ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Secondary hyperalgesia in individuals with less severe levels of knee osteoarthritis remains unclear. The objective of this study was to measure the pressure pain threshold of individuals with mild or moderate knee osteoarthritis and compare with no osteoarthritis. METHODS: Ten healthy controls and 30 individuals with mild or moderate knee osteoarthritis divided into two groups (unilateral and bilateral involvement) were included. Dermatomes in lumbar levels (L1, L2, L3, L4 and L5) and sacral level (S1 and S2), myotomes (vastus medialis, vastus lateralis, rectus femoris, adductor longus, tibialis anterior, peroneus longus, iliacus, quadratus lumborum, and popliteus muscles), and sclerotomes in lumbar levels (L1-L2, L2-L3, L3-L4, L4-L5 supraspinous ligaments), over the L5-S1 and S1-S2 sacral areas, pes anserinus bursae, and at the patellar tendon pressure pain threshold were assessed and compared between individuals with and without knee osteoarthritis. RESULTS: Knee osteoarthritis groups (unilateral and bilateral) reported lower pressure pain threshold compared to the control group in most areas (dermatomes, myotomes, and sclerotomes). There were no between group differences in the supra-spinous ligaments and over the L5-S1 and S1-S2 sacral areas of the sclerotomes. No difference was seen between knee osteoarthritis. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that individuals with mild to moderate knee osteoarthritis had primary and secondary hyperalgesia, independent of unilateral or bilateral involvement. These results suggest that the pain have to be an assertive focus in the clinical practice, independent of the level of severity or involvement of knee osteoarthritis.
Subject(s)
Hyperalgesia/etiology , Knee/physiopathology , Osteoarthritis, Knee/complications , Pain Threshold/physiology , Pressure/adverse effects , Aged , Disability Evaluation , Female , Health Surveys , Humans , Hyperalgesia/physiopathology , Knee/innervation , Male , Middle Aged , Osteoarthritis, Knee/physiopathology , Trigger PointsABSTRACT
ABSTRACT Background: Secondary hyperalgesia in individuals with less severe levels of knee osteoarthritis remains unclear. The objective of this study was to measure the pressure pain threshold of individuals with mild or moderate knee osteoarthritis and compare with no osteoarthritis. Methods: Ten healthy controls and 30 individuals with mild or moderate knee osteoarthritis divided into two groups (unilateral and bilateral involvement) were included. Dermatomes in lumbar levels (L1, L2, L3, L4 and L5) and sacral level (S1 and S2), myotomes (vastus medialis, vastus lateralis, rectus femoris, adductor longus, tibialis anterior, peroneus longus, iliacus, quadratus lumborum, and popliteus muscles), and sclerotomes in lumbar levels (L1-L2, L2-L3, L3-L4, L4-L5 supraspinous ligaments), over the L5-S1 and S1-S2 sacral areas, pes anserinus bursae, and at the patellar tendon pressure pain threshold were assessed and compared between individuals with and without knee osteoarthritis. Results: Knee osteoarthritis groups (unilateral and bilateral) reported lower pressure pain threshold compared to the control group in most areas (dermatomes, myotomes, and sclerotomes). There were no between group differences in the supra-spinous ligaments and over the L5-S1 and S1-S2 sacral areas of the sclerotomes. No difference was seen between knee osteoarthritis. Conclusion: These findings suggest that individuals with mild to moderate knee osteoarthritis had primary and secondary hyperalgesia, independent of unilateral or bilateral involvement. These results suggest that the pain have to be an assertive focus in the clinical practice, independent of the level of severity or involvement of knee osteoarthritis.
RESUMO Introdução: A ocorrência de hiperalgesia secundária em indivíduos com níveis menos graves de osteoartrite de joelho ainda é incerta. O objetivo deste estudo foi medir o limiar de dor à pressão (LDP) de indivíduos com osteoartrite de joelho (OAJ) leve ou moderada e comparar com indivíduos sem osteoartrite. Métodos: Foram incluídos 10 controles saudáveis e 30 indivíduos com OAJ leve ou moderada, divididos em dois grupos (envolvimento unilateral e bilateral). Foi avaliado e comparado o LDP em dermátomos (L1, L2, L3, L4, L5, S1 e S2), miótomos (músculos vasto medial, vasto lateral, reto femoral, adutor longo, tibial anterior, fibular longo, ilíaco, quadrado lombar e poplíteo) e esclerótomos (ligamentos supraespinais L1-L2, L2-L3, L3-L4, L4-L5), sobre as áreas sacrais L5-S1 e S1-S2, bolsa anserina e tendão patelar entre os indivíduos com e sem OAJ. Resultados: Os grupos OAJ (unilateral e bilateral) relataram menor LDP em comparação com o grupo controle na maior parte das áreas (dermátomos, miótomos e esclerótomos). Não houve diferenças entre os grupos nos ligamentos supraespinais e ao longo das áreas sacrais L5-S1 e S1-S2 dos esclerótomos. Não foi observada qualquer diferença entre os indivíduos com OAJ. Conclusão: Esses achados sugerem que os indivíduos com OAJ leve a moderada tinham hiperalgesia primária e secundária, independentemente do acometimento unilateral ou bilateral. Esses resultados sugerem que a dor precisa ser um foco assertivo na prática clínica, independentemente do grau de gravidade ou envolvimento da OAJ.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Aged , Pressure/adverse effects , Pain Threshold/physiology , Osteoarthritis, Knee/complications , Hyperalgesia/etiology , Knee/physiopathology , Health Surveys , Osteoarthritis, Knee/physiopathology , Disability Evaluation , Trigger Points , Hyperalgesia/physiopathology , Knee/innervation , Middle AgedABSTRACT
Este trabalho objetivou avaliar a prevalência de subgrupos da Disfunção Temporomandibular (DTM) e hábitos parafuncionais orais em indivíduos portadores de zumbido subjetivo, sendo comparados com indivíduos sem zumbido. Duzentos indivíduos, de ambos os gêneros, com idade entre 18 a 60 anos, participaram do estudo. Inicialmente, foram subdivididos, com auxílio do exame otorrinolaringológico, em grupo experimental (n=100), indivíduos portadores de zumbido subjetivo, e grupo controle (n=100), voluntários sem qualquer queixa de zumbido. A análise da prevalência de DTM, bem como o estudo dos seus sinais e sintomas, foi feita segundo os critérios de diagnóstico Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (RDC/TMD). O Limiar de Dor à Pressão (LDP) dos músculos masseter e temporais (anterior, médio e posterior) foram medidos bilateralmente, por meio de um algômetro KRATOS®, e a dor subjetiva pela Escala de Análise Visual (EAV). O estudo da presença dos hábitos parafuncionais orais, apertamento dentário diurno e bruxismo do sono, foi feito através do auto-relato e da aplicação de exame clínico de bruxismo, respectivamente. Os dados obtidos foram submetidos à análise estatística (Testes Qui-Quadrado, t de Student e Mann-Whitney e Coeficiente de Correlação de Spearman), em um nível de significância de 5%. Foi encontrada uma maior prevalência de DTM no grupo experimental quando comparado ao grupo controle (p < 0,05). De uma maneira geral, os sinais e sintomas de DTM avaliados foram mais prevalentes no grupo experimental em comparação ao grupo controle, como a presença de dor à palpação na ATM e de ruídos articulares na abertura bucal, maior tempo de dor e maior grau de severidade de dor crônica.
O resultado médio da EAV encontrado foi estatisticamente maior no grupo experimental (p < 0,05), contudo os LDPs não apresentaram diferença significativa entre os grupos. A análise dos hábitos parafuncionais mostrou diferença estatisticamentente significativa da presença de bruxismo noturno entre os grupos, sendo mais prevalente no grupo experimental (p < 0,05). Houve uma correlação positiva estatisticamente significativa entre a severidade do zumbido e a severidade da dor crônica (p < 0,05) e entre o tempo de zumbido e o tempo de dor (p < 0,05). Conclui-se que parece existir uma forte correlação entre os sinais e sintomas da DTM e o zumbido de caráter subjetivo.
The aim of this study was to study the prevalence of Temporomandibular Disorders (TMD) subgroups and oral parafunctional habits, daytime clenching and sleep bruxism, in patients with subjective tinnitus when compared to a group of asymptomatic volunteers. Two hundred patients (ages between 18-60 years-old) participated in this study, divided into two groups, according to the presence (experimental) or not (comparison) of subjective tinnitus. According to the RDC/TMD criteria, the subgroups were determined. The Pain Pressure Threshold (PPT) values of masseter and temporalis (anterior, middle, and posterior regions) muscles were recorded bilaterally with an algometer and a visual analog scale (VAS) was used to address subjective pain. The severity of the TMD was determined by using an anamnestic questionnaire while a self-reported questionnaire detected parafuncional habits. Data were submitted to statistical analysis (Chi-square, t Student, Mann-Whitney and Spearmans Correlation), at a 5% significance level. The prevalence of signs and symptoms of TMD was significantly associated with the presence of tinnitus (p=.001). The three most prevalent TMD subgroups in tinnitus patients (p < .05) were myofascial pain with temporomandibular joint (TMJ) internal derangement (39%), disc displacement with reduction (44,33%) and arthralgy (53,54%). The PPT values were lower (p > .05) while VAS was statistically higher (p < .05) for tinnitus patients. The severity of TMD was associated with tinnitus (p=0.001). Both, the report of sleep bruxism (58%), as well as of daytime clenching (60%) were found more frequently in tinnitus patients. Significant difference, however, was detected only for the report of bruxism (p < .05). These results suggest that an association exists between TMD and subjective tinnitus.
