The Association Between S100A12 Protein and C-Reactive Protein with Malignant Ventricular Arrhythmias Following Acute Myocardial Infarction in the Elderly.

Objective: To investigate the association of S100A12 protein and C-reactive protein (CRP) with the onset of malignant ventricular arrhythmias (MVA) after acute myocardial infarction (AMI) in the elderly. Methods: A total of 159 elderly AMI patients admitted to Chongming Hospital affiliated to Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences from January 2018 to January 2023 were enrolled in the study. CRP levels were determined using an automatic biochemical analyzer, and S100A12 levels were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Patients were categorized based on the Lown classification into groups without MVA and with MVA. Univariate analysis was initially performed to identify independent variables, followed by multivariate logistic regression to determine the risk factors for malignant ventricular arrhythmias post-AMI. The predictive value of S100A12 protein and CRP for malignant ventricular arrhythmias after acute myocardial infarction in the elderly was analyzed using the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. Results: Among the 159 patients with AMI, 27 (17%) had MVA. Multivariate logistic regression analysis indicated that both S100A12 protein and CRP could be independent risk factors for malignant ventricular arrhythmias following acute myocardial infarction in the elderly (p < 0.05). The area under the ROC curve showed the area under the curve (AUC) for S100A12 protein to be 0.7147, for CRP 0.7356, and for the combined diagnosis 0.8350 (p < 0.05). Conclusion: S100A12 protein and CRP are independent risk factors for MVA after MI in the elderly. The combined application of S100A12 protein and CRP has higher diagnostic sensitivity and specificity.

Efecto de los fármacos en la prolongación del QT y la aparición de muerte súbita en la COVID-19 / Effect of Drugs on QT Prolongation and Sudden Death in COVID-19

Introducción: Las evidencias científicas han demostrado que durante el período pandémico por la COVID-19 ha existido un incremento de la incidencia de muerte súbita cardiovascular, proporcional al incremento de los casos y a la letalidad por la enfermedad. Objetivos: Compilar información sobre los fármacos empleados en el tratamiento de la COVID-19 y sus posibles efectos en la prolongación del intervalo QT y la aparición de muerte súbita. Métodos: Se realizó una búsqueda de información a partir de las bases de datos PubMed, Medline y SciELO, en los idiomas español e inglés en el período de enero de 2020 a enero de 2023. Resultados: Los hallazgos más recientes sugieren que los factores relacionados con el tratamiento médico del paciente para sus enfermedades cardiovasculares previas, el empleo concomitante de drogas para otras comorbilidades, el ensayo de nuevas drogas que se investigan en la actualidad para el tratamiento de la enfermedad y el uso inadecuado de fármacos en complicaciones graves por la COVID-19, pueden ocasionar prolongación del intervalo QT y arritmias ventriculares tipo torsades de pointes, lo que puede conllevar a la aparición de muerte súbita. Conclusiones: Ha sido demostrado el efecto deletéreo de los fármacos en el tratamiento de la COVID-19 y sus posibles asociaciones a la terapéutica del paciente, en la prolongación del tiempo de repolarización ventricular cardíaca, cuya traducción eléctrica es un intervalo QT prolongado y su contribución a la génesis de arritmias malignas potencialmente fatales capaces de desencadenar un paro cardíaco y evolucionar a la muerte súbita(AU)

Scientific evidence has shown an increase in the incidence of sudden cardiovascular death during the COVID-19 pandemic period. This has been proportional to the increase in cases and mortality from the disease. Direct and indirect injury to the myocardium and vascular system allow to partially explain the statistics. Among the factors related to the medical treatment of the patient for previous cardiovascular diseases, it is the concomitant use of drugs for other comorbidities. The trial of new drugs for the treatment of this condition and the inappropriate use of drugs in serious complications from COVID-19 are currently being investigated. These can cause QT prolongation and torsades de pointes ventricular arrhythmias, which can lead to sudden death. Monitoring the QT interval is recommended, before and during treatment, in patients who come to the emergency room with a clinical condition suggestive of COVID-19. Additionally, modifiable factors favoring its prolongation should be evaluated. Decision-making in the application of therapeutic protocols in patients with COVID-19 with prolonged QTc at baseline, or with increased QTc after starting treatment, must go through the analysis of the risk/benefit ratio defined by a multi- and interdisciplinary team(AU)

AIEgen-Based Covalent Organic Frameworks for Preventing Malignant Ventricular Arrhythmias Via Local Hyperthermia Therapy.

The engineering of aggregation-induced emission luminogens (AIEgen) based covalent organic frameworks (COFs), TDTA-COF, BTDTA-COF, and BTDBETA-COF are reported, as hyperthermia agents for inhibiting the occurrence of malignant ventricular arrhythmias (VAs). These AIE COFs exhibit dual functionality, as they not only directly modulate the function and neural activity of stellate ganglion (SG) through local hyperthermia therapy (LHT) but also induce the browning of white fat and improve the neuroinflammation peri-SG microenvironment, which is favorable for inhibiting ischemia-induced VAs. In vivo studies have confirmed that BTDBETA-COF-mediated LHT enhances thermogenesis and browning-related gene expression, thereby serving a synergistic role in combating VAs. Transcriptome analysis of peri-SG adipose tissue reveals a substantial downregulation of inflammatory cytokines, highlighting the potency of BTDBETA-COF-mediated LHT in ameliorating the neuroinflammation peri-SG microenvironment and offering myocardial and arrhythmia protection. The work on AIE COF-based hyperthermia agent for VAs inhibition provides a new avenue for mitigating cardiac sympathetic nerve hyperactivity.

Effect of TLR4/MyD88/NF-kB axis in paraventricular nucleus on ventricular arrhythmias induced by sympathetic hyperexcitation in post-myocardial infarction rats.

Sympathetic activation after myocardial infarction (MI) leads to ventricular arrhythmias (VAs), which can result in sudden cardiac death (SCD). The toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)/myeloid differentiation primary response 88 (MyD88)/nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kB) axis within the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN), a cardiac-neural sympathetic nerve centre, plays an important role in causing VAs. An MI rat model and a PVN-TLR4 knockdown model were constructed. The levels of protein were detected by Western blotting and immunofluorescence, and localizations were visualized by multiple immunofluorescence staining. Central and peripheral sympathetic activation was visualized by immunohistochemistry for c-fos protein, renal sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA) measurement, heart rate variability (HRV) analysis and norepinephrine (NE) level detection in serum and myocardial tissue measured by ELISA. The arrhythmia scores were measured by programmed electrical stimulation (PES), and cardiac function was detected by the pressure-volume loop (P-V loop). The levels of TLR4 and MyD88 and the nuclear translocation of NF-kB within the PVN were increased after MI, while sympathetic activation and arrhythmia scores were increased and cardiac function was decreased. However, inhibition of TLR4 significantly reversed these conditions. PVN-mediated sympathetic activation via the TLR4/MyD88/NF-kB axis ultimately leads to the development of VAs after MI.

The feasibility of predicting impending malignant ventricular arrhythmias by using nonlinear features of short heartbeat intervals.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Malignant ventricular arrhythmias (MAs) occur unpredictably and lead to emergencies. A new approach that uses a timely tracking device e.g., photoplethysmogram (PPG) solely to predict MAs would be irreplaceably valuable and it is natural to expect the approach can predict the occurrence as early as possible. METHOD: We assumed that with an appropriate metric based on signal complexity, the heartbeat interval time series (HbIs) can be used to manifest the intrinsic characteristics of the period immediately precedes the MAs (preMAs). The approach first characterizes the patterns of preMAs by a new complexity metric (the refined composite multi-scale entropy). The MAs detector is then constructed by checking the discriminability of the MAs against the sinus rhythm and other prevalent arrhythmias (atrial fibrillation and premature ventricular contraction) of three machine-learning models (SVM, Random Forest, and XGboost). RESULTS: Two specifications are of interest: the length of the HbIs needed to delineate the preMAs patterns sufficiently (lspec) and how long before the occurrence of MAs will the HbIs manifest specific patterns that are distinct enough to predict the impending MAs (tspec). Our experimental results confirmed the best performance came from a Random-Forest model with an average precision of 99.99% and recall of 88.98% using a HbIs of 800 heartbeats (the lspec), 108 seconds (the tspec) before the occurrence of MAs. CONCLUSION: By experimental validation of the unique pattern of the preMAs in HbIs and using it in the machine learning model, we showed the high possibility of MAs prediction in a broader circumstance, which may cover daily healthcare using the alternative sensor in HbIs monitoring. Therefore, this research is theoretically and practically significant in cardiac arrest prevention.

Prognostic value of admission serum magnesium in acute myocardial infarction complicated by malignant ventricular arrhythmias.

OBJECTIVES: Although electrolyte abnormalities are related to worse clinical outcomes in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI), little is known about the association between admission serum magnesium level and adverse events in AMI patients complicated by out-of-hospital cardiac arrest presenting with malignant ventricular arrhythmias (OHCA-MVA). We investigated the prognostic value of serum magnesium level on admission in these patients. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed the data of 165 consecutive reperfused AMI patients complicated with OHCA-MVA between April 2007 and February 2020 in our university hospital. Serum magnesium concentration was measured on admission. The primary outcome was in-hospital death. RESULTS: Fifty-four patients (33%) died during hospitalization. Higher serum magnesium level was significantly related to in-hospital death (Fine & Gray's test; p < 0.001). In multivariable logistic regression analyses, serum magnesium level on admission was independently associated with in-hospital death (hazard ratio 2.68, 95% confidence interval 1.24-5.80) even after adjustment for covariates. Furthermore, the incidences of cardiogenic shock necessitating an intra-aortic balloon pump (p = 0.005) or extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (p < 0.001), tracheal intubation (p < 0.001) and persistent vegetative state (p = 0.002) were significantly higher in patients with higher serum magnesium level than in those with lower serum magnesium level. CONCLUSIONS: In reperfused AMI patients complicated by OHCA-MVA, admission serum magnesium level might be a potential surrogate marker for predicting in-hospital death.

Taquicardia incesante del tracto de salida del ventrículo derecho - ¿Taquimiocardiopatía?: El enigma / Incessant right ventricular outflow tract tachycardia - Tachycardiomyopathy? The enigma

RESUMEN Las taquicardias ventriculares de larga duración o incesantes pueden causar insuficiencia cardíaca, disfunción del ventrículo izquierdo y cardiomiopatía, cuadros que revierten una vez resueltas las arritmias. Se trata de un diagnóstico de exclusión: puede existir una cardiopatía de base que empeora con la taquicardia y debe precisarse si la arritmia lleva a la cardiomiopatía (puede existir un subregistro) o viceversa. Se presenta un paciente con taquicardia incesante del tracto de salida del ventrículo derecho, de larga evolución, con repercusión hemodinámica, cardiomiopatía dilatada y disfunción grave del ventrículo izquierdo, rebelde a fármacos antiarrítmicos y con dos ablaciones fallidas, pendiente de biopsia endomiocárdica y nueva ablación de su taquicardia. Se discuten algunas pistas para diferenciar las arritmias del tracto de salida del ventrículo derecho, en sus variantes benignas (las más frecuentes) y malignas. Algunas pistas para diferenciarlas son: la duración del complejo QRS, el intervalo de acoplamiento de la extrasístole y la frecuencia de la taquicardia.

ABSTRACT Long-lasting or incessant ventricular tachycardias may cause heart failure, left ventricular dysfunction, and cardiomyopathy; conditions that reverse once the arrhythmias have been solved. This is a diagnosis of exclusion: there may be a basic heart disease that worsens with the tachycardia and it must be clarified whether the arrhythmia leads to cardiomyopathy (there may be an underregistration) or vice versa. A patient with incessant right ventricular outflow tract tachycardia, with long evolution, hemodynamic repercussion, dilated cardiomyopathy and severe dysfunction of the left ventricle, refractory to antiarrhythmic drugs and with two failed ablations, pending endomyocardial biopsy and new ablation of his tachycardia is presented. Some clues to differentiate right ventricular outflow tract arrhythmias, in their benign (most frequent) and malignant variants, are discussed. Some clues to differentiate them are: the duration of the QRS complex, the coupling interval of premature contractions and the heart rate of the tachycardia.

QT interval greater than 460 ms in multiple electrocardiograms during follow-up in patients with Brugada syndrome: What does it contribute?

INTRODUCTION: Corrected QT interval (QTc) >460 ms in the right precordial leads has been described as a predictor of malignant ventricular arrhythmias (MVA) in patients with Brugada syndrome (BrS). OBJECTIVE: To assess the presence of QTc>460 ms in multiple electrocardiograms (ECGs) during follow-up as a predictor of recurrence of MVA in patients with BrS. METHODS: The study group included 43 patients with BrS and an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator. ECGs were performed serially between June 2000 and January 2017. QT interval was measured and QTc was obtained by Bazett's formula. The sample was divided into three groups: Group 1 (patients with no ECGs with QTc>460 ms); Group 2 (patients with only one ECG with QTc>460 ms); and Group 3 (patients with two or more ECGs with QTc>460 ms). RESULTS: The following variables were more frequently observed in Group 3: family history of sudden death (p=0.023), previous history of cardiorespiratory arrest (p=0.032), syncope (p=0.039), documented MVA (p=0.002), and proportion of ECGs with coved-type ST interval during follow-up (p=0.002). In Group 3, 67% of BrS patients had events during follow-up, as opposed to only 22% of Group 1 and 14% of Group 2 (Group 1 vs. Group 2, p=0.33015; Group 1 vs. Group 3, p=0.04295; and Group 2 vs. Group 3, p=0.04155). CONCLUSIONS: QTc>460 ms in more than one ECG during follow-up increases the risk of MVA events in patients with BrS.

Papel del sistema Purkinje y del tracto de salida del ventrículo derecho en las arritmias ventriculares malignas y la muerte súbita / Role of the Purkinje system and right ventricular outflow tract in malignant ventricular arrhythmias and sudden death

RESUMEN El sistema Purkinje y el tracto de salida del ventrículo derecho tienen un papel trascendente en relación con las arritmias ventriculares malignas (taquicardia y fibrilación ventriculares, torsión de puntas) y con la muerte súbita cardíaca. Se discuten su fisiopatología, participación en el origen (extrasístoles desencadenantes) y mantenimiento de estas arritmias, y las posibilidades ablativas para disminuir las recurrencias y los episodios de tormenta eléctrica. Se expone el diagnóstico diferencial entre variantes benignas y malignas de la taquicardia ventricular relacionada con el tracto de salida del ventrículo derecho y la relación entre factores genéticos, estructurales, electroanatómicos y funcionales (inflamación, fibrosis), con los eventos clínicos y la vulnerabilidad a las arritmias. Se necesita reclasificar algunas de estas enfermedades, vistas ahora en su carácter orgánico-funcional (síndrome de Brugada, por ejemplo), lo cual implica cambios revolucionarios en algunos conceptos clásicos y una nueva visión en cuanto a la estratificación de riesgo y la conducta terapéutica.

ABSTRACT The Purkinje system and the right ventricular outflow tract play a pivotal role in relation to malignant ventricular arrhythmias (ventricular tachycardia and fibrillation, torsades de pointes) and sudden cardiac death. Details such as their pathophysiology, origin involvement (triggering extrasystoles) maintenance of such arrhythmias, and ablative possibilities to reduce recurrences and electrical storm events are discussed herein. The differential diagnosis between benign and malignant ventricular tachycardia related to the right ventricular outflow tract, and the relationship between genetic, structural, electroanatomical and functional factors (inflammation, fibrosis) with clinical events and vulnerability to arrhythmias are presented. Some of these diseases need to be reclassified as they are now seen in their organic-functional character (Brugada syndrome, for example), and this implies radical changes in some classical concepts as well as a new perspective on risk stratification and therapeutic management.

A research on predictive value of plane QRS-T angle for postoperative malignant ventricular arrhythmia of patients with AMI undergoing PCI and the correlation analysis between the predictive value and prognostic effect / 中国医学装备

Objective: To analyze predictive value of plane QRS-T angle for postoperative malignant ventricular arrhythmia (MVA) of patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) who underwent PCI and the correlation between the predictive value and prognostic effect. Methods: The clinical data of 100 patients with AMI who underwent the treatment of percutaneous coronary intervention(PCI) were researched by using retrospective analysis. All of patients were divided into observation group (24 cases) and control group (76 cases) according to the angle of plane QRS-T after PCI. The plane QRS-T angle of observation group was more than 90°, and it was less than or equal to 90° in control group. The occurrence of MVA and clinical outcome of MVA between the two group were compared. Results: The age of observation group was significantly higher than that of control group (t=3.516, P<0.05). The interval of QTc of observation group was significantly higher than that of control group (t=2.131, P<0.05). And the percentage of left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) less than 45%, the occurrence rate of high blood pressure and the occurrence rate of MVA of observation group were significantly higher than those of control group (x2=3.922, x2=3.950, x2=5.942, P<0.05), respectively. The results of multi-factor Logistic regression analysis indicated that the angle of plane QRS-T of patients with AMI after PCI above 90° was the independent risk factor of MVA after PCI (OR=9.640, P<0.05). Conclusion: After the PCI of patients with AMI, the QRS-T angle> 90 ° was an independent risk factor of MVA.

Effects of low-dose amiodarone and Betaloc on the treatment of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy complicated with malignant ventricular arrhythmias.

OBJECTIVE: To study the therapeutic effects of low-dose amiodarone and Betaloc on hypertrophic cardiomyopathy complicated by malignant ventricular arrhythmias. METHODS: Eighty-two such patients were selected and divided into a treatment group and a control group by the random number method (n=41), which were administered with low-dose amiodarone plus Betaloc and individual Betaloc respectively. RESULTS: The treatment group had a significantly higher overall effective rate (85.4%) than the control group (65.9%) did. Based on the New York Heart Association's classification of cardiovascular disease, the treatment group mainly comprised Class III and IV patients before treatment, which were significantly relieved after treatment (P<0.05). The heart rate was evidently decreased from (119.99±18.91) bpm to (80.98±12.34) bpm, and the incidences of premature ventricular contraction and tachycardia were significantly reduced (P<0.05). The longest QT intervals after and before treatment were (421±32) ms and (411±35) ms respectively. The shortest QT interval after treatment [(350±36) ms] was significantly longer than that before [(307±31) ms]. The QT dispersion before treatment [(96±29) ms] was significantly higher that after [(64±17) ms] (P<0.05). Six out of eighty two patients in the treatment group succumbed to adverse reactions (14.63%). CONCLUSION: Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy complicated with malignant ventricular arrhythmias can be well treated with low-dose amiodarone and Betaloc, with mitigated symptoms, improved prognosis and few adverse reactions.

Canalopatías iónicas: generalidades y panorámica actual / Ion channelopathies: Overview and current status

Se presenta un panorama actual sobre las enfermedades de los canales iónicos cardíacos, con sus características comunes y algunas particularidades. Son síndromes arritmogénicos hereditarios por disfunciones en el tráfico de los canales iónicos al nivel de la membrana (mutaciones en los genes que codifican proteínas, con ganancia o pérdida de función), arritmias peligrosas para la vida, síncopes y muerte súbita, sin anormalidades estructurales gruesas detectables por los métodos convencionales. Estas enfermedades han experimentado un vertiginoso desarrollo en su entendimiento, diagnóstico y terapéutica en las últimas 2 décadas y se vislumbra un futuro promisorio con la genética molecular. Son diagnósticos de exclusión, se eliminan las cardiopatías estructurales, los trastornos electrolíticos y metabólicos, otras causas eléctricas y el empleo de fármacos antiarrítmicos. Se presentan en jóvenes aparentemente sanos, cuyo debut puede ser una arritmia ventricular maligna o un evento de muerte súbita, del cual solo es reanimado el 5 porciento. Comprenden un espectro clínico muy amplio, desde los asintomáticos (signos eléctricos, no síndromes), hasta los que fallecen. Su frecuencia real no se conoce debido a: muerte, diagnóstico erróneo, signos mínimos, intermitentes u ocultos. Se incorporan nuevas entidades, algunas se superponen y es muy difícil estratificar riesgo antes del debut. Se han creado registros internacionales. Se presentan los datos de nuestro Registro Nacional cubano de canalopatías en pacientes reanimados de eventos de muerte súbita seguidos durante 10 años(AU)

An overview is presented of the current status of cardiac ion channel diseases, their common characteristics and some distinguishing features. Ion channelopathies are inherited arrhythmogenic syndromes caused by ion channel traffic dysfunctions at membrane level (mutations in protein-encoding genes with gain or loss of function), life-threatening arrhythmias, syncope and sudden death, without any gross structural abnormality detectable by conventional methods. The past two decades have witnessed speedy progress in the understanding, diagnosis and treatment of these diseases, a situation which will continue to be as promising in the future with the application of molecular genetics. They are exclusion diagnoses. Structural heart diseases, electrolyte and metabolic disorders, other electrical causes and the use of antiarrhythmic drugs are all discarded. They appear in seemingly healthy young persons, whose debut may be a malignant ventricular arrhythmia or a sudden death event, from which only 5 percent are reanimated. They have a very broad clinical spectrum, ranging from asymptomatic cases (electrical signs, no syndromes) to fatal cases. Their actual frequency is unknown, due to: death, erroneous diagnosis, and minimal, intermittent or hidden signs. New diseases are incorporated, some overlap and it is very difficult to stratify risk before the debut. International registries have been developed. The paper presents the data contained in the Cuban National Channelopathy Register for patients reanimated from sudden death events and followed up for 10 years(AU)

Canalopatías iónicas: generalidades y panorámica actual / Ion channelopathies: Overview and current status

Se presenta un panorama actual sobre las enfermedades de los canales iónicos cardíacos, con sus características comunes y algunas particularidades. Son síndromes arritmogénicos hereditarios por disfunciones en el tráfico de los canales iónicos al nivel de la membrana (mutaciones en los genes que codifican proteínas, con ganancia o pérdida de función), arritmias peligrosas para la vida, síncopes y muerte súbita, sin anormalidades estructurales gruesas detectables por los métodos convencionales. Estas enfermedades han experimentado un vertiginoso desarrollo en su entendimiento, diagnóstico y terapéutica en las últimas 2 décadas y se vislumbra un futuro promisorio con la genética molecular. Son diagnósticos de exclusión, se eliminan las cardiopatías estructurales, los trastornos electrolíticos y metabólicos, otras causas eléctricas y el empleo de fármacos antiarrítmicos. Se presentan en jóvenes aparentemente sanos, cuyo debut puede ser una arritmia ventricular maligna o un evento de muerte súbita, del cual solo es reanimado el 5 porciento. Comprenden un espectro clínico muy amplio, desde los asintomáticos (signos eléctricos, no síndromes), hasta los que fallecen. Su frecuencia real no se conoce debido a: muerte, diagnóstico erróneo, signos mínimos, intermitentes u ocultos. Se incorporan nuevas entidades, algunas se superponen y es muy difícil estratificar riesgo antes del debut. Se han creado registros internacionales. Se presentan los datos de nuestro Registro Nacional cubano de canalopatías en pacientes reanimados de eventos de muerte súbita seguidos durante 10 años

An overview is presented of the current status of cardiac ion channel diseases, their common characteristics and some distinguishing features. Ion channelopathies are inherited arrhythmogenic syndromes caused by ion channel traffic dysfunctions at membrane level (mutations in protein-encoding genes with gain or loss of function), life-threatening arrhythmias, syncope and sudden death, without any gross structural abnormality detectable by conventional methods. The past two decades have witnessed speedy progress in the understanding, diagnosis and treatment of these diseases, a situation which will continue to be as promising in the future with the application of molecular genetics. They are exclusion diagnoses. Structural heart diseases, electrolyte and metabolic disorders, other electrical causes and the use of antiarrhythmic drugs are all discarded. They appear in seemingly healthy young persons, whose debut may be a malignant ventricular arrhythmia or a sudden death event, from which only 5 percent are reanimated. They have a very broad clinical spectrum, ranging from asymptomatic cases (electrical signs, no syndromes) to fatal cases. Their actual frequency is unknown, due to: death, erroneous diagnosis, and minimal, intermittent or hidden signs. New diseases are incorporated, some overlap and it is very difficult to stratify risk before the debut. International registries have been developed. The paper presents the data contained in the Cuban National Channelopathy Register for patients reanimated from sudden death events and followed up for 10 years

Complicaciones del cardioversor-desfibrilador automático implantable: Tormenta eléctrica arrítmica / Complications of the automated and implantable cardioverter-defibrillator: arrhythmic electrical storm

El servicio de arritmias y estimulación eléctrica programada del corazón es centro nacional de referencia de los pacientes con cardiopatía estructural o sin ella y arritmias ventriculares malignas, para precisar diagnósticos y tomar las medidas terapéuticas adecuadas, principalmente la implantación del cardioversor-desfibrilador automático. Desde hace 24 años se implantan estos dispositivos y se observó lo frecuente de sus complicaciones (con inclusión de la tormenta eléctrica), en coincidencia con la literatura. Se elaboró una serie propia, cuyos datos se han publicado y presentado. Ahora se intenta una panorámica del problema. El dispositivo salva la vida y tiene indicaciones precisas, se requiere una adecuada primera decisión porque de lo contrario resultan mayores los riesgos que los beneficios. No debe dejar de implantarse en quien sea necesario, pero tampoco se debe colocar sin una indicación precisa, en alguien que no va a utilizarlo pero sí a enfrentarse con todos sus problemas de por vida pues una vez implantado nadie ya se atreverá a retirarlo(AU)

The service of heart programmed electric stimulation and arrhythmias is national center of reference of patients with or without structural heart disease and malignant ventricular arrhythmias to specify exactly the diagnoses and to take the appropriate therapeutical measures, mainly the implantation of the implantable cardioverter-defibrillator. From 24 years ago these devices are implanted observing the frequent of its complications (included the electrical storm), coinciding with literature. An own series was designed whose data have been published and presented. Now, a panorama of the problem is tried. The device save the life and has precise indications, requiring an appropriate first decision because otherwise the risks are greater than the benefits. This device must to be implanted in who is necessary, but neither must to be placed without a precise indication, in someone who not goes used it but yes to face with all the problems thoroughout the life since once implanted nobody will be bold enough for to remove it(AU)

Complicaciones del cardioversor-desfibrilador automático implantable: Tormenta eléctrica arrítmica / Complications of the automated and implantable cardioverter-defibrillator: arrhythmic electrical storm

El servicio de arritmias y estimulación eléctrica programada del corazón es centro nacional de referencia de los pacientes con cardiopatía estructural o sin ella y arritmias ventriculares malignas, para precisar diagnósticos y tomar las medidas terapéuticas adecuadas, principalmente la implantación del cardioversor-desfibrilador automático. Desde hace 24 años se implantan estos dispositivos y se observó lo frecuente de sus complicaciones (con inclusión de la tormenta eléctrica), en coincidencia con la literatura. Se elaboró una serie propia, cuyos datos se han publicado y presentado. Ahora se intenta una panorámica del problema. El dispositivo salva la vida y tiene indicaciones precisas, se requiere una adecuada primera decisión porque de lo contrario resultan mayores los riesgos que los beneficios. No debe dejar de implantarse en quien sea necesario, pero tampoco se debe colocar sin una indicación precisa, en alguien que no va a utilizarlo pero sí a enfrentarse con todos sus problemas de por vida pues una vez implantado nadie ya se atreverá a retirarlo

The service of heart programmed electric stimulation and arrhythmias is national center of reference of patients with or without structural heart disease and malignant ventricular arrhythmias to specify exactly the diagnoses and to take the appropriate therapeutical measures, mainly the implantation of the implantable cardioverter-defibrillator. From 24 years ago these devices are implanted observing the frequent of its complications (included the electrical storm), coinciding with literature. An own series was designed whose data have been published and presented. Now, a panorama of the problem is tried. The device save the life and has precise indications, requiring an appropriate first decision because otherwise the risks are greater than the benefits. This device must to be implanted in who is necessary, but neither must to be placed without a precise indication, in someone who not goes used it but yes to face with all the problems thoroughout the life since once implanted nobody will be bold enough for to remove it

Intervalo QT corto intermitente en un paciente con muerte súbita cardiaca / Intermittent short QT interval in a patient with sudden cardiac death

Se presenta el caso de un hombre de 21 años de edad, sin cardiopatía estructural demostrable por los métodos convencionales, reanimado de un episodio de muerte súbita cardiaca. Su historia familiar incluye dos hermanos muertos súbitamente en el primer año de vida. El paciente tuvo diez episodios de taquicardia ventricular (varios de ellos registrados), uno de ellos lo llevó al evento de muerte del cual fue reanimado. Las anormalidades electrocardiográficas fueron un intervalo QT corto intermitente (280 ms), un QT corregido de 320 ms y un segmento ST corto. Con posterioridad el intervalo QT retornó a cifras normales (360 ms o más); ocasionalmente midió 335 ms (no tan corto como el inicial). El estudio electrofisiológico fue normal (intervalos AH y HV, períodos refractarios, no inducibilidad de la arritmia). El paciente rechazó la opción de cardioversor desfibrilador automático implantable y recibe amiodarona hasta la actualidad (200 mg/día), no ha repetido la arritmia en cuatro años. Los electrocardiogramas seriados son muy importantes para identificar pacientes con intervalo QT corto intermitente. El acortamiento del intervalo onda J-T pico es relevante. La arritmia puede ser fibrilación o taquicardia ventriculares.

This paper presents a 21 years-old-male without structural heart disease who was reanimated from a sudden cardiac death event. His familial history included two siblings suddenly dead in their first year of life. The patient had 10 episodes of ventricular tachycardia (some of them were registered). Electrocardiographically abnormalities were an intermittent short QT interval (280 ms), short QTc (320 ms) and a short ST segment. QT interval subsequently returned to a normal range (360 ms or more), while occasionally a length of 335 ms was recorded. The electrophysiological study findings (AH and HV intervals, refractory periods) were normal. The patient refused the implantable cardioverter defibrillator and he is receiving oral amiodarone (200 mg/day). The evolution has been satisfactory along four years. Sequential electrocardiograms are very important to identify patients with an intermittent short QT interval. Shortening of the interval J wave-Tpeak is also relevant. Related arrhythmias could be ventricular tachycardia or fibrillation.