Multiple choice as formative assessment in dental education.

INTRODUCTION: The effectiveness of multiple-choice questions (MCQs) in dental education is pivotal to student performance and knowledge advancement. However, their optimal implementation requires exploration to enhance the benefits. MATERIALS AND METHODS: An educational tool incorporating MCQs was administered from the 5th to the 10th semester in a dental curriculum. The students filled out a questionnaire after the MCQ, which was linked to the learning management system. Four cohorts of four semesters generated 2300 data points analysed by Spearmen correlation and mixed model regression analysis. RESULTS: Demonstrated a significant correlation between early exam preparation and improved student performance. Independent study hours and lecture attendance emerged as significant predictors, accounting for approximately 10.27% of the variance in student performance on MCQs. While the number of MCQs taken showed an inverse relationship with study hours, the perceived clarity of these questions positively correlated with academic achievement. CONCLUSION: MCQs have proven effective in enhancing student learning and knowledge within the discipline. Our analysis underscores the important role of independent study and consistent lecture attendance in positively influencing MCQ scores. The study provides valuable insights into using MCQs as a practical tool for dental student learning. Moreover, the clarity of assessment tools, such as MCQs, remains pivotal in influencing student outcomes. This study underscores the multifaceted nature of learning experiences in dental education and the importance of bridging the gap between student expectations and actual performance.

Problems and Opportunities of a Smartphone-Based Care Management Platform: Application of the Wald Principles to a Survey-Based Analysis of Patients' Perception in a Pilot Center.

(1) Background: Mobile health (mHealth) solutions can become a means of improving functional recovery and reducing the peri-operative burden and costs associated with arthroplasty procedures. The aim of this study is to explore the objectives, functionalities, and outcomes of a platform designed to provide personalized surgical experiences to qualified patients, along with the associated problems and opportunities. (2) Methods: A survey-based analysis was conducted on patients who were prescribed the use of a specific care management platform and underwent primary robotic total knee arthroplasty (rTKA) between January 2021 and February 2023. (3) Results: Patients registered on the platform who have undergone primary robotic TKA (rTKA) were considered. The mean age of registered patients is 68.6 years. The male (M)/female (F) ratio is 45.1%/54.9%. The patients interviewed were at an average distance of 485 days from the intervention, with a standard deviation of 187.5. The survey highlighted appreciation for the app and its features, but also limitations in its use and in its perception by the patients. All these data were evaluated according to the Wald principles and strategies to improve patient recruitment, enhance adherence, and create a comprehensive patient journey for optimized surgical experiences. (4) Conclusions: This patient care platform may have the potential to impact surgical experiences by increasing patient engagement, facilitating remote monitoring, and providing personalized care. There is a need to emphasize the importance of integrating the recruiting process, improving adherence strategies, and creating a comprehensive patient journey within the platform.

Completion of Patient-Reported Outcome Measures Improved With Use of a Mobile Application in Arthroplasty Patients: Results From a Randomized Controlled Trial.

BACKGROUND: The collection of patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) has historically been reported as costly and time-consuming, with low compliance rates that may impact reimbursement. Little research has reported the effects of mobile applications to support PROMs collection following arthroplasty. METHODS: Secondary analysis of data from a multicenter randomized controlled trial was performed. Patients undergoing knee and hip arthroplasty were randomized to utilize a smartphone-based care management platform (app) for self-directed rehabilitation and completed joint-specific PROMs (Hip Dysfunction and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score, Joint Replacement or Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Score, Joint Replacement) via the application at prescribed intervals or on paper during clinic visits. Control patients received practice standard of care, and completed PROMs via emailed hyperlink or during clinic visits following lower limb arthroplasty. Overall, 455 patients underwent knee arthroplasty procedures (245 control, 210 app group) and 380 underwent total hip arthroplasty (206 control, 174 app group). Compliance with expected PROMs completion was calculated through one year postoperatively. RESULTS: Compliance was higher in the app group preoperatively in both knee (98.1 versus 86.9%, P < .0001) and hip cohorts (96.0 versus 88.4%, P = .008), and postoperatively, including at one year (knees, 72.2 versus 53.7%, P < .0001; hips, 71.1 versus 49.2%, P < .0001). On log-binomial regressions, intervention arm was the strongest predictor of completion of all PROMs, where app users undergoing knee (Relative Risk 2.039, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.595 to 2.607, P < .000) and hip arthroplasty (2.268 95% CI 1.742 to 2.953, P < .0001) were more likely to be compliant at all timepoints. The majority of patients in the app group, including those over 65 years of age, completed PROMs using the application as opposed to paper methods. CONCLUSIONS: A smartphone mobile application that engages patients during recovery after knee and hip joint arthroplasty improved compliance with completion of preoperative and postoperative PROMs compared to other electronic and paper methods.

Evaluating the performance of an integrated evidence-based nursing knowledge management (I-EBNKM) platform in real-world clinical environments.

BACKGROUND: For evidence-based knowledge to be applicable in clinical practice, providing support for and the management of knowledge is required to ensure the effective sharing of appropriate expertise across healthcare organizations. Knowledge management platforms can provide a wide range of benefits related to the activation and establishment of evidence-based practice (EBP) in clinical environments. OBJECTIVES: In this study, we developed an integrated evidence-based nursing knowledge management (I-EBNKM) platform and applied it in real-world clinical environments to evaluate its effectiveness. METHODS: We designed an I-EBNKM platform with three main functions: (1) clinical questioning and knowledge linkage, (2) systematic knowledge management, and (3) knowledge communication. After a two-month long application of the I-EBNKM platform in real-world clinical environments, we evaluated the changes in the levels of knowledge in EBP, attitude, practice, confidence in clinical questioning, individual innovative behavior, innovative organizational culture, and organizational knowledge management. The experimental and control groups consisted of 198 nurses, who participated in the study. RESULTS: After applying the I-EBNKM platform, the levels of EBP knowledge and skills (t = 7.16; p <.001), attitude (t = 6.30; p <.001), practice (t = 7.63; p <.001), confidence in clinical questioning (t = 4.57; p <.001), individual innovative behavior (t = 8.72; p <.001), and organizational knowledge management (t = 7.43; p <.001) differed significantly between the experimental group and the control group. CONCLUSION: The results of this study clearly indicate that the I-EBNKM platform we developed has the potential to enhance nurses' involvement in ensuring effective knowledge management in real-world clinical environments. Therefore, the provision of an innovative digital approach ensuring systematic and timely organizational support among nurses is of critical importance.

An orthopaedic intelligence application successfully integrates data from a smartphone-based care management platform and a robotic knee system using a commercial database.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the feasibility of using a smartphone-based care management platform (sbCMP) and robotic-assisted total knee arthroplasty (raTKA) to collect data throughout the episode-of-care and assess if intra-operative measures of soft tissue laxity in raTKA were associated with post-operative outcomes. METHODS: A secondary data analysis of 131 patients in a commercial database who underwent raTKA was performed. Pre-operative through six week post-operative step counts and KOOS JR scores were collected and cross-referenced with intra-operative laxity measures. A Kruskal-Wallis test or a Wilcoxon sign-rank was used to assess outcomes. RESULTS: There were higher step counts at six weeks post-operatively in knees with increased laxity in both the lateral compartment in extension and medial compartment in flexion (p < 0.05). Knees balanced in flexion within < 0.5 mm had higher KOOS JR scores at six weeks post-operative (p = 0.034) compared to knees balanced within 0.5-1.5 mm. CONCLUSION: A smartphone-based care management platform can be integrated with raTKA to passively collect data throughout the episode-of-care. Associations between intra-operative decisions regarding laxity and post-operative outcomes were identified. However, more robust analysis is needed to evaluate these associations and ensure clinical relevance to guide machine learning algorithms.

Corrigendum: Construction of a three-level enteral nutrition nursing system under the "Internet + medical" mode and an evaluation of its effect in clinical application.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.976276.].

Construction of a three-level enteral nutrition nursing system under the "Internet + medical" mode and an evaluation of its effect in clinical application.

Objective: This study aimed to explore the construction of a three-level enteral nutrition nursing system under the "Internet + medical" mode and the clinical application effect. Methods: A total of 40 nurses from four primary and secondary hospitals in Jiangxi Province and 100 patients treated with enteral nutrition between January 2020 and December 2021 were enrolled in this study. Patients in the control group received routine enteral nutrition nursing. In the study group, a three-level enteral nutrition nursing system was applied under the "Internet + medical" mode to train and guide the implementation of clinical enteral nutrition. The changes in nurses' cognition and behavior in enteral nutrition safety nursing, comprehensive core competence before and after training, and the effect of enteral nutrition nursing were compared between the two groups. Results: After 3 months of training, nurses' cognition and behavior scores in enteral nutrition safety nursing were higher than those before training (t = 11.780, P < 0.05), and nurses' core competence scores were higher than before training (P < 0.05). After 1 week of nursing, the nutritional risk screening 2002 (NRS2002) score decreased, and the levels of albumin and hemoglobin increased in both groups (P < 0.05). However, after 1 week of nursing, the NRS2002 score of the study group (2.89 ± 0.75) was lower than that of the control group (3.25 ± 0.82), and the levels of albumin (39.89 ± 3.21) and hemoglobin (119.57 ± 8.78) were higher in the study group than in the control group (albumin 36.25 ± 3.45, hemoglobin 113.66 ± 9.55) (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Three-level enteral nutrition nursing linkage assisted by the "Internet + medical" mode can improve the cognition and behavior of medical staff in enteral nutrition safety nursing, as well as the comprehensive core competence of nurses, achieving good clinical effects.

The Sleep Revolution project: the concept and objectives.

Obstructive sleep apnea is linked to severe health consequences such as hypertension, daytime sleepiness, and cardiovascular disease. Nearly a billion people are estimated to have obstructive sleep apnea with a substantial economic burden. However, the current diagnostic parameter of obstructive sleep apnea, the apnea-hypopnea index, correlates poorly with related comorbidities and symptoms. Obstructive sleep apnea severity is measured by counting respiratory events, while other physiologically relevant consequences are ignored. Furthermore, as the clinical methods for analysing polysomnographic signals are outdated, laborious, and expensive, most patients with obstructive sleep apnea remain undiagnosed. Therefore, more personalised diagnostic approaches are urgently needed. The Sleep Revolution, funded by the European Union's Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme, aims to tackle these shortcomings by developing machine learning tools to better estimate obstructive sleep apnea severity and phenotypes. This allows for improved personalised treatment options, including increased patient participation. Also, implementing these tools will alleviate the costs and increase the availability of sleep studies by decreasing manual scoring labour. Finally, the project aims to design a digital platform that functions as a bridge between researchers, patients, and clinicians, with an electronic sleep diary, objective cognitive tests, and questionnaires in a mobile application. These ambitious goals will be achieved through extensive collaboration between 39 centres, including expertise from sleep medicine, computer science, and industry and by utilising tens of thousands of retrospectively and prospectively collected sleep recordings. With the commitment of the European Sleep Research Society and Assembly of National Sleep Societies, the Sleep Revolution has the unique possibility to create new standardised guidelines for sleep medicine.

Smart Scheduling of Electric Vehicles Based on Reinforcement Learning.

As the policies and regulations currently in place concentrate on environmental protection and greenhouse gas reduction, we are steadily witnessing a shift in the transportation industry towards electromobility. There are, though, several issues that need to be addressed to encourage the adoption of EVs on a larger scale, starting from enhancing the network interoperability and accessibility and removing the uncertainty associated with the availability of charging stations. Another issue is of particular interest for EV drivers travelling longer distances and is related to scheduling a recharging operation at the estimated time of arrival, without long queuing times. To this end, we propose a solution capable of addressing multiple EV charging scheduling issues, such as congestion management, scheduling a charging station in advance, and allowing EV drivers to plan optimized long trips using their EVs. The smart charging scheduling system we propose considers a variety of factors such as battery charge level, trip distance, nearby charging stations, other appointments, and average speed. Given the scarcity of data sets required to train the Reinforcement Learning algorithms, the novelty of the recommended solution lies in the scenario simulator, which generates the labelled datasets needed to train the algorithm. Based on the generated scenarios, we created and trained a neural network that uses a history of previous situations to identify the optimal charging station and time interval for recharging. The results are promising and for future work we are planning to train the DQN model using real-world data.

A collaborative semantic-based provenance management platform for reproducibility.

Scientific data management plays a key role in the reproducibility of scientific results. To reproduce results, not only the results but also the data and steps of scientific experiments must be made findable, accessible, interoperable, and reusable. Tracking, managing, describing, and visualizing provenance helps in the understandability, reproducibility, and reuse of experiments for the scientific community. Current systems lack a link between the data, steps, and results from the computational and non-computational processes of an experiment. Such a link, however, is vital for the reproducibility of results. We present a novel solution for the end-to-end provenance management of scientific experiments. We provide a framework, CAESAR (CollAborative Environment for Scientific Analysis with Reproducibility), which allows scientists to capture, manage, query and visualize the complete path of a scientific experiment consisting of computational and non-computational data and steps in an interoperable way. CAESAR integrates the REPRODUCE-ME provenance model, extended from existing semantic web standards, to represent the whole picture of an experiment describing the path it took from its design to its result. ProvBook, an extension for Jupyter Notebooks, is developed and integrated into CAESAR to support computational reproducibility. We have applied and evaluated our contributions to a set of scientific experiments in microscopy research projects.

Electric Vehicle Smart Charging Reservation Algorithm.

The widespread adoption of electromobility constitutes one of the measures designed to reduce air pollution caused by traditional fossil fuels. However, several factors are currently impeding this process, ranging from insufficient charging infrastructure, battery capacity, and long queueing and charging times, to psychological factors. On top of range anxiety, the frustration of the EV drivers is further fuelled by the uncertainty of finding an available charging point on their route. To address this issue, we propose a solution that bypasses the limitations of the "reserve now" function of the OCPP standard, enabling drivers to make charging reservations for the upcoming days, especially when planning a longer trip. We created an algorithm that generates reservation intervals based on the charging station's reservation and transaction history. Subsequently, we ran a series of test cases that yielded promising results, with no overlapping reservations and the occupation of several stations without queues, assuring, thus, a proper distribution of the available energy resources, while increasing end-user satisfaction. Our solution is independent from the OCPP reservation method; therefore, the authentication and reservation processes performed by the proposed algorithm run only through the central system, authorizing only the creator of the reservation to start the charging transaction.

Embedding and Integrating a Digital Patient Management Platform Into Everyday Primary Care Routines: Qualitative Case Study.

BACKGROUND: Traditional primary care is characterized by patient consultations via phone and physical visits. However, the current development in Swedish primary care is to blend digital solutions with traditional solutions. This paper addresses this development by examining the normalization of embedding and integrating a digital health care platform into everyday care routines in a primary care clinic. The digital health care platform enables both synchronous (video calls) and asynchronous (chat) communication, as well as self-registration of patient data using automated questions and forms requiring the patient's input. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to explore the work that health care professionals (HCPs) have to undertake to implement and sustain a digital health care platform as part of their everyday work practice. METHODS: HCPs were observed and interviewed to assess their individual and collective engagement and the mechanisms involved in the implementation of the digital platform and its effects on everyday work routines. The normalization process theory (NPT) was used to frame the data analysis. RESULTS: The analysis identified several themes related to the four NPT constructs: coherence, cognitive participation, collective action, and reflexive monitoring. The use of these constructs enabled the analysis to identify ways of supporting implementation. For example, it showed the benefits of having implementation champions and scheduling work hours for HCPs to use the platform. The analysis also revealed a theme of materiality that deviated from the NPT constructs, as NPT gives ontological priority to human actors and social structures. CONCLUSIONS: Digital health care platform implementation is a complex process. Our findings provide insights into how individual and collective actions can be supported to embed and integrate a digital platform into everyday care routines. Primary health care organizations need to involve HCPs throughout the implementation process by reorganizing work and providing frequent feedback loops. HCPs are more likely to engage with and commit to changing practices if they perceive the digital platform to be beneficial compared with the current practice. However, they also need resources (eg, time, training, and continuous support) to put the platform into practice. Patient engagement and appraisal are important elements in implementation. Unless patients are willing to use the platform, there is no motivation for HCPs to embed the digital platform into everyday care practice.

[Clinical therapeutic effect on bronchial asthma by the observation of skin reaction after acupoint application based on chronic disease management platform of asthma].

OBJECTIVE: To compare the therapeutic effect on bronchial asthma between presence of skin reaction and the absence of skin reaction after acupoint application. METHODS: Sixty-one patients with bronchial asthma were treated with acupoint application during the hottest periods of summer ("dog days"). The acupoints included Dingchuan (EX-B 1), Feishu (BL 13), Xinshu (BL 15), Pishu (BL 20) and Shenshu (BL 23). The treatment was given once every 7 days, with the herbal plaster remained for 6 h each time, and 4 treatments were required totally. According to the local skin reaction after acupoint application, a skin reaction group (30 cases, 2 cases dropped off) and a non-skin reaction group (31 cases) were divided. Separately, before treatment and 1 year after treatment, using chronic disease management platform of asthma, the number of asthma attacks, the score of asthma control test (ACT) and the score of asthma quality of life questionnaire (AQLQ) were recorded online. Besides, the therapeutic effect was observed in the two groups 1 year after treatment. RESULTS: One year after treatment, the number of asthma attacks was reduced as compared with that before treatment in the patients of either group (P<0.001), the score of ACT and each domain in AQLQ, i.e. activity limitation, asthma symptoms, psychological state, reactions to stimuli and self-health care as well as the total scores of AQLQ were all increased as compared with those before treatment (P<0.001). The number of asthma attacks in the skin reaction group was less than the non-skin reaction group (P<0.05), the score of ACT and each domain of AQLQ and the total scores of AQLQ were all higher than the non-skin reaction group successively (P<0.05, P<0.01). The total effective rate was 82.1% (23/28) in the skin reaction group, better than 67.7% (21/31) in the non-skin reaction group (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: In treatment of acupoint application for bronchial asthma, the clinical therapeutic effect is better in the patients with local skin reaction after acupoint application. The chronic disease management platform of asthma is convenient for online evaluation.

The Future of Sleep Measurements: A Review and Perspective.

This article provides an overview of the current use, limitations, and future directions of the variety of subjective and objective sleep assessments available. This article argues for various ways and sources of collecting, combining, and using data to enlighten clinical practice and the sleep research of the future. It highlights the prospects of digital management platforms to store and present the data, and the importance of codesign when developing such platforms and other new instruments. It also discusses the abundance of opportunities that data science and machine learning open for the analysis of data.

Application practice of standardized access management of Internet services in large hospitals / 中华医院管理杂志

With the development of Internet medical service, the traditional peer-to-peer access mode is difficult to meet the rapidly growing business demand. By means of information technology, our hospital has built an Internet application access management platform, formed a " three platforms and one center" management model, formulated an application access standard management process based on integrated access documents, introduced a series of information security measures, and constructed a set of Omni-directional and standardized Internet application access management system. It has been proved that the system could realize unified design, standard access, centralized management, and security audit for application access, could effectively solve the problems of Internet application access, and could also provide powerful data support for hospital medical, teaching and research work.

Exploration of building a smart management platform for large-scale medical equipment in hospitals / 中华医院管理杂志

Strengthening the supervision over the use of large-scale medical equipment is an effective means to improve the efficiency of equipment use and the quality of medical services, and it is an important part of promoting the construction of the Healthy China and the development of health undertakings. Through four stages of preliminary demand investigation, intelligent collection of data, intelligent analysis and evaluation, and continuous improvement, a large-scale medical equipment intelligent management platform was built in our hospital. Real-time data collection, interconnection, analysis and evaluation were achieved, which could help the use and supervision, improve efficiency and effectiveness, and optimize the evaluation system.

Clinical therapeutic effect on bronchial asthma by the observation of skin reaction after acupoint application based on chronic disease management platform of asthma / 中国针灸

OBJECTIVE@#To compare the therapeutic effect on bronchial asthma between presence of skin reaction and the absence of skin reaction after acupoint application.@*METHODS@#Sixty-one patients with bronchial asthma were treated with acupoint application during the hottest periods of summer ("dog days"). The acupoints included Dingchuan (EX-B 1), Feishu (BL 13), Xinshu (BL 15), Pishu (BL 20) and Shenshu (BL 23). The treatment was given once every 7 days, with the herbal plaster remained for 6 h each time, and 4 treatments were required totally. According to the local skin reaction after acupoint application, a skin reaction group (30 cases, 2 cases dropped off) and a non-skin reaction group (31 cases) were divided. Separately, before treatment and 1 year after treatment, using chronic disease management platform of asthma, the number of asthma attacks, the score of asthma control test (ACT) and the score of asthma quality of life questionnaire (AQLQ) were recorded online. Besides, the therapeutic effect was observed in the two groups 1 year after treatment.@*RESULTS@#One year after treatment, the number of asthma attacks was reduced as compared with that before treatment in the patients of either group (@*CONCLUSION@#In treatment of acupoint application for bronchial asthma, the clinical therapeutic effect is better in the patients with local skin reaction after acupoint application. The chronic disease management platform of asthma is convenient for online evaluation.

Mobile Health App With Social Media to Support Self-Management for Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease: Prospective Randomized Controlled Study.

BACKGROUND: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a global health burden. Self-management plays a key role in improving modifiable risk factors. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of wearable devices, a health management platform, and social media at improving the self-management of CKD, with the goal of establishing a new self-management intervention model. METHODS: In a 90-day prospective experimental study, a total of 60 people with CKD at stages 1-4 were enrolled in the intervention group (n=30) and control group (n=30). All participants were provided with wearable devices that collected exercise-related data. All participants maintained dietary diaries using a smartphone app. All dietary and exercise information was then uploaded to a health management platform. Suggestions about diet and exercise were provided to the intervention group only, and a social media group was created to inspire the participants in the intervention group. Participants' self-efficacy and self-management questionnaire scores, Kidney Disease Quality of Life scores, body composition, and laboratory examinations before and after the intervention were compared between the intervention and control groups. RESULTS: A total of 49 participants completed the study (25 in the intervention group and 24 in the control group); 74% of the participants were men and the mean age was 51.22 years. There were no differences in measured baseline characteristics between the groups except for educational background. After the intervention, the intervention group showed significantly higher scores for self-efficacy (mean 171.28, SD 22.92 vs mean 142.21, SD 26.36; P<.001) and self-management (mean 54.16, SD 6.71 vs mean 47.58, SD 6.42; P=.001). Kidney Disease Quality of Life scores were also higher in the intervention group (mean 293.16, SD 34.21 vs mean 276.37, SD 32.21; P=.02). The number of steps per day increased in the intervention group (9768.56 in week 1 and 11,389.12 in week 12). The estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) of the intervention group was higher than that of the control group (mean 72.47, SD 24.28 vs mean 59.69, SD 22.25 mL/min/1.73m2; P=.03) and the decline in eGFR was significantly slower in the intervention group (-0.56 vs -4.58 mL/min/1.73m2). There were no differences in body composition between groups postintervention. CONCLUSIONS: The use of wearable devices, a health management platform, and social media support not only strengthened self-efficacy and self-management but also improved quality of life and a slower eGFR decline in people with CKD at stages 1-4. These results outline a new self-management model to promote healthy lifestyle behaviors for patients with CKD. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04617431; https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04617431.

Design and Implementation of a Trust Information Management Platform for Social Internet of Things Environments.

As the vast amount of data in social Internet of Things (IoT) environments considering interactions between IoT and people is accumulated and processed through cloud and big data technologies, the services that utilize them are applied in various fields. The trust between IoT devices and their data is recognized as the core of IoT ecosystem creation and growth. Connection with suspicious IoT devices may pose a risk to services and system operation. Therefore, it is essential to analyze and manage trust information for devices, services, and people, as well as to provide the trust information to the other devices or users that need it. This paper presents a trust information management framework which contains a generic IoT reference model with trust capabilities to achieve the goal of converged trust information management. Additionally, a trust information management platform (TIMP) consisting of trust agents, trust information brokers, and trust information management systems has been proposed, which aims to provide trustworthy and safe interactions among people, virtual objects, and physical things. Implementing and deploying a TIMP enables a trustworthy ecosystem to be built while activating social IoT businesses by reducing transaction costs, as well as by eliminating the uncertainties in the use of social IoT services and data transactions.

Overuse of intravenous infusions in China: focusing on management platform and cultural problems.

This article reviews the current status of the overuse of intravenous (IV) infusions in China and implications to patient safety, and analyzes factors associated with the overuse. Although many factors contribute to the overuse of IV infusions in China, we focus on the construction of an IV infusion management system and tackling cultural problems as the first step to address issues of IV therapy in this commentary.