTPA status was reported by the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire and calculated by metabolic equivalent-minutes/week. Foods consumed by participants were evaluated by live microbes per gram, which were categorized into three groups: low, medium, and high. After controlling for all covariates, findings indicated that LTPA was negatively associated with depressive symptoms (OR (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.983 (0.976, 0.990), p < 0.001). Participating in more LTPA was positively correlated with consuming all three levels of dietary live microbes (low, ß (95% CI): 0.086 (0.063, 0.109); medium, ß (95% CI): 0.009 (0.007, 0.012); high, ß (95% CI): 0.002 (0.001, 0.002)). Moreover, taking more foods with medium live microbes was associated with lower depressive likelihood (OR (95% CI): 0.931(0.882, 0.982), p = 0.010). Intake of medium and high levels of live microbes mediated the association between LTPA and depressive symptoms by 4.15% and 0.83%, respectively. Dietary intake of foods containing medium and high levels of live microbes may be a mediator of LTPA's negative association with depressive symptoms.

Digital platforms to facilitate physical activities for people with physical or sensory disabilities: A scoping review.

BACKGROUND: People with disabilities (PWD) commonly experience difficulties in accessing their environments, which can lead to restricted participation in outdoor leisure-time physical activity. Participating in outdoor leisure-time physical activity (OLTPA) provides health and social benefits to PWD and benefits to the communities in which they live. OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to identify features existing in digital platforms that facilitate access to OLTPA for PWD. METHODS: A scoping review was conducted in four library databases and in Google advance search to identify relevant scientific and grey literature, and websites. Each step of the review was independently conducted by two co-authors who confirmed consensus of results. Descriptive data analyses were performed. RESULTS: Seven scientific studies and ten websites were included in the scoping review. Seven presented mobile apps, nine presented a website and one presented an online database. Sources reported five main obstacles to using digital platforms that support access to physical activities (e.g., lack of digital literacy, technical issues, unintuitive design), and 10 facilitators (e.g., possibility to personalize your online space, accessibility features of the navigation). Among these sources, a trend emerged in the most important factors and features to consider for the visuals and navigation of the platforms. CONCLUSION: The features of digital platforms that facilitate access to OLTPA include intuitive design compliant with accessibility guidelines and supported by navigation tools, personalization of the online space, and features for social interactions.

NHANES-based analysis of the correlation between leisure-time physical activity, serum cotinine levels and periodontitis risk.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association of leisure-time physical activity and serum cotinine levels with the risk of periodontitis in the general population and to further analyze the interaction between leisure-time physical activity and serum cotinine levels on the risk of periodontitis. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study, extracting data from 9605 (56.19%) participants in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) database from 2009 to 2014, and analyzing the relationship and interaction effects of serum cotinine level, leisure time physical activity, and risk of periodontitis by weighted univariate logistic modeling; Effect sizes were determined using ratio of ratios (OR), 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). RESULTS: 5,397 (56.19%) of 9,605 participants had periodontitis; an increased risk of periodontitis was found in those in the leisure time physical activity intensity < 750 MET × min/week group (OR = 1.44, 95% CI: 1.17-1.78). Serum cotinine levels ≥ 0.05 ng/ml were associated with an increased risk of periodontitis (OR = 1.99, 95% CI: 1.69-2.33). The group with low leisure physical activity and serum cotinine levels ≥ 0.05 ng/ml had an increased risk of periodontitis compared to the group with high leisure physical activity and serum cotinine levels < 0.05 ng/ml (OR = 2.48, 95% CI: 1.88-3.27). Interaction metrics RERI = 0.90 (95% CI: 0.44-1.36) and API = 0.36 (95% CI: 0.18-0.55); CI for SI = 2.55 (95% CI: 1.03-6.28). for API 0.36. CONCLUSION: Leisure time physical activity intensity interacted with smoking exposure on periodontitis risk and may provide the general population with the opportunity to Increasing leisure-time physical activity and smoking cessation may provide recommendations for the general population.

Genetic Background of Acute Heart Rate Response to Exercise.

The acute heart rate response (AHRR) to physical activity, which refers to the change in heart rate during and after exercise, has been associated with cardiovascular and all-cause mortality. Previous studies have shown that AHRR is significantly determined by genetics in addition to environmental and lifestyle factors. The aim of this study was to investigate the genetic background of AHRR by analysing ten single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) in 620 samples from the Hungarian population. The AHRR can be characterised as the difference between post-exercise and resting heart rate, i.e., the delta heart rate (ΔHR) defined by the YMCA 3 min step test, with a lower value indicating better cardiovascular fitness. The association of SNPs with ΔHR was analysed both separately and in combination using an optimised polygenic score (oPGS). The results showed that five SNPs (rs10252228, rs459465, rs6022999, rs8097348, and rs12405556) had at least nominally significant (p < 0.05) individual associations with ΔHR. After optimizing the PGS, a cumulative effect was observed for eight SNPs (rs6022999, rs12405556, rs459465, rs10252228, rs8097348, rs10887741, rs12612420, and rs7023003) that had a strong and statistically significant association with ΔHR (B = -2.51, 95% CI: -3.46--1.76; p = 2.99 × 10-9). Of the four main domains of physical activity, the oPGS showed a significant positive association only with LTPA (B = 84.60; 95%CI: 25.23-143.98; p = 0.005). In conclusion, our results suggest that the SNPs we investigated influence individual leisure-time physical activity, mediated by their effects on the acute heart rate response.