ABSTRACT
The Global Program to Eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis (GPELF) is a program that aims to eliminate lymphatic filariasis by 2030. The GPELF strategy is based on interrupting transmission using mass drug administration (MDA) and, in parallel, managing morbidity cases. However, it has been seen that there is a shortage of research in the literature and public policies regarding this last pillar. In this study, we reviewed the literature and available information regarding the burden of filarial morbidity. In addition, we identified that in the Americas, the implementation of structured services with regard to morbidity assistance in the Americas was scarce. We formed a review that aimed to assess the pathogenesis, epidemiology, repercussions, and treatment of filarial morbidity in countries in the Americas where lymphatic filariasis is endemic. Structured searches were carried out on PubMed, LILACS, Scopus, and Web of Science databases without time and language restrictions. Three reviewers evaluated the 2150 studies and performed data extraction, and quality assessment by assigning scores to the studies found. The current literature and available information on the burden of filarial morbidity, as well as the implementation of structured services with regard to morbidity assistance in the Americas, were all found to be scarce. Now that this knowledge gap has been identified, both health services and researchers need to seek the implementation and enhancement of the maintenance of GPELF strategies that relate to the morbidity pillar.
Subject(s)
Elephantiasis, Filarial , Elephantiasis, Filarial/drug therapy , Elephantiasis, Filarial/epidemiology , Elephantiasis, Filarial/prevention & control , Humans , MorbidityABSTRACT
Lymphatic filariasis (LF) causes a wide range of clinical signs and symptoms, including urogenital manifestations. Transmission control and disability/morbidity management/control are the two pillars of the overall elimination strategy for LF. Lymph scrotum is an unusual urological clinical presentation of LF with important medical, psychological, social and economic repercussions. A retrospective case series study was conducted on outpatients attended at the National Reference Service for Filariasis, in an endemic area for filariasis (Recife, Brazil), between 2000 and 2007. Over this period, 6,361 patients were attended and seven cases with lymph scrotum were identified. Mean patient age was 45 years (range, 26 to 64 years). Mean disease duration was 8.5 years (range, two to 15 years). All patients had evidence of filarial infection from at least one laboratory test (parasitological, antigen investigation or "filarial dance sign" on ultrasound). Six patients presented histories of urological surgery. The authors highlight the importance of the association between filarial infection and the inadequate surgical and clinical management of hydrocele in an endemic area, as risk factors for lymph scrotum. Thus, filarial infection should be routinely investigated in all individuals presenting urological morbidity within endemic areas, in order to identify likely links in the transmission chain.
A filariose linfática (FL) é responsável por uma grande variedade de sinais e sintomas clínicos incluindo manifestações urogenitais. O controle da transmissão e da incapacitação bem como o manuseio da morbidade são os dois pilares da estratégia global de eliminação da FL. O linfoescroto é uma rara apresentação da FL, tendo importantes repercussões do ponto de vista clínico, psicológico e socioeconômico. Realizou-se um estudo retrospectivo de uma série de casos com diagnóstico de linfoescroto, identificados entre os 6.361 pacientes ambulatoriais atendidos no período de 2000 a 2007 no Serviço de Referência Nacional em Filarioses (Recife, Brasil) área endêmica de filariose. Foram identificados sete casos, com a idade média de 45 anos (com variação de 26 a 64 anos). O tempo médio de evolução da doença foi de 8,5 anos (com variação de 2 a 15 anos). Todos apresentavam evidência de infecção filarial por algum dos exames realizados (parasitológico, pesquisa antigênica ou "sinal da dança da filaria" na ultrasonografia). Seis pacientes relatavam historia prévia de cirurgia urológica. Os autores destacam a importância da associação da infecção filarial e de inadequado manuseio cirúrgico e de acompanhamento de pacientes com hidrocele de uma área endêmica, como fatores de risco para o surgimento de linfoescroto. Assim, a infecção filarial deve ser rotineiramente investigada em todos os indivíduos procedentes de áreas endêmicas apresentando morbidade urológica, para identificar melhor os elementos da cadeia de transmissão.
