Teenage pregnancy in Tambogrande, Peru: causes, consequences and cycles of violence and disadvantage.

Teenage pregnancy carries adverse consequences for health and well-being. In this article, we investigate the perceived causes, consequences and cycles of violence and disadvantage associated with teenage pregnancy in Tambogrande, Peru using an applied anthropological approach. Data were drawn from a larger project investigating the relationship between water insecurity and gender-based violence in Indonesia and Peru. The analysis presented here is derived from 49 semi-structured interviews and 5 focus groups with local community members and stakeholders in Peru. Study participants highlighted two main factors contributing to teenage pregnancy in Tambogrande: machismo and religious deterrents to contraceptive use. Participants described how these factors overlapped, resulting in gendered power imbalances that increased the risk of violence, decreased educational opportunities, and reduced the economic independence of women. However, study participants stated that educational interventions targeting machismo could reduce teenage pregnancy and break the associated cycle of disadvantage. Future research will further investigate local social and gender norms to inform the design of a rights-based educational intervention, targeting upstream factors associated with teenage pregnancy in this area.

Is the link between the Dark Tetrad and the acceptance of sexual violence mediated by sexual machismo?

Previous studies have established relationships between the Dark Tetrad traits and sexual violence and its acceptance through myths about this type of violence. Sexual violence is positively associated with machismo, with sexist beliefs having been found to be linked with the Dark Tetrad and with the acceptance of sexual violence. Using a community sample comprising 362 adults between the ages of 18 and 70 (M = 35.6, SD = 14.3) and three self-report measures, this cross-sectional study aimed to explore the mediating role of sexual machismo in the relationship between each of the Dark Tetrad traits and the acceptance of sexual violence, both in the overall sample and by gender, as well as whether a significant variance in this acceptance is explained by the "dark" traits, sexual machismo, and gender. In the regression, sexual machismo (the male) gender, and only Machiavellianism were uniquely associated with the acceptance of sexual violence, and sexual machismo partially mediated the associations between the Dark Tetrad and the acceptance of sexual violence. These findings indicate that being male and higher in sexism is more closely linked with the acceptance of sexual violence than most Dark Tetrad traits. Moreover, the associations between the Dark Tetrad, sexual machismo, and the acceptance of sexual violence were stronger in men, consistent with the notion that these traits facilitate a "male" exploitive mating strategy, which likely also extends to victim-blaming and positive attitudes about sexual violence more broadly. Lastly, the results emphasize the pervasiveness of beliefs about male superiority over women and its relationship with victim-blaming even in women.

Cartografias de mulheres no asfalto: diálogos sobre o complexo cultural do machismo / Maps of women on the asphalt: dialogues about the cultural complex of machismo / Cartografías de mujeres en el asfalto: diálogos sobre el complejo cultural del machismo

Neste texto, a autora adota uma metodologia ensaística impulsionada pelo desejo de devolver a polis da alma à poesia. A partir da técnica de imaginação ativa desenvolvida por Jung, a autora estabelece um diálogo com um grafite situado em Salvador, Bahia. Essa obra é parte da série "Luto" concebida pela artista baiana Thalita Andrade. O grafite em questão retrata uma mulher, cuja imagem sofreu importantes transformações durante o período do governo de Jair Bolsonaro, tornando-se objeto de reflexão mais direto sobre as mudanças políticas e culturais em curso na sociedade brasileira. Nessa perspectiva, este artigo se propõe a analisar o quanto a mudança da imagem grafitada, aparentemente tão circunscrita, pode também refletir uma necessidade de mudança coletiva. Para tanto, além do conceito pós-junguiano de complexos culturais, a autora faz uso da teoria junguiana sobre energia psíquica, aliada ao aporte proveniente dos campos da história da arte e da literatura.

In this text, the author adopts an essayistic methodology driven by the desire to restore the soul's polis to poetry. Using Jung's active imagination technique, the author engages in a dialogue with a graffiti located in Salvador, Bahia. This artwork is part of the "Mourning" series conceived by the Bahian artist Thalita Andrade. The graffiti in question portrays a woman whose image underwent significant transformations during Jair Bolsonaro's government, becoming a more direct object of reflection on the ongoing political and cultural changes in Brazilian society. From this perspective, this article aims to analyze how the change in the graffitied image, seemingly so confined, may also reflect a need for collective change. To do so, in addition to the post-Jungian concept of cultural complexes, the author utilizes Jung's theory of psychic energy, along with contributions from the fields of art history and literature.

En este texto, la autora adopta una metodología ensayística impulsada por el deseo de devolver la polis del alma a la poesía. A partir de la técnica de imaginación activa desarrollada por Jung, la autora establece un diálogo con un artista de grafiti situado en Salvador, Bahía. Esta obra es parte de la serie "Luto" concebida por la artista bahiana Thalita Andrade. El grafiti en cuestión representa a una mujer, cuya imagen sufrió importantes transformaciones durante el período del gobierno de Jair Bolsonaro, convirtiéndose en objeto de reflexión más directa sobre los cambios políticos y culturales en curso en la sociedad brasileña. En esa perspectiva, este artículo se propone analizar cuánto el cambio de la imagen del grafiti, aparentemente tan circunscrita, puede también estar reflejando una necesidad de cambio colectivo. Para tanto, además del concepto post-Junguiano de complejos culturales, la autora hace uso de la teoría junguiana sobre energía psíquica, aliados al aporte proveniente de los campos de la historia del arte y de la literatura.

Análisis psicométrico de la Escala de Machismo Sexual (EMS-Sexismo-12) en estudiantes universitarios de Arequipa, Perú / Validation Psychometrical analysis of Sexual Machism Scale (EMS-Sexism-12) among university students from Arequipa, Peru

Introducción: El machismo sexual es una forma de discriminación de género basada en creencias, estereotipos y actitudes que limitan la autonomía y devalúan a las personas con base en su género. Objetivo: Conocer la validez de la estructura interna y la confiabilidad del EMS-Sexismo-12, para medir machismo de tipo sexual en población peruana. Método: El diseño del estudio fue instrumental, la muestra fue aleatoria y estuvo conformada por 2470 estudiantes de una universidad pública de la ciudad de Arequipa, de los cuales el 50% fueron hombres, con edad (M =20.53; DE = 2.64) y el otro 50% mujeres, con edad (M= 19.95; DE = 2.27), estudiantes de las áreas de ingenierías y ciencias sociales. El instrumento utilizado fue la Escala de Machismo Sexual (EMS-Sexismo-12) construida y validada en su versión original en México. Resultados: Los datos fueron analizados a través de un AFC y un estimador WLSMV y matrices policóricas con el software libre Rstudio, encontrando un modelo unidimensional con buenos índices de bondad de ajuste, en hombres (CFI= .924, TLI = .907, SMRM= 0.069) y en mujeres (CFI= .936, TLI = .922, SMRM= 0.051), además, se evidencia confiabilidad por consistencia interna buena, en hombres y mujeres respectivamente (ω = .969; ω = .897), se adjunta baremos por hombres y mujeres. Conclusión: La escala de machismo sexual, muestra evidencias de validez y confiabilidad similares y con los mismos ítems en hombres y mujeres de Arequipa, Perú.

Background: Sexual masochism is a form of gender discrimination based on beliefs, stereotypes and attitudes that limit autonomy and devalue individuals based on their gender. Objective: To determine the internal structure validity and reliability of the EMS-Sexism-12 to measure sexual machismo in the Peruvian population. Method: The study used an instrumental design with a convenience sample of 2470 students from a public university in Arequipa, Peru. The sample consisted of 50% men (M = 20.53; SD = 2.64) and 50% women (M = 19.95; SD = 2.27), representing engineering and social science disciplines. The instrument used was the Sexual Machismo Scale (EMS-Sexism-12), originally constructed and validated in Mexico. Results: The data were analysed using CFA and the WLSMV estimator along with polychoric correlation matrices in the open-source software Rstudio. The analysis revealed a unidimensional model with good fit indices for both men (CFI = .924, TLI = .907, SMRM = 0.069) and women (CFI = .936, TLI = .922, SMRM = 0.051). Furthermore, evidence of internal consistency reliability was observed for men and women, respectively (ω = .969; ω = .897). Gender-specific norms are included for reference. Conclusions: The sexual machismo scale shows evidence of similar validity and reliability with the same items in men and women from Arequipa, Peru.

Predictors of Alcohol Use Among Latinx Men in South Florida: Machismo as a Correlate of Alcohol Use Frequency and Quantity.

Previous studies have found Latinx cultural values to be positively associated with healthy behaviors. This study aims to examine socioeconomic and cultural correlates of alcohol use among Latinx adult men living in Miami-Dade County, Florida. The study sample included 122 Latinx adult men (mean age = 44, SD = 10), predominantly of South and Central American origin. Data was collected using REDCap. Interviews included the Timeline Follow-Back scale for alcohol use. Results indicate that Caribbean participants were significantly less likely to report drinking in the past 90 days (aOR = 0.08, p = 0.042) compared to their Venezuelan counterparts. Higher machismo scores were associated with low drinking frequency (aRR = 0.67, p = 0.043), while no significant associations were found between machismo and other drinking outcomes. Drinking quantity and frequency are significantly associated with higher income and authorized immigration status in the US among Latinx men in South Florida. Higher machismo scores were associated with low drinking frequency.

The native potato, a symbol of macho expression in the Quechua culture of Peru.

The present field research focuses on the native potato varieties, Wira pasña and Llumchuy waqachi, cultivated in the Peruvian highlands at roughly 4,000 m above sea level. The objective is to analyze the macho essence of the names assigned to the native potato, names that represent the social manifestation of women in Quechua culture. Participant observation and interviews about the different daily activities of the participants facilitated the research on the macho essence of the names of the native potato in the Quechua culture. The preponderant Quechua oral sources in the Peruvian Andes did not allow us to identify exactly how names associated with the macho way of social life were assigned to the native potatoes.

Traditional gender roles translating into behaviors within adolescents' romantic relationships / Roles tradicionales de género traducidos en comportamientos en las relaciones románticas de los adolescentes / Papéis tradicionais de gênero que se traduzem em comportamentos nas relações românticas dos adolescentes

Abstract While several studies suggest that traditional gender ideologies are strongly embedded in Latino populations, little is known about the way they operate in adolescent's romantic relationships. This mixed-methods study was carried out with adolescents in Cuenca, Ecuador. In the quantitative component, we assessed adolescents' support for traditional gender ideologies in a sample of 562 adolescents (n = 309 girls). It was identified that the majority of adolescents were "uncritical" towards traditional ideologies involving masculinity (82%) and femininity (79%). In the qualitative component, the narratives of a sample of 20 adolescents reflected existing discourses on traditional gender roles and revealed how these ideologies are translated into specific behaviors. In this context, romantic relationships can become negative and dysfunctional spaces that affect adolescents' development.

Resumen Si bien varios estudios han sugerido que las ideologías de género tradicionales están fuertemente arraigadas en las poblaciones latinas, aún se sabe poco sobre la forma en que estas operan en las relaciones románticas de los adolescentes. Este estudio de método mixto se realizó con adolescentes de Cuenca en Ecuador. En el componente cuantitativo, evaluamos el apoyo a las ideologías tradicionales de género en una muestra de 562 adolescentes (n = 309 niñas). Se encontró que la mayoría de los adolescentes podrían ser clasificados como «acríticos¼ hacia las ideologías tradicionales de masculinidad (82%) y feminidad (79%). En el componente cualitativo, las narrativas de una muestra de 20 adolescentes reflejaron los discursos existentes sobre los roles tradicionales de género y revelaron cómo estos se traducen en comportamientos específicos. En este contexto, las relaciones románticas pueden convertirse en espacios negativos y disfuncionales que pueden afectar el desarrollo de los adolescentes.

Resumo Embora vários estudos tenham sugerido que as ideologias tradicionais de gênero são fortemente endossadas nas populações latinas, ainda pouco se sabe sobre a forma como operam nas relações românticas dos adolescentes. Este estudo de métodos mistos foi realizado com adolescentes de Cuenca, no Equador. No componente quantitativo, avaliamos o endosso de ideologias tradicionais de gênero em uma amostra de 562 adolescentes (n = 309 meninas). Verificouse que a maioria dos adolescentes pode ser classificada como "acrítica" em relação às ideologias tradicionais de masculinidade (82%) e feminilidade (79%). No componente qualitativo, as narrativas de uma amostra de 20 adolescentes refletiram os discursos existentes sobre os papéis tradicionais de gênero e revelaram como estes se traduzem em comportamentos específicos. Nesse contexto, os relacionamentos amorosos podem se tornar espaços negativos e disfuncionais que podem afetar o desenvolvimento dos adolescentes.

Mentalidad machista, estilos de crianza y vulnerabilidad social en cuidadores primarios. Una comparación transcultural entre Argentina y Perú / Sexist mentality, parenting styles and social vulnerability in primary caregivers. A cross-cultural comparison between Argentina and Peru

Resumen Introducción: la mentalidad machista es un fenómeno persistente en Latinoamérica. Sin embargo, no se tienen claros los factores que la generan, por ello, se realizó el estudio para analizar la mentalidad machista en función de factores como los estilos parentales y la vulnerabilidad social. Método: la muestra estuvo constituida por 389 (M.edad = 35.87, DE = 10.13) cuidadores primarios de niños, niñas y adolescentes de 4-16 años (M.edad= 9.33, DE = 4.66, femenino = 196) de diferentes regiones de Perú y Argentina. Se utilizaron (a) la subescala de Machismo de la Evaluación Multifásica de las Culturas (MACC-SF), (b) la Adaptación Española del Cuestionario de Crianza Parental y (c) una ficha sociodemográfica ad hoc, aplicadas través de las redes sociales mediante un formulario. Resultados: en ambas muestras, los niveles de machismo son relativamente bajos, aunque la muestra argentina presentó menores niveles y hábitos más positivos de crianza, en comparación con Perú. A su vez, se encontró asociación negativa entre machismo y estilos parentales, con mayor intensidad en las dimensiones; satisfacción con la crianza y disciplina. Finalmente, el machismo se asoció de forma negativa con la vulnerabilidad social y los estilos de crianza. Conclusión: las creencias machistas estarían asociadas con menor nivel socioeconómico y estilos de crianza más autoritarios, los que también se rigen por sus tradiciones y a un conservadurismo del legado cultural, en comparación a culturas más flexibles y democráticas.

Abstract Introduction: the macho mentality is a phenomenon that persists in the Latin American population; however, the factors that generate it are not clear. Therefore, the study is carried out with the objective of analyzing the macho mentality, based on factors such as parental styles and social vulnerability; and comparing according to country of origin: Argentina and Peru, respectively. Method: the sample consisted of 389 (M.age = 35.87, SD = 10.13) primary caregivers of children and adolescents from 4 to 16 (M.age = 9.33, SD = 4.66, feminine = 196) years of age from different regions of Peru and Argentina. The instruments used were the Machismo subscale of the Multiphasic Evaluation of Cultures (MACC-SF), the Spanish Adaptation of the Parental Upbringing Questionnaire, and an ad-hoc sociodemographic record, which were all applied through social networks using a Google® form. Results: in both samples, the levels of machismo are relatively low, although the Argentine sample presented lower levels of machismo and more positive parenting habits compared to that of Peru. In turn, a negative association was found between machismo and parenting styles, with greater intensity in the dimensions: satisfaction with parenting and discipline. Finally, machismo was negatively associated with social vulnerability and parenting styles. Conclusions: macho beliefs would be associated with a lower socioeconomic level and more authoritarian and inflexible parenting styles, which are also governed by their traditions and a cultural legacy of conservatism in comparison to more flexible and democratic cultures.

The Mediating Role of Sexual Self-Efficacy on Protected Sex.

BACKGROUND: Ascribed traditional gender role has rarely been examined in the topical area of protected sex. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between HIV knowledge, ascribed cultural gender roles of machismo and marianismo, acculturation, attitudes toward risky sexual behaviors and sexual self-efficacy on protected sex, and the mediating effect of sexual self-efficacy between these predictors and protected sex. METHODS: Part of a larger study, Hispanic college students from a Hispanic-serving institution in a U.S. southern border city were recruited. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Sexual self-efficacy was found a significant mitigating factor against sexual risks associated with machismo as well as a positive reinforcing element on attitudes toward protected sex. Study findings have implications toward the development of culturally sensitive evidence-based interventions that promote sexual self-efficacy skills among Hispanic males who strongly identify with culturally ascribed gender roles.

Relationship Between Personality Traits and Violence Involvement -a Study of High School Students in Northern Iraq.

Background: violence is considered to be a global phenomenon; committing violence significantly impacts individuals physical and psychological states. There are several risk factors for increasing violence, of which personality traits represent the most substantial risk. Objective: the current research aims to examine the association among the 'big five' risk factors and involvement in violence among high school students in the north of Iraq. Methods: The sample comprised 468 students, 242 boys, and 226 girls aged 16 to 20. Two self-report instruments were used for data collection. Firstly, we divided the Maudsly Violence Questionnaire into two factors: acceptance of violence and machismo. Secondly, we used the Big Five Inventory, which includes questions on extraversion, neuroticism, agreeableness, consciousness, and openness. Result: the result showed a significant positive correlation between extraversion, neuroticism, and violence involvement. Agreeableness, openness, and consciousness were negatively correlated. In terms of demographic variables, the findings suggest that boys are more likely to be involved in violence than girls. The results indicated that personality traits neuroticism, extraversion, agreeableness, openness, and consciousness predicted violence. Conclusion: personality traits significantly impact individuals' behaviors that reflect their lives. The potential for violence is a predictor for detecting and preventing violent actions and could be used in many justices and governmental systems.

"There Is Nothing I Cannot Achieve": Empowering Latin American Women Through Agricultural Education.

Higher education, a key driver of women's empowerment, is still segregated by gender across the world. Agricultural higher education is a field that is male-dominated, even though internationally women play a large role in agricultural production. The purpose of this study was to understand the experience, including challenges and coping strategies, of women from 10 Latin American countries attending an agricultural university in Latin America. The participants were 28 women students with a mean age of 20.9 ± 1.8 years. Following informed consent and assurance of confidentiality, four focus group sessions (one for each year of study with a mean duration of 81 min) were conducted in Spanish. The central question was, "what has been your experience at the university?" Sessions were recorded and transcribed. Thematic coding was performed independently by two teams of researchers (from Latin America and North America), with the resulting schemas combined through mutual discussion. Member checking, auditing, and reflexivity contributed to trustworthiness of the process. Students reported that the personal qualities needed for success included determination, persistence, and self-efficacy. Many described an empowerment process, including increased discipline and self-efficacy from the first to fourth year of study. University life encompassed six themes: university structure and discipline (part of the exosystem), two supportive microsystems (friends and classmates and institutional support) as well as three challenges (academics, peers, and machismo). Cultural influences instantiated in students' daily experiences included familism, machismo, and religious faith. Students anticipated futures involving further education and contributions to society. We conclude that higher education in agriculture can serve as an effective means of empowering women to feed the world.

Evaluation of the lights4violence program: reduction in machismo and acceptance of violence among adolescents in Europe.

BACKGROUND: Machismo and acceptance of violence (AV) against women are part of the social construction of hegemonic masculinity and are related to the risk of dating violence. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of the Lights4Violence program in reducing machismo and AV in secondary school students from different European cities. METHODS: Quasi-experimental longitudinal study using a convenience sample of 1,146 high school students from different European cities (12-17 years old) including 575 intervention group students (59.1% girls) and 571 control group students (62.7% girls). We performed linear regression models to identify the effect of the intervention, modelling the difference in means in machismo and AV (dependent variables) between wave-2 and wave-1. RESULTS: An interaction was identified between the group variable and the empathy variable. In wave-2, girls with high empathy at baseline in the intervention group obtained lower mean AV scores (ß: -0.131; p = 0.004). However, the boys in the intervention group (reference: control group) with low empathy at baseline registered a significant increase in the mean values of machismo (ß: 0.247; p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: The importance of empathy is shown in the effectiveness of interventions to reduce machismo and AV in adolescents. While the Lights4Violence program focuses on promoting healthy relationships, there were some controversial results. It is possible that some children, especially those with less empathy, may have felt "challenged" during the intervention and/or assessment. This suggests the need for the development of interventions that also consider psychological processes and integrate the promotion of positive expressions of masculinity.

Accounting for linguistic acculturation, coping, antisociality and depressive affect in the gender role-alcohol use relationship in Mexican American adolescents: a moderated mediation model for boys and girls.

BACKGROUND: Prior studies have established that gender roles are predictive of substance use for Mexican and Mexican American adolescents, both living in the U.S. and in Mexico. Objectives: The moderating effects of gender and acculturation and the mediating effects of antisociality, depressive affect, and adaptive and avoidant coping on the gender role-alcohol use relationship were examined in a sample of Mexican American adolescents. METHODS: Secondary data analyses were conducted on a sample of 955 (450 boys, 505 girls) Mexican American 7th and 8th grade adolescents participating in a school-based substance use intervention. RESULTS: For boys, path analyses yielded significant direct paths from aggressive masculinity to alcohol use. Bootstrapped mediation tests also yielded significant indirect paths through antisociality from assertive masculinity, affective femininity, aggressive masculinity, and the interaction of linguistic acculturation by affective femininity to alcohol use. For girls, the relationship between aggressive masculinity with alcohol use and the negative relationship of affective femininity with alcohol use were also mediated by adaptive coping, which is predictive of decreased substance use. CONCLUSION/IMPORTANCE: The present analyses confirm the importance of gender roles, functional mediators, and their interaction with acculturation in predicting substance use in Mexican American adolescents, with implications for the design of interventions to reduce substance use within the Mexican American community.

The impact of cultural stress and gender norms on alcohol use severity among Latino immigrant men.

Alcohol misuse affects 15 million people in the United States. Compared to White men, Latino men have disproportionately higher rates of both alcohol misuse and negative alcohol-related consequences (e.g. drunk driving, liver disease, alcohol dependence, HIV/AIDS). This cross sectional study examined how cultural stressors [immigration stress and negative context of reception (NCR)] coupled with traditional Latino male gender norms (machismo and caballerismo) influences alcohol use severity (AUS) among adult Latino immigrant men. Data for the present study was collected between 2017 and 2018 from 279 Cuban, Central American, and South American adult Latino men who immigrated to the US approximately 10 years prior. Results from hierarchical multiple regression analysis revealed higher levels of perceived NCR (ß = 0.15, p = .01), and machismo (ß = 0.16, p = .02) were associated with greater AUS. Significant interaction effects were found between both cultural stressors and machismo [immigration stress x machismo (ß = 0.22, p < .001); NCR x machismo (ß = 0.22, p < .001)] whereby higher levels of machismo strengthened the association between cultural stress and AUS. Findings from the present study can inform culturally appropriate interventions aimed at mitigating alcohol use among Latino immigrant men.

O androcentrismo do torcer: Do Universo do Futebol ao estádio contemporâneo / The androcentrism of cheering: From the SoccerUniverse to the contemporary stadium / El androcentrismo del hinchar: Del Universo del Fútbol al estadio contemporáneo

Objetivos: problematizamos como os sujeitos torcedores dialogam com oquadro normativo que naturaliza o ambiente dos estádios de futebol como masculino e heteronormativo, a partir de como esses mesmos sujeitos identificam suas alteridades.Metodologia:realizamos diálogos com grupos detorcedores nos quais discutíamosa mudança de um antigo estádio para uma nova arena e a possível presença de violência verbal durante as partidas.Resultados e discussão:os torcedores acabavam naturalizando o gosto pelo esporte para justificar uma maior presença masculina nos estádios;outros pareciam um tanto mais sensibilizados com pautasfeministas e condenavam suas próprias atitudes; à participação das mulheres é atribuída uma diferença natural; a maior presença das mulheres acaba sendo associada de forma direta a diminuição do machismo no futebol; homens não heterossexuais também são incluídos como a alteridade do "homem" torcedor;outra alteridade foi nomeada como família; incentivando a equipe,colaborando com o clube e performando "adequadamente", os torcedores homossexuais estariam autorizados a torcer com os demais.Considerações Finais:Podemos visualizar a existência de um quadro normativo que destaca a relação entre futebol e masculinidade no Brasil. Ele já aparecia com destaque quando do lançamento do Universo do futebol, em 1982,e parece ainda atual. Se o androcentrismo eradadocomonatural no Universo do futebolaqui ele é um elemento no centro das lutas por significados em um contexto social mais amplo e, também, em tudo o que envolva a prática e a apreciação do futebol.

Objectives: we problematize how the supporters dialogue with the normative framework that naturalizes the environment of football stadiums as masculine and heteronormative, based on how these same subjects identify their alterities. Methodology:we held dialogues with groups of fans in which we discussed the move from an old stadium to a new arena and the possible presence of verbal violence during matches. Results and discussion:fans ended up naturalizing the taste for the sport to justify a greater male presence in stadiums; others seemed somewhat more sensitized to feminist agendas and condemned their own attitudes; the participation of women is attributed a natural difference; the greater presence of women ends up being directly associated with the reduction of machismin soccer; non-heterosexual men are also included as the otherness of themalefan; another otherness was named as family; by encouraging the team, collaborating with the club and performing "properly", homosexual fans would be allowed to cheer with the others. Final Considerations:We can visualize the existence of a normative framework that highlights the relationship between football and masculinity in Brazil. It already appeared prominently when the Universe of Soccerwasreleased in 1982, and it still seems current. If androcentrism was taken for granted in the Universe of Soccer, here it is an element at the center of struggles for meaning in a broader social context and also in everything that involves the practice and appreciation of Soccer.

Objetivos: problematizamos cómo los hinchas dialogan con el marco normativo que naturaliza el ambiente de los estadios de fútbol como masculino y heteronormativo, a partir de cómo estos mismos sujetos identifican sus alteridades. Metodología:mantuvimos diálogos congrupos de hinchas en los que discutimos el traslado de un antiguo estadio a unanuevaarenay la posible presencia de violencia verbal durante los partidos. Resultados y discusión:loshinchasacabaronnaturalizando el gusto por el deporte para justificaruna mayor presencia masculina en los estadios; otros parecían algo más sensibilizadas con las agendas feministas y condenaban sus propias actitudes; a la participación de la mujer se le atribuye una diferencia natural; la mayor presencia de mujeres termina directamente asociada con la reducción del machismo en el fútbol; los hombres no heterosexuales también se incluyen como la alteridad del "hombre" hincha; otra alteridad fue nombrada como familia; animando al equipo, colaborando con el club y actuando "adecuadamente", los hinchashomosexuales podrían animar con los demás. Consideraciones finales:Podemos visualizar la existencia de un marco normativo que destaca la relación entre fútbol y masculinidad en Brasil. Ya apareció de forma destacada cuando se lanzó el Universo del Fútbolen 1982, y sigue pareciendo actual. Si el androcentrismo se daba como definitivoen el Universo del Fútbol, aquí es un elemento en el centro de las luchas por el sentido en un contexto social más amplio y también en todo lo que implica la práctica y apreciación del fútbol.

Y si no fuera por el hueso: escritura autoetnográfica de un hombre y enfermero / E se não fosse pelo osso: escrita autoetnográfica de um homem e uma enfermeira / And if it wasn't for the bone: autoethnographic writing of a man and a nurse

Reflexionar desde la experiencia vivida, para construir conocimiento a través de ellamisma, ha sido esencial para tejer este texto. El cual, es un pedazo de mi investigación doctoral.Objetivo: Describir y analizar simultáneamente aspectos familiares, profesionales comoenfermero y personales, subsumidos en una estructura social. Método: A partir de la metodologíaautoetnográfica, pretendo acercarme a la investigación y a la escritura, buscando describir yanalizar sistemáticamente una experiencia personal para entender la experiencia cultural. Utilizola narración en capas con el propósito de mostrar una experiencia dialéctica, en donde, aparecendiferentes voces reflexivas que producen e interpretan el texto. Resultados: emergieron asuntos:la relación con mi padre, el machismo familiar y el contexto donde me moví, la pedagogía deldolor, la asimetría de poder, estas dos últimas que corresponden según lo narrado y atestiguadopor mí, a una estructura de conocimiento encastrada en un sistema patriarcal, enraizada yperpetuada desde lo familiar hasta lo social, pasando por la institución de conocimiento, launiversidad. Conclusión: La autoetnografía es una metodología de investigación que centra laatención a la propia experiencia. Que, para este caso, hace referencia a la construcción deconocimientos desde mi posición como enfermero y hombre.(AU)

Reflecting from lived experience, to build knowledge through it, has been essential toweave this text. Which is a piece of my doctoral research. Objective: To simultaneously describeand analyze family, professional, and personal aspects, subsumed in a social structure. Method:From autoethnographic methodology, I intend to approach research and writing, seeking tosystematically describe and analyze a personal experience to understand the cultural experience.I use layered narration in order to show a dialectical experience, where different reflective voicesappear that produce and interpret the text. Results: issues emerged: the relationship with myfather, the family machismo and the context where I moved, the pedagogy of pain, the asymmetryof power, the latter two that correspond, according to what was narrated and witnessed by me, toan embedded knowledge structure in a patriarchal system, rooted and perpetuated from the familyto the social, passing through the institution of knowledge, the university. Conclusion:Autoethnography is a research methodology that focuses attention on one's own experience.Which, for this case, refers to the construction of knowledge from my position as a nurse and aman.(AU)

Refletir a partir da experiência vivida, por meio dela construir conhecimento, foi essencialpara tecer este texto. Que é um pedaço da minha pesquisa de doutorado. Objetivo: Descrever eanalisar simultaneamente os aspectos familiares, profissionais e pessoais, subsumidos em umaestrutura social. Método: A partir da metodologia autoetnográfica, pretendo abordar a pesquisa ea escrita, buscando descrever e analisar sistematicamente uma experiência pessoal paracompreender a experiência cultural. Uso a narração em camadas para mostrar uma experiênciadialética, onde aparecem diferentes vozes reflexivas que produzem e interpretam o texto.Resultados: emergiram questões: a relação com o meu pai, o machismo familiar e o contexto ondeme mudei, a pedagogia da dor, a assimetria do poder, estas duas últimas que correspondem,segundo o que foi narrado e testemunhado por mim, a um encaixado estrutura do conhecimentoem um sistema patriarcal, enraizado e perpetuado desde a família até o social, passando pelainstituição do conhecimento, a universidade. Conclusão: a Autoetnografia é uma metodologia depesquisa que focaliza a atenção na própria experiência. O que, neste caso, se refere à construçãodo conhecimento a partir da minha posição de enfermeira e de homem.(AU)

Community Organization and Empowerment of Women: The Mujeres Pescadoras del Manglar Cooperative in Oaxaca, Mexico.

Gender equity is still a challenge for the world, especially in those regions where sociocultural practices permeated by machismo, that is, male chauvinism, intersect with poverty and institutionalized racial discrimination. The creation of safe and feminized spaces where women can express themselves freely is crucial in the process of cultivating their awareness of their own positions, and the first step toward individual and collective empowerment. In this article the authors point out the direct and positive relationship between feminine cooperativism and women's empowerment, taking as a case study the Mujeres Pescadoras del Manglar cooperative in Oaxaca, Mexico, a group of women who, thanks to a social work program implemented by La Ventana civic association, has been able to gain empowerment and recognition at a personal and political level. Likewise, Mujeres Pescadoras del Manglar is an example of the national phenomenon of bolstering female employment in the fishing sector, which is on the rise thanks to the growing number of women's cooperatives, through which they can access the labor market, feminize new spaces, and achieve full empowerment for themselves, their families, and the society in which they live. The fieldwork was carried out from November 2018 to February 2019 in the community of El Zapotalito, Oaxaca. The methodology used consists of semistructured interviews, life stories, field diaries, and participant observation. This article showcases a positive example of social work empowering low-income women on the Chica coast of Oaxaca.

Psychometric Properties and Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the Spanish Version of the Maudsley Violence Questionnaire among Adolescent Students.

The Maudsley Violence Questionnaire (MVQ) is an instrument specifically developed to evaluate violent thinking through two subscales examining macho attitudes and the acceptance of violence. This study analyzed the psychometric properties and factor structure of the Spanish version of the MVQ questionnaire in a large sample of 1933 Spanish adolescents. An online questionnaire was used to collect variables, such as sociodemographic and sexism data. The factor structure showed good fit indices in Spanish adolescents, which were similar to the original scale. The exploratory analysis yielded a first factor that explained 11.3% of the total variance and a second factor that explained 10.8% of the total variance. The Goodness of Fit Index (GFI) (0.902), Adjusted Goodness of Fit Index (AGFI) (0.90), Normed Fit Index (NNFI) (0.85), and the Comparative Fit Index (CFI) (0.86) suggested that the model fit the data adequately (with values ≥ 0.90) and the Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA) (≤0.10) values indicative of an adequate fit. This study contributes a Spanish-language validated tool to measure machismo and the acceptance of violence among adolescents.

"Dormindo com a inimiga": imaginário machista em tempos de Covid-19 / "Sleeping with the enemy": male chauvinism's imaginary in COVID-19 / "Durmiendo con la enemiga": imaginario machista en tiempos de Covid-19

Fundamentando-se na Psicologia Psicanalítica Concreta, criada na América Latina a partir da articulação entre a Psicanálise e o pensamento dialético, este estudo objetiva investigar imaginários coletivos machistas sobre mulheres que estão em relacionamentos conjugais heterossexuais, no contexto do isolamento social decorrente da pandemia da covid-19, justificando-se pelo aumento expressivo de ocorrências de violência doméstica nesse período. Organizando-se ao redor da abordagem psicanalítica de memes sobre relações heterossexuais, a investigação permitiu a produção interpretativa de dois campos de sentido afetivo-emocional ou inconscientes intersubjetivos: "Game over" e "Dormindo com a inimiga". Tais campos revelam crenças de que o casamento tira a liberdade do homem casado, privando-o dos prazeres sexuais que mulheres, concebidas como bonecas eróticas, proporcionam aos solteiros, para colocá-lo sob o autoritarismo da esposa, que, fantasiada como figura maléfica, torna-se alvo de uma violência que se apresenta, nesse imaginário, como justificada e legítima.

Substantiated on the concrete psychoanalytic psychology, created in Latin America, based on the articulation between psychoanalysis and dialectical thinking, this study aims to investigate the male chauvinism's collective imaginary about women in a heterosexual conjugal relationships, in the context of the social isolation resulted from the pandemic of the COVID-19, justified by the significant increase in domestic violence occurrences during this period. It is organized around the psychoanalytic approach to heterosexual relationships' memes that enabled the recognition of two affective-emotional meaning fields, or intersubjective unconscious, socially prevailing: "Game over" and "Sleeping with the enemy", which reveal beliefs that marriage takes away men's freedom, depriving them of the sexual pleasures that women, conceived as erotic dolls, provide to singles, to place them under women's authoritarianism. Imaginatively conceived as a maleficent figure, women become targets of an aggressiveness that present, in this imaginary, as justified and legit.

Fundamentándose en la psicología psicoanalítica concreta, creada en América Latina a partir de la articulación entre psicoanálisis y pensamiento dialéctico, este estudio tiene como objetivo investigar imaginarios colectivos machistas sobre mujeres en relaciones conyugales heterosexuales, dentro del contexto del aislamiento social por la pandemia del covid-19, justificado por el aumento expresivo de casos de violencia doméstica en este período. Se organiza alrededor del abordaje psicoanalítico de memes sobre relaciones heterosexuales que permitió la producción interpretativa de dos campos de sentido afectivo-emocional o inconscientes intersubjetivos, socialmente vigentes: "Game over" y "Durmiendo con la enemiga", que revelan creencias de que el casamiento le quita libertad al hombre, privándote de los placeres sexuales que las mujeres, concebidas como muñecas eróticas, brindan a los solteros, para colocarlo bajo el autoritarismo de la mujer. Concebida imaginativamente como figura maléfica, la mujer se vuelve blanco de una agresividad que aparece, en este imaginario, como justificado y legítimo.

Dating Violence Victimization among Adolescents in Europe: Baseline Results from the Lights4Violence Project.

Dating violence (DV) among adolescents is a public health issue because of its negative health consequences. In this study, we aimed to analyse the prevalence and the psychosocial and socioeconomic risk and protective factors associated DV among male and female adolescents in Europe. It was performed a cross-sectional study based on a non-probabilistic sample of 1555 students aged 13-16 years (2018-2019). The global prevalence of DV victimization was significantly greater among girls than boys (girls: 34.1%, boys: 26.7%; p = 0.012). The prevalence of DV in both girls and boys was greater for those over age 15 (girls: 48.5% p < 0.001; boys: 35.9%; p = 0.019). There was an increased likelihood of DV victimization among girls whose fathers did not have paid employment (p = 0.024), who suffered abuse in childhood, and reported higher Benevolent Sexism [PR (CI 95%): 1.01 (1.00-1.03)] and machismo [1.02 (1.00-1.05)]. In the case of boys, the likelihood of DV increased with abuse in childhood (p = 0.018), lower parental support [0.97 (0.96-0.99)], high hostile sexism scores (p = 0.019), lower acceptance of violence (p = 0.009) and high machismo (p < 0.001). Abuse in childhood was shown to be the main factor associated with being a victim of DV in both population groups, as well as sexism and machismo attitudes. These results may contribute to future DV prevention school programs for both, teenagers and children of elementary school ages.