Nitrogen-doped mesoporous activated carbon from Lentinus edodes residue: an optimized adsorbent for pharmaceuticals in aqueous solutions.

In this study, phosphoric acid activation was employed to synthesize nitrogen-doped mesoporous activated carbon (designated as MR1) from Lentinus edodes (shiitake mushroom) residue, while aiming to efficiently remove acetaminophen (APAP), carbamazepine (CBZ), and metronidazole (MNZ) from aqueous solutions. We characterized the physicochemical properties of the produced adsorbents using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), nitrogen adsorption isotherms, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). MR1, MR2, and MR3 were prepared using phosphoric acid impregnation ratios of 1, 2, and 3 mL/g, respectively. Notably, MR1 exhibited a significant mesoporous structure with a volume of 0.825 cm3/g and a quaternary nitrogen content of 2.6%. This endowed MR1 with a high adsorption capacity for APAP, CBZ, and MNZ, positioning it as a promising candidate for water purification applications. The adsorption behavior of the contaminants followed the Freundlich isotherm model, suggesting a multilayer adsorption process. Notably, MR1 showed excellent durability and recyclability, maintaining 95% of its initial adsorption efficiency after five regeneration cycles and indicating its potential for sustainable use in water treatment processes.

Formation and non-covalent interactions of binary and ternary complexes based on ß-casein, Lentinus edodes mycelia polysaccharide, and taxifolin.

Polyphenols, polysaccharides, and proteins are essential nutrients and functional substances present in food, and when present together these components often interact with each other to influence their structure and function. Proteins and polysaccharides are also excellent carrier materials for polyphenols. In this context, this study investigated the non-covalent interactions between taxifolin (TAX), Lentinus edodes mycelia polysaccharide (LMP), and ß-casein (ß-CN). ß-CN and LMP spontaneously formed nanocomplexes by hydrogen bonds and van der Waals forces. The quenching constant and binding constant were (1.94 ± 0.02) × 1013 L mol-1 s-1 and (3.22 ± 0.17) × 105 L mol-1 at 298 K, respectively. The altered conformation of ß-CN, resulting from the binding to LMP, affected the interaction with TAX. LMP significantly enhanced the binding affinity of TAX and ß-CN, but did not change the static quenching binding mode. The binding constant for ß-CN-TAX was (3.96 ± 0.09) × 1013 L mol-1, and that for the interaction between TAX and ß-CN-LMP was (32.06 ± 0.05) × 1013 L mol-1. In summary, ß-CN-LMP nanocomplexes have great potential as a nanocarrier for polyphenols, and this study provides a theoretical foundation for the rational design of non-covalent complexes involving LMP and ß-CN, both in binary and ternary configurations.

Lentinus edodes mycelium polysaccharide inhibits AGEs-induced HUVECs pyroptosis by regulating LncRNA MALAT1/miR-199b/mTOR axis and NLRP3/Caspase-1/GSDMD pathway.

A novel Lentinus edodes mycelia polysaccharide (LMP) prepared in our laboratory has been identified to be effective in inhibiting the damage of islet ß cells induced by glucose toxicity. However, whether it can effectively alleviate the pyroptosis of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) induced by advanced glycation end products (AGEs) remains unclear. Bioinformatics and cell biology techniques were used to explore the mechanism of LMP inhibiting AGEs-induced HUVECs damage. The results indicated that AGEs significantly increased the expression of LncRNA MALAT1, decreased cell viability to 79.67 %, increased intracellular ROS level to 248.19 % compared with the control group, which further led to cell membrane rupture. The release of LDH in cellular supernatant was increased to 149.42 %, and the rate of propidium iodide staining positive cells increased to 277.19 %, indicating the cell pyroptosis occurred. However, the above trend was effectively retrieved after the treatment with LMP. LMP effectively decreased the expression of LncRNA MALAT1 and mTOR, promoted the expression of miR-199b, inhibited AGEs-induced HUVECs pyroptosis by regulating the NLRP3/Caspase-1/GSDMD pathway. LncRNA MALAT1 might be a new target for LMP to inhibit AGEs-induced HUVECs pyroptosis. This study manifested the role of LMP in improving diabetes angiopathy and broadens the application of polysaccharide.

The improvement effects of Lentinus edodes powder marination on sous vide cooked chicken patties: Physicochemical attributes, oxidative properties and flavor characteristics.

The improvement effects of Lentinus edodes powder (LEP) marination with different concentrations (0, 6-14 %) on physicochemical, oxidative and flavor quality of chicken patties were evaluated. Greater pH, redness, yellowness, water holding capacity and their strong correlations were observed in LEP-marinated samples. Changed water distribution, inhibited lipid oxidation and enhanced protein oxidation occurred through LEP marination. The highest gel strength and resilience and the lowest hardness and chewiness were obtained in 10 % LEP-marinated sample. Meanwhile, taste activity values of amino acids and saltiness peaked and umami rose in this sample. 124 volatiles were detected and 16 compounds were simultaneously detected by gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Hexanal, 1,2,4-trithiolane and 1-hexanol were considered as the key differential aroma-active compounds according to odor activity values and chemometric analysis. This study confirmed LEP as a prospective ingredient to improve the quality of meat products.

Effects of different cooking methods on proximate composition, digestion characteristics, and antioxidant activity of Lentinus edodes.

Lentinus edodes (SM) are highly appreciated by the food industry together with consumers for nutrition and flavour. It is hypothesized the results of our study can indicate to the suitable cooking method for maximal nutrient retention, this study investigated the effects of six cooking methods on the proximate composition, digestive properties, and antioxidant activities of SM in vitro simulated digestion. The results revealed that the ash and protein contents of cooked samples were reduced excluding steaming and roasting, and likewise minerals during deep-frying and boiling (e.g., Mg from 1080.07 to 629.03 mg/kg, deep-frying). A conspicuous rise in fat and energy was found in deep-frying and stir-frying. Steaming retained more reducing sugar (3.80 mg/mL). Roasting improved bioaccessibility of most amino acids (e.g., 82.61%, Asp). Using oil as a medium was associated with higher antioxidant activities using water. Steaming and roasting were better for preserving the nutrient composition of cooked Lentinus edodes.

Allosteric switch for electrochemical aptasensor toward heavy metals pollution of Lentinus edodes sensitized with porphyrinic metal-organic frameworks.

BACKGROUND: Lentinan medicament from Lentinus edodes has been considered as natural medicinal products with minimal side effects for cancer therapy, but Lentinus edodes are easily polluted by nonbiodegradable heavy metals, especially silver ion (Ag+). Therefore, it is highly desirable to monitor Ag + pollution in Lentinus edodes considering their adverse impact on lentinan medicament. Electrochemical sensor isn't affected from the interference of matrix turbidity and color, and offers a powerful means for determination of variant analytes. As for electrochemical sensing toward Ag+, there is a great need to design efficient signal probes for specific recognition and signal generation. RESULTS: We present an appropriate electrochemical aptasensor for Ag + assay based on biomimetic catalysis of porphyrin-encapsulated MOF (PorMOF) and allosteric switch of C-rich DNA. Thanks to the excellent biocompatibility, PorMOFs as nanozyme are used to design signal probes by loading duplex-like DNA scaffold. Owing to the specific recognition of Ag+ toward cytosine (C) base-rich DNA, PorMOF at the distal end was close to the underlying electrode via C-Ag+-C formation, leading to an enhanced current of catalytic hydroxylamine oxidation for signal generation. Using the positive correlation between current response and Ag+ level, the electrochemical system provides a promising means for on-line monitoring of Ag+ in Lentinus edodes with recoveries from 92.8% to 106.4% and relative standard deviation from 3.98% to 8.24%, verifying the applicability of the electrochemical aptasensor toward Ag+ in Lentinus edodes. SIGNIFICANCE AND NOVELTY: With merits of portability, simple operation, and rapid response, the electrochemical pattern offers a useful solution for on-line monitoring of Ag+ in Lentinus edodes. By altering the DNA sequence, the proposed aptasensor provides a powerful way for monitoring other heavy metals, capable of protecting medicament production from heavy metal pollution.

Preparation and Product Characterization of Microwaveable Food Using Lentinus edodes Protein through 3D Printing.

The Lentinus edodes protein (LP) is a high-quality protein known for its well-balanced amino acid composition. In this study, we developed three-dimensional (3D)-printed microwaveable food using a combination of LP and potato flour, and optimized the formulation to achieve a ratio of LP: potato flour: xanthan gum: water = 2:8:1:23. The 3D-printed samples exhibited better shape, weight, and size compared to the molded samples after microwave treatment, with the most favorable microwave effect observed at a 90% filling ratio. The LP content affected the viscosity and retrogradation value of the LP-potato starch mixture. Microwave duration affected the surface hardness, interior softness, and moisture content of the product. The highest overall score of 8.295 points was obtained with a microwave processing duration of 2 min. This study lays a foundation for the development of LP-based 3D-printed food.

Untargeted Metabolomic Analysis Combined with Chemometrics Revealed the Effects of Different Cooking Methods on Lentinus edodes.

Cooking methods affect the compositions of Lentinus edodes metabolites. Nevertheless, little information is available on the specific impact of different cooking methods on Lentinus edodes via metabolomic analysis. This study determined the influence of boiling, steaming, air-frying, and roasting on the metabolomic profiles of Lentinus edodes based on UHPLC-Q-Exactive Orbitrap MS/MS in combination with chemometrics. A total of 990 metabolites were detected and classified into 11 super-classes. Subsequently, the metabolites of the four cooking methods were distinguished using multivariate statistical analysis. The results showed that boiling caused a massive loss of metabolites while roasting and air-frying led to an evident upregulation. The upregulation of metabolites in the steaming groups was not as significant as in roasting and air-frying. This study provided reference data for a comprehensive understanding of the metabolites associated with domestic cooking methods and valuable guidance for the development of Lentinus edodes and its products in the future.

Transglutaminase-Catalyzed Glycosylation Improved Physicochemical and Functional Properties of Lentinus edodes Protein Fraction.

Lentinula edodes has high nutritional value and abundant protein. In order to develop and utilize edible mushroom protein, this study was designed to investigate the effects of TGase-catalyzed glycosylation and cross-linking on the physicochemical and functional properties of Lentinus edodes protein fraction. The results showed that within a certain time, glycosylation and TGase-catalyzed glycosylation decreased the total sulfydryl, free sulfydryl, disulfide bond, surface hydrophobicity, ß-fold and α-helix, but increased the fluorescence intensity, random coil, ß-turn, particle size and thermal stability. The apparent viscosity and the shear stress of the protein with an increase in shear rate were increased, indicating that TGase-catalyzed glycosylation promoted the generation of cross-linked polymers. In addition, the TGase-catalyzed glycosylated proteins showed a compact texture structure similar to the glycosylated proteins at the beginning, indicating that they formed a stable three-dimensional network structure. The flaky structure of proteins became more and more obvious with time. Moreover, the solubility, emulsification, stability and oil-holding capacity of enzymatic glycosylated Lentinus edodes protein fraction were significantly improved because of the proper TGase effects of glycosylation grafting and cross-linking. These results showed that glycosylation and TGase-catalyzed glycosylation could improve the processing characteristics of the Lentinula edodes protein fraction to varying degrees.

ß-Glucan produced by Lentinus edodes suppresses breast cancer progression via the inhibition of macrophage M2 polarization by integrating autophagy and inflammatory signals.

BACKGROUND: ß-Glucan from Lentinus edodes (LNT), an edible mushroom, possesses strong anticancer activity. However, the therapeutic effects of LNT during the occurrence and progression of breast cancer and their underlying molecular mechanisms have not been elucidated. METHODS: Mouse mammary tumor virus-polyoma middle tumor-antigen (MMTV-PyMT) transgenic mice were used as a breast cancer mouse model. Hematoxylin and eosin, immunohistochemical, and immunofluorescence staining were performed for histopathological analysis. Moreover, we developed an inflammatory cell model using tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). Macrophage polarization was assessed using western blot analysis and immunofluorescence. RESULTS: Orphan nuclear receptor 77 (Nur77) and sequestosome-1 (p62) were highly expressed and positively correlated with each other in breast cancer tissues. LNT significantly inhibited tumor growth, ameliorated inflammatory cell infiltration, and induced tumor cell apoptosis in PyMT transgenic mice. Moreover, LNT attenuated the ability of tumors to metastasize to lung tissue. Mechanistically, LNT treatment restrained macrophage polarization from M1 to M2 phenotype and promoted autophagic cell death by inhibiting Nur77 expression, AKT/mTOR signaling, and inflammatory signals in breast tumor cells. However, LNT did not exhibit a direct pro-autophagic effect on tumor cell death, except for its inhibitory effect on Nur77 expression. LNT-mediated autophagic tumor cell death depends on M1 macrophage polarization. In in vitro experiments, LNT inhibited the upregulation of p62, autophagy activation, and inflammatory signaling pathways in Nur77 cells. CONCLUSION: LNT inhibited macrophage M2 polarization and subsequently blocked the AKT/mTOR and inflammatory signaling axes in breast cancer cells, thereby promoting autophagic tumor cell death. Thus, LNT may be a promising therapeutic strategy for breast cancer.

Therapeutic Effects of Medicinal Mushrooms on Gastric, Breast, and Colorectal Cancer: A Scoping Review.

Cancer is the leading cause of mortality globally. With anticancer medications causing severe adverse effects, understanding the role of alternative and efficacious anticancer treatments with minimal or no side effects can be beneficial. Edible mushrooms have been associated with certain health benefits and exhibit a broad range of pharmacological activities, including anti-inflammatory and immunomodulating activities. The anticancer potential of different mushrooms is now being tested. The goal of this scoping review was to discuss the most recent and available evidence on the therapeutic uses of medicinal mushrooms in cancer treatment, specifically those cancers with some of the highest mortality rates (i.e., gastric, breast, and colorectal cancer). Randomly controlled trials, clinical trials, and retrospective cohort studies (with placebo group) with human subjects published between 2012-2023 were searched using the databases Embase, Ovid MEDLINE, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINHAL), and Alt HealthWatch. The initial search yielded 2,202 articles. After removing 853 duplicate citations, 1,349 articles remained and were screened for study eligibility and accessibility, leaving 26 articles. The inclusion and exclusion criteria were then used to assess the remaining 26 full-text articles and nine articles were selected for the final review. The characteristics of the nine studies reported the efficacy of medicinal mushrooms Lentinus edodes (Shiitake), Coriolus versicolor (Turkey Tail), and Agaricus Sylvaticus (Scaly Wood), in treating symptoms, medication side effects, anti-tumor effects, and survival outcomes in gastric, breast, and colorectal cancers. Findings from this review suggest that medicinal mushrooms have the potential to prevent lymph node metastasis, prolong overall survival, decrease chemotherapy-induced side effects (e.g., diarrhea, vomiting), affect the immune system, and help maintain immune function and quality of life in patients with certain cancers. More research is needed with human subjects using RCTs with larger samples to ensure accurate outcomes and ascertain the most efficacious dosages.

Characterization of an active film prepared with Lentinus edodes (shiitake) polysaccharide and its effect on post-harvest quality and storage of shiitake.

The aim of this study was to prepare a film based on shiitake (Lentinus edodes) stalk polysaccharides (LEP) for mushroom preservation. The effects of different LEP concentrations on physical, mechanical, antioxidant, and antimicrobial properties of the prepared film were evaluated. Using scanning electron microscopy, it was revealed that the addition of 1.5 % LEP resulted in homogeneous distribution in the prepared film, as well as greatly improved its antimicrobial properties. Moreover, LEP film resulted in superior mushroom preservation by regulating enzyme activities related to mushroom browning and softening, thereby decaying these processes. In addition, the prepared film maintained mushroom quality by reducing the accumulation of H2O2 and activating the regulatory system against oxidative stress. Collectively, the findings of the present study highlight the potential benefits of LEP films as a strategy to improve mushroom quality and prevent post-harvest spoilage, hence constituting a novel prospect for the development of shiitake by-products.

Insoluble dietary fibers from Lentinus edodes stipes improve the gel properties of pork myofibrillar protein: A water distribution, microstructure and intermolecular interactions study.

This paper investigated the effects of Lentinus edodes stipes insoluble dietary fiber (LESIDF, 0%-3.0%) on the quality and microscopic properties of pork myofibrillar protein (MP) gels. The results showed that the water holding capacity and gel strength of composite gels enhanced with increasing LESIDF (1.0%-2.5%), and reached the maximum at the level of 2.5%-3.0%. Disulfide and non-disulfide covalent bonds were major chemical forces maintaining the 3D network of LESIDF-MP composite gels. LESIDF also promoted the formation of ionic and hydrogen bonds, confirmed by the self-assembly of ß-sheets to α-helices, leading to a compact gel network structure. The observation of paraffin section revealed that LESIDF could capture more water molecules in gels, which was consistent with the transformation of free water to immobilized water. Overall, the optimal addition of LESIDF was 2.5%-3.0%, which provided a good strategy for LESIDF as an agricultural by-product to improve the quality of gel meat products.

Biosynthesis, behavior and fate of volatile organic sulfide in Lentinus edodes (Berk.) upon hot-air drying treatment.

This study elucidated the biosynthesis and changing behaviors of organic sulfide in shiitake mushrooms upon hot-air drying treatment. The changes of aw, moisture migration, contours of taste and flavor, organic sulfide, and 4 key enzyme activities were monitored throughout three drying procedures (CT/ST1/ST2). Results showed that drying rate was related to the moisture migration. Key enzymes of γ-GTase, ASFase and CS lyase were heat-resistant proteases, while C-Dase exhibited low thermal stability with the activity decreased during treatment. A total of 17 organic sulfides were identified and PLS analyses suggested 6 cyclic polysulfides were formed by C-Dase desulfurization, while 5 thioethers generation were related to the thermal cleavage of direct precursors (straight-chain di/tris/tetrasulfonyl esters) and Maillard reaction. These results indicated that ST2 drying procedures had a positive effect on the formation of cyclic polysulfides at the end of drying pried and the achievement of premium flavor qualities.

Effect of Different Cooking Methods on Nutrients, Antioxidant Activities and Flavors of Three Varieties of Lentinus edodes.

This work evaluated the effect of different cooking methods (boiling, steaming, microwaving, frying and pressure cooking) on the nutrients, antioxidant activities, volatile and nonvolatile taste-active components of three varieties of Lentinus edodes (808, 0912 and LM) from Guizhou Province. The results showed that LM had the most polysaccharides, 0912 had the most minerals, but LM, 808 and 0912 had low amounts of polyphenols, dietary fiber and proteins, respectively. The dietary fiber and protein were decreased by 4.1~38.7% and 4.1~44.0% during cooking, while microwaving improved the nutritional value of the Lentinus edodes by increasing the polysaccharide (88~103 mg/g to 93~105 mg/g) and polyphenol content (6.4~8.1 mg/g to 7.5~11.2 mg/g), thereby strengthening the antioxidant activity. The nucleotides were all destroyed after cooking, especially frying or boiling. The glutamate content was the highest in LM and 808, and the methionine content appeared to be the highest in 0912. Pressure cooking and frying increased the proportions of sweet and umami amino acids and decreased the proportion of bitter amino acids, creating more aroma-active compounds. In summary, microwaving increased the content of bioactive compounds and antioxidant activities, and it preserved nonvolatile taste-active components, while pressure cooking and frying were the best methods for increasing the flavor compounds.

Effect of color protection treatment on the browning and enzyme activity of Lentinus edodes during processing.

Fresh Lentinus edodes (L. edodes) are prone to browning (including enzymatic and nonenzymatic browning), which affects their quality and leads to economic losses during later processing. This study explored various effective color protection methods (color protection reagent and/or blanching) for inhibiting the browning of L. edodes. First, a single-factor experiment and a response surface method were used to optimize the concentration of the color retention reagent. The compound color retention reagent (comprising 0.1% phytic acid, 0.8% sodium citrate, and 0.5% d-sodium erythorbate) had the smallest total color difference (ΔE) value, suggesting that the compound color reagent had a better inhibiting effect than the single agent. Following this, the blanching conditions were studied; the polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity was the lowest when the blanching temperature was 90°C and blanching time 180 s, indicating that browning is likely to be minimal. Finally, comparing the oxidase activity and total color difference (ΔE) revealed that combining the two color protection methods inhibits browning better than using a single method (color protection reagent or blanching). In addition, the polysaccharide and vitamin C (VC) contents of L. edodes under optimal color protection conditions were determined, which were 0.96 and 2.54 g/100 g fresh weight (FW), respectively. The results demonstrated that this color protection method effectively inhibits browning, reduces the nutritional loss, and improves the quality of L. edodes.

Identification of matB used as an endogenous reference gene for the qualitative and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction detection of Lentinus edodes.

Lentinus edodes is a fungus with rich nutritional value and good medicinal value and has accordingly become a substitute for other expensive wild edible mushrooms. In this study, for the first time, the matB gene was selected as an endogenous reference gene of L. edodes and identified as the species-specific gene. The matB genes of L. edodes and 18 non-L. edodes species were determined by qualitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR), but no amplification was found in non-L. edodes species. In SYBR Green quantitative PCR analysis, the detection limit was as low as 16 pg/µl of DNA template. All of these experiments indicated that the matB gene is an ideal reference gene and can detect L. edodes material through qualitative and quantitative PCR assays. It also provides a convenient and accurate approach for the detection of L. edodes products and the adulteration in wild edible mushroom products.

The effect of superfine grinding on physicochemical properties of three kinds of mushroom powder.

The effects of superfine grinding on apparent structure, physicochemical properties, and functional characteristics of three kinds of mushroom (Lentinus edodes, Hericium erinaceus, and Cordyceps militaris) powders were investigated. Coarse and 100-mesh powders of the mushrooms were prepared by common grinding, while a superfine powder was obtained by superfine grinding. By comparing the mushrooms before and after grinding, it was found that the mushroom fines did not produce new chemical groups but increased crystallinity. The results of the physicochemical properties revealed that the fines became less fluid after grinding. The protein content and solubility increased as the particle size decreased. The water and oil holding capacity, glucose binding capacity, cation exchange capacity, and antioxidant activity of the mushroom fines increased after grinding. This study provides a theoretical basis for the development process of edible mushroom food, as well as new ideas for the development of edible mushrooms.

Effect of shiitake mushrooms polysaccharide and chitosan coating on softening and browning of shiitake mushrooms (Lentinus edodes) during postharvest storage.

We investigated the browning and softening of fresh Lentinula edodes (LE) coated with polysaccharides (LEP) isolated from LE stalks and stored at 4 °C for 15 days. The results showed that compared to the chitosan-coated and uncoated LE, the LEP-treated mushrooms showed significant improvements in several qualities during storage, such as reduced weight loss, retention of hardness and springiness, improved soluble protein content, and reduced browning, malondialdehyde content, and electrolyte leakage rate. The best results were obtained with 1.5 % LEP. LEP improved the activities of peroxidase, catalase, superoxide dismutase, ascorbate peroxidase, and phenylalanine ammonialyase and significantly reduced the accumulation of hydrogen peroxide during storage compared to the control samples. In addition, the LEP treatment maintained the high antioxidant activity of LE during storage. Notably, LEP inhibited browning-related enzymes (polyphenol oxidase and tyrosinase) to reduce browning. It also maintained high levels of cellulase, chitinase, and ß-1,3 glucanase to improve softening during storage. These findings suggest the potential of LEP to improve the post-harvest quality of mushrooms, allowing a storage period of up to 15 days (extending the shelf life by six days) and indirectly suggesting that the polysaccharide component of LEP can act as a self-defense additive to protect against spoilage during storage.

Effect on purine releasement of Lentinus edodes by different food processing techniques.

Lentinus edodes (LE) is very popular in the world and also considered as high purine food. However, few focuses on purine types and its change during food processing. Here, we first compared 3 drying techniques, including roast-drying, freeze-drying, sun-drying on purine contents of LE by using acidolysis and HPLC. It showed that adenine decreased significantly after roast-drying (120 °C), which may be caused by thermal damage of DNA. Total purine decreased significantly after freeze-drying, while roast-dried and sun-dried LE remained unchanged. The effect of moist heat (boiling) on LE purine were also evaluated. Total purine increased due to xanthine increasement (331.72 ± 50.07%). And purine contents transferred into boiled liquid was higher than that in boiled solid. Compared with sun-dry and roast-dry processing, freeze-drying could notably affect the purine release from LE and decrease purine contents. Therefore, freeze-drying is recommended for process techniques for hyperuricemia and gouts populations.