Mangifera indica L., By-Products, and Mangiferin on Cardio-Metabolic and Other Health Conditions: A Systematic Review.

Mango and its by-products have traditional medicinal uses. They contain diverse bioactive compounds offering numerous health benefits, including cardioprotective and metabolic properties. This study aimed to explore the impact of mango fruit and its by-products on human health, emphasizing its metabolic syndrome components. PUBMED, EMBASE, COCHRANE, and GOOGLE SCHOLAR were searched following PRISMA guidelines, and the COCHRANE handbook was utilized to assess bias risks. In vivo and in vitro studies have shown several benefits of mango and its by-products. For this systematic review, 13 studies met the inclusion criteria. The collective findings indicated that the utilization of mango in various forms-ranging from fresh mango slices and mango puree to mango by-products, mango leaf extract, fruit powder, and mangiferin-yielded many favorable effects. These encompassed enhancements in glycemic control and improvements in plasma lipid profiles. Additionally, mango reduces food intake, elevates mood scores, augments physical performance during exercise, improves endothelial function, and decreases the incidence of respiratory tract infections. Utilizing mango by-products supports the demand for healthier products. This approach also aids in environmental conservation. Furthermore, the development of mango-derived nanomedicines aligns with sustainable goals and offers innovative solutions for healthcare challenges whilst being environmentally conscious.

Induction of Apoptosis and Decrease of Autophagy in Colon Cancer Cells by an Extract of Lyophilized Mango Pulp.

Previous studies have indicated that mango fruit has a chemopreventive capacity against colorectal cancer cells. The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of an aqueous extract of lyophilized mango pulp (LMPE) on colon adenocarcinoma cells (SW480) and their metastatic derivatives (SW620) death and cellular invasion. DNA fragmentation was assessed by TUNEL assay; autophagy and expression of DR4 and Bcl-2 by flow cytometry; the expression of 35 apoptosis-related proteins and of matrix metalloproteinases 7 and 9 by immunodetection; and the invasive capacity of the cells by Boyden chamber. The results showed that LMPE at 30 mg/mL and 48 h of exposure results in DNA fragmentation and apoptosis in SW480 (p < 0.001) and SW620 (p < 0.01) cells. Additionally, LMPE decreased autophagy in the SW480 and SW620 cell lines (p < 0.001), which could sensitize them to the DNA damage generated by LMPE. The LMPE did not modulate the expression of matrix metalloproteinases 7 and 9, nor did it affect cellular invasion processes in the SW480 and SW620 cell lines. In conclusion, LMPE induces apoptosis and decreases autophagy in SW480 and SW620 cells.

Reducing chilling injury in 'Palmer' mangoes submitted to quarantine cold treatment.

BACKGROUND: Treatment with low temperatures can be used to quarantine mangoes against fruit-fly infestation. However, mangoes can develop chilling injury (CI) when stored at temperatures below 13 °C. We demonstrated that the immersion in polyol solutions can alleviate CI symptoms in 'Palmer' mangoes stored at 8 °C. These suggest that polyols can be used to reduce CI in mangoes during quarantine at low temperatures. Thus, we investigated the efficacy of applying 0.1% (v/v) glycerol, propylene glycol, or sorbitol to 'Palmer' mangoes subjected to cold treatment (1.0 °C) for 28 days. Mangoes were then ripened at 23 °C for 7 days. RESULTS: Among these polyols, sorbitol was the most effective in alleviating CI for up to 14 days of cold treatment. Mangoes treated with sorbitol showed lower levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ), and reduced polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity. These fruit also had elevated levels of ascorbate (AsA), especially in the epicarp, and increased superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activity. CONCLUSION: Sorbitol can reduce the CI, but to an unsatisfying level, and it should be combined with other treatments storage at low temperature. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.

Phenolic compounds profile and antioxidant capacity of 'Ataulfo' mango pulp processed by ohmic heating at moderate electric field strength.

Heat treatment during pasteurization of mango (Mangifera indica L.) pulp reduces the phenolic content and its potential health benefits. The bioactive content, phenolics profile, and antioxidant capacity of 'Ataulfo' mango pulp after ohmic heating (OH) treatment (15.0-20.0 V/cm), and conventional heating (CT, 72 °C) were evaluated. No significant differences were observed in the gallic acid and mangiferin content and its antioxidant capacity (ABTS). Mass spectrometry analysis (LC/MS-TOF) showed that all treatments produced the same profile of phenolic compounds, including 6 phenolic acids, 2 gallotannins, 1 benzophenone, 2 xanthones, and 3 flavonoids. PCA analysis confirmed that mangiferin and gallic acid were the main contributors to the ABTS antioxidant capacity. These results demonstrate that OH treatments can preserve the compositions of phenolic compounds mango pulp, thus maintaining its potential health benefits.

Fermentation profile, aerobic stability, chemical and mineral composition of silages of mango combined with cocoa pod husk meal / Perfil fermentativo, estabilidade aeróbia, composição química e mineral de silagens de manga combinados com farelo de casca de cacau

The objective was to evaluate the fermentation profile, aerobic stability, chemical composition, and mineral content of silages of mango combined with cocoa pod husk meal. A completely randomized design was adopted, including four levels (65, 70, 75, and 80%) and five repetitions, totaling 20 experimental silos that were opened after 90 days of sealing. Increasing mango levels in the silages increased the dry matter recovery, total carbohydrates, and fraction B2 of carbohydrates, and reduced gas losses, dry matter, and mineral matter. The quadratic effect was found for pH, buffering capacity, potassium, boron, iron, and nitrogen fractions A and B1 + B2. Using unconventional products such as mango combined with cocoa pod husk meal for silage making can reduce the cost of food supplementation for ruminants, and the environmental contamination.(AU)

Foi avaliado o perfil fermentativo, estabilidade aeróbia, composição química e conteúdo mineral de silagens de manga combinadas com farelo de casca de cacau. O delineamento adotado foi o inteiramente casualizado, incluindo quatro níveis (65, 70, 75 e 80%) e cinco repetições, totalizando 20 silos experimentais abertos aos 90 dias da vedação. O incremento dos níveis de manga nas silagens aumentou a recuperação de matéria seca, carboidratos totais e fração B2 de carboidratos, e reduziu as perdas de gases, matéria seca e matéria mineral. Foi encontrado um efeito quadrático para pH, capacidade tampão, potássio, boro, ferro e para as frações de nitrogênio A e B1 + B2. A utilização de produtos não convencionais como a manga combinada com a farinha da casca da vagem de cacau para a produção de silagem pode reduzir o custo da suplementação alimentar para ruminantes e a contaminação ambiental.(AU)

Inhibition of Cell Proliferation and Induction of Cell Cycle Arrest in Colon Cancer Cells by Lyophilized Mango (Mangifera indica L.) Pulp Extract.

The present study evaluated the antiproliferative capacity and possible cell death mechanisms of lyophilized mango pulp extract (LMPE), applied to human colon cancer cells (SW480) and their metastasis-derived counterparts (SW620). The total phenolic content of LMPE was estimated by the Folin-Ciocalteu method. Three assays were employed to determine its antioxidant capacity: ferric-reducing antioxidant power, oxygen radical absorbance capacity, and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl. Furthermore, the antiproliferative activity of LMPE was assessed by sulforhodamine B, clonogenic, and Ki-67 assays. Flow cytometry was employed to examine the cell cycle, production of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), cell-surface phosphatidylserine, and change in mitochondrial membrane potential. LMPE exhibited a high level of total phenolic content and antioxidant activity. The mean maximal inhibitory concentration values of LMPE at 48 h of exposure were 43 and 29 mg/mL for SW480 and SW620, respectively. In the SW480 and SW620 cell lines, LMPE at 50 mg/mL and 48 h of exposure induced an increase in intracellular ROS, cell cycle arrest in the G2/M phase, and probably, apoptotic processes without mitochondrial depolarization. LMPE had an antiproliferative capacity against the human colorectal cancer cell lines SW480 and SW620. These results highlight the chemopreventive potential of LMPE in colorectal cancer treatments.

Aroma of mature-green and tree-ripe mangoes after refrigerated air or controlled atmosphere storage / Complexo aromático de mangas pré-climatéricas e maduras armazenadas em ar refrigerado ou atmosfera controlada

Mango flavor is dependent on cultivar characteristics and postharvest handling procedures. Mangoes harvested with the ripening metabolism initiated develop better flavor than mangoes harvested at the mature-green stage. Different cultivars were harvested at both ripeness stages and evaluated to determine the effect of fruit ripeness, storage temperature and atmosphere on the volatiles present in aroma profiles. Mangoes of the cultivars Haden, Keitt and Tommy Atkins at distinct ripeness stages were stored in controlled atmospheres (CA) with 2, 5 or 21 kPa O2 plus 0, 10 or 25 kPa CO2 at 5, 8, 12 or 15 °C. Terpene concentrations of mangoes stored in air were higher than the concentrations in mangoes stored in CA. The sesquiterpene α-copaene did not present recognizable peaks in almost all elusion sequences. The same result was observed with the monoterpene ß-pinene in cv. Haden and cv. Keitt mangoes while in 'Tommy Atkins' fruit ß-pinene concentrations were below 1.06 µL.L-¹. Ethanol and acetaldehyde concentrations were significantly higher in mangoes from 2 kPa O2 storage than those from air storage or the other CA treatments. Terpene synthesis in air or CA storage in all cultivars varied significantly, preventing generalizations as to what storage conditions favor or limit aroma components elution.

O complexo aromático de mangas resulta das características de cada cultivar e do manejo pós-colheita dos frutos. Mangas colhidas em estádio de maturação mais avançado desenvolvem um aroma melhor que mangas colhidas no estádio pré-climetérico. Para o presente trabalho diferentes cultivares de mangas foram colhidas em ambos estádios de maturação e avaliadas para os efeitos destes estádios e da atmosfera de armazenagem nos compostos voláteis presentes no perfil de aroma. Mangas das cultivares Haden, Keitt e Tommy Atkins, em distintos estádios de maturação, foram armazenadas em ar refrigerado ou em atmosfera controlada (AC) com 2, 5 ou 21 kPa O2 misturado a 0, 10, ou 25 kPa CO2 com temperaturas de 8, 12 ou 15 °C. As concentrações de terpenos em mangas armazenadas em ar refrigerado foram mais elevadas que as concentrações determinadas em armazenagem em AC. O sesquiterpeno α-copaeno não apresentou picos reconhecíveis em nenhum dos cromatogramas de mangas dos diferentes tratamentos. O mesmo comportamento foi observado com o ß-pineno nas cv. Haden e Keitt, enquanto que na cv. Tommy Atkins este monoterpeno apresentou picos de eluição abaixo 1.06 µL.L-¹. Concentrações de etanol e acetaldeído foram significativamente maiores em mangas armazenadas em AC de 2 kPa O2 na comparação com armazenagem em ar e com as demais concentrações de AC. A biossíntese de terpenos em armazenagem, tanto em ar refrigerado como em AC, variou consideravelmente de modo que deve-se evitar generalizações sobre quais condições de armazenagem favorecem ou limitam a composição do complexo aromático em mangas.

Nutrient partition and nutritional efficiency of mango cv. Palmer as a function of plant age in São Francisco Valley, Brazil / Partição de nutrientes e eficiência nutricional da mangueira cv. Palmer em função da idade das plantas no Vale do São Francisco, Brazil

Knowing the accumulation of nutrients in mango plants is essential for calibrating fertilization programs aiming to increase yield in nutritionally unbalanced orchards. The work aimed to evaluate mango nutritional efficiency through nutrient accumulation and partitioning in plants of Palmer cultivar grown in sand soils at São Francisco Valley, Northwest Brazil. Commercial orchards located in Bahia and Pernambuco States, Brazil, under semi-arid climate (BShw; 400-800 mm annual rainfall) had the vegetable biomass and nutrient contents in the mango compartments determined in 1, 2, 4, 7, and 12 years old plants, by evaluating four plants of each age from 20 sample units. The separated samples of the harvested trees originated the compartments roots, stems, thick twigs, thin twigs, leaves and fruits. Nutrient contents and plant dry matter per compartment were determined and plant nutrient accumulation evaluated. Biomass and fruits coefficient of biological utilization were calculated. There was increment in the accumulated content of macronutrients in the mango plants over the years, with superiority for N and K, for which there was a sharp increase as compared to the other macronutrients. Manganese and Fe were the most accumulated micronutrients in the plants over the years. The canopy of the mango Palmer plants is the compartment that accumulates more macro and micronutrients, and the partition within the canopy occurs in the sequence: leaf> thin twig> thick twig. Phosphorus and Mg, and Cu and B are the nutrients more efficient to generate plant biomass and fruit production in the mango Palmer orchards.(AU)

Informações sobre o acúmulo de nutrientes em plantas de mangueira é requisito essencial para calibrar um programa de adubação visando aumento de produtividade em pomares com nutrição desbalanceada. Objetivou-se avaliar o acúmulo e partição de nutrientes e a eficiência nutricional em mangueira 'Palmer' com diferentes idades na região do Vale do São Francisco. As áreas de estudo estão localizadas nos municípios de Casa Nova, Bahia, e de Petrolina, Pernambuco, sob clima semiárido, com precipitação variando de 400 à 800 mm durante o ano. Foi quantificada a biomassa vegetal e calculados os conteúdos dos nutrientes nos compartimentos das plantas de mangueira com idades 1, 2, 4, 7 e 12 anos, sendo avaliadas quatro plantas por idade, totalizando 20 unidades amostrais. As árvores-amostra foram abatidas e separadas em raiz, caule, galho grosso, galho fino, folhas e frutos, para obtenção do conteúdo de nutrientes por compartimento. Em cada compartimento foi quantificada a massa de matéria seca e os teores de alguns nutrientes, calculando-se o conteúdo de cada nutriente e estimando-se o seu acúmulo. Houve incremento no conteúdo acumulado dos macronutrientes nas plantas de mangueira ao longo dos anos, com superioridade para o N e o K, que obtiveram aumento acentuado em relação aos demais macronutrientes. Manganês e Fe foram os micronutrientes mais acumulados nas plantas ao longo dos anos. A partição de macro e micronutrientes na mangueira 'Palmer' ocorreu, geralmente, nos compartimentos que compõem a copa das plantas, e nessa sequência: folha> galho fino > galho grosso. Fósforo, Mg, Cu, e B são os nutrientes com maior eficiência na produção de biomassa e frutos da manga Palmer.(AU)

Kinetic, Thermodynamic, Physicochemical, and Economical Characterization of Pectin from Mangifera indica L. cv. Haden Residues.

The effect of temperature (60, 70, 80, and 90 °C) and time (30, 45, 60, 75, and 90 min) on citric acid extraction of Haden mango (Mangifera indica L. cv. Haden) peel pectin was evaluated in the present study. In order to obtain a better understanding of both the extraction process and the characteristics of the pectin (obtained from an agro-industrial waste) for a future scaling process, the following characterizations were performed: (1) Kinetic, with the maximum extraction times and yields at all evaluated temperatures; (2) thermodynamic, obtaining activation energies, enthalpies, entropies, and Gibbs free energies for each stage of the process; (3) physicochemical (chemical analysis, monosaccharide composition, degree of esterification, galacturonic acid content, free acidity, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric and derivative thermogravimetric analyses); and (4) economical, of the pectin with the highest yield. The Haden mango peel pectin was found to be characterized by a high-esterified degree (81.81 ± 0.00%), regular galacturonic acid content (71.57 ± 1.26%), low protein (0.83 ± 0.05%) and high ash (3.53 ± 0.02%) content, low mean viscometric molecular weight (55.91 kDa), and high equivalent weight (3657.55 ± 8.41), which makes it potentially useful for food applications.

Influence of extrusion process on the release of phenolic compounds from mango (Mangifera indica L.) bagasse-added confections and evaluation of their bioaccessibility, intestinal permeability, and antioxidant capacity.

Extruded polyphenol-rich by-products like mango bagasse (MB) could be used to manufacture functional confections. However, few reports have assessed the extrusion impact on MB polyphenols within a food matrix. This research aimed to evaluate the impact of extrusion on the bioaccessibility, intestinal permeability, and antioxidant capacity of phenolic compounds (PC) from non-extruded and extruded MB-added confections (EMBC and MBC, respectively). The inhibition of 2,2-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radicals and in silico approaches were used to evaluate the antioxidant capacity. MBC displayed the highest gastric bioaccessibility (%) of xanthones and flavonoids, whereas selective release of gallic acid, mangiferin, and quercetin glucoside was shown for EMBC. Lower PC' apparent permeability coefficients were found in EMBC compared to MB (0.11 to 0.44-fold change, p < 0.05). EMBC displayed the highest antioxidant capacity by the DPPH method for the non-digestible fraction, being mangiferin the highest in silico contributor (-4 kcal/mol). Our results showed that the extrusion process helps release selective phenolics from MBC, which increases their bioaccessibility and intestinal permeability.

Gastrointestinal metabolism of monomeric and polymeric polyphenols from mango (Mangifera indica L.) bagasse under simulated conditions.

Mango bagasse (MB) is an agro-industrial by-product rich in bioactive polyphenols with potential application as a functional ingredient. This study aimed to delineate the metabolic fate of monomeric/polymeric MB polyphenols subjected to simulated gastrointestinal digestion. The main identified compounds by LC/MS-TOF-ESI were phenolic acids [gallic acid (GA) and derivates, and chlorogenic acid], gallotannins and derivatives [di-GA (DA) and 3GG-to-8GG], benzophenones [galloylated maclurins (MGH, MDH)], flavonoids [Quercetin (Quer) and (QuerH)] and xanthones [mangiferin isomers]. The bioaccessibility depended on the polyphenols' structure, being Quer, 5G to 8G the main drivers. The results suggested that the gastrointestinal fate of MB polyphenols is mainly governed by benzophenones and gallotannins degalloylation and spontaneous xanthone isomerization in vitro to sustain GA bioaccessibility.

A Pilot-Scale Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extraction to Valorize Colombian Mango Seed Kernel.

Colombian mango production, which exceeded 261,000 t in 2020, generates about 40% of the whole fruit as solid waste, of which more than 50% are seed kernels (over 52,000 t solid by-product); though none is currently used for commercial purposes. This study reports the results of the supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) extraction of an oil rich in essential fatty acids (EFAs) from revalorized mango seed kernels and the optimization of the process by the Response Surface Methodology (RSM). In pilot-scale scCO2 experiments, pressure (23-37 MPa) and temperature (52-73 °C) were varied, using 4.5 kg of CO2. The highest experimental oil extraction yield was 83 g/kg (37 MPa and 63 °C); while RSM predicted that 84 g/kg would be extracted at 35 MPa and 65 °C. Moreover, by fine-tuning pressure and temperature it was possible to obtain an EFA-rich lipid fraction in linoleic (37 g/kg) and α-linolenic (4 g/kg) acids, along with a high oleic acid content (155 g/kg), by using a relatively low extraction pressure (23 MPa), which makes the process a promising approach for the extraction of oil from mango waste on an industrial scale, based on a circular economy model.

Low storage temperature for tree ripe mangoes under controlled atmospheres with elevated CO2 concentrations.

BACKGROUND: Tree-ripe mangoes are of a better quality than the more commonly marketed mature-green fruit. However, the postharvest life of tree-ripe mangoes at the chilling threshold temperature for mature-green fruit of 12 °C is insufficient to allow long distance transport for international marketing. Because the chilling sensitivity often decreases as fruit ripen, lower temperatures (5 and 8 °C) in combination with a controlled atmosphere of 5 kPa O2 plus 10 or 25 kPa CO2 were tested to determine whether the quality of tree-ripe mangoes could be maintained longer without chilling injury (CI). RESULTS: Tree-ripe 'Tommy Atkins' and 'Keitt' mangoes were stored for 14 or 21 days, respectively, in air or controlled atmosphere (CA) at 5 or 8 °C. Respiration rates were below 10 mL kg-1 h-1 during CA storage and increased three-fold during a 3-day shelf life period at 20 °C. Ethanol synthesis of fruit stored in 25 kPa CO2 , but not 10 kPa CO2 , increased during storage and remained high during shelf life, indicating physiological stress. Elevated electrolyte leakage and 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid concentrations in both cultivars stored in 25 kPa CO2 also indicated that mesocarp tissues were injured by the higher CO2 level. No CI symptoms were observed in air or CA at either 5 or 8 °C. CONCLUSION: Storage of tree-ripe mangoes in 5 kPa O2 plus 10 kPa CO2 at either 5 or 8 °C best maintained the quality of Tommy Atkins and Keitt fruit for 14 or 21 days, respectively, without evidence of either atmosphere injury or CI. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.

Main changes on the polyphenols profile and antioxidant capacity in Manila mango (Mangifera indica L)

Mango is the second most commercialized tropical fruit in the world, and Mexico is the major exporter. In terms of mango production, Manila´s variety represents a quarter of the total mangoes production in Mexico. However, the changes that occur on the phenolic compounds during the Manila mango ripening process are unknown. Quantitative analysis of the major phenolic compounds was conducted at different maturity stages, using several spectrophotometric measurements and by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). At the late ripening stage was observed the biggest content in pulp and peel of total phenols (577 and 10547 mg EAG /100 g), flavonoids (95.33 and 537 mg EQ/100 g), and antioxidant capacity by DPPH (25 and 347 mmol TE/100 g). Some bioactive compounds achieve their highest values at optimal consumption ripening. Although they diminish when the fruit reaches a senescence appearance. This is the first study to prove that mangiferin by itself shows a higher correlation in antioxidant capacity compared to other phenolic compounds in mango peel, and this suggest that phenolic compounds may have an important role in the postharvest antioxidant metabolism in Manila mango fruit. On the other hand, the results show that the peel compared to the pulp contains higher amounts of total phenols, flavonoids, gallic acid, mangiferin and antioxidant capacity, so its use as an ingredient in the preparation of functional food products is recommended. More studies are needed to go in-depth in the changes of the content of phytochemicals during the ripening process in the peel and pulp mango, which ones could be caused by the hormones responsible for ripening in the fruit, such as ethylene, and bioavailability of these compounds at different stages of maturation(AU)

El mango es la segunda fruta tropical más comercializada del mundo y México es el principal exportador. En términos de producción de mango, la variedad Manila representa una cuarta parte de la producción total de mangos en México. Sin embargo, se desconocen los cambios que ocurren en los compuestos fenólicos durante el proceso de maduración del mango Manila. El análisis cuantitativo de los principales compuestos fenólicos se realizó en diferentes etapas de madurez, utilizando varias medidas espectrofotométricas y mediante cromatografía líquida de alta resolución (HPLC). En la etapa de madurez tardía se observó el mayor contenido en pulpa y cáscara de fenoles totales (577 y 10547 mg EAG / 100 g), flavonoides (95.33 y 537 mg EQ / 100 g) y capacidad antioxidante por DPPH (25 y 347 mmol TE / 100 g). Algunos compuestos bioactivos alcanzan sus valores más altos en el punto de madurez óptima. Aunque disminuyen cuando el fruto adquiere una apariencia de senescencia. Este es el primer estudio que demuestra que la mangiferina por sí misma presenta una alta correlación con la capacidad antioxidante en comparación con otros compuestos fenólicos de la cáscara de mango, y esto sugiere que los compuestos fenólicos pueden tener un papel importante en el metabolismo antioxidante postcosecha en el mango Manila. Por otro lado, los resultados muestran que la cáscara comparada con la pulpa contiene mayores cantidades de fenoles totales, flavonoides, ácido gálico, mangiferin y capacidad antioxidante por DPPH, por lo que se recomienda su uso como ingrediente en la elaboración de productos alimenticios fucionales. Se necesitan más estudios para profundizar en los cambios del contenido de fitoquímicos durante el proceso de maduración en la cáscara y pulpa del mango, los cuáles podrían ser provocados por las hormonas responsables de la maduración en el fruto, como el etileno, y la biodisponibilidad de estos compuestos en diferentes etapas de maduración(AU)

Yield and water use efficiency in Tommy Atkins and Palmer mango trees under localized irrigation with water deficit / Produtividade e eficiência de uso da água em mangueiras Tommy Atkins e Palmer sob irrigação localizada com déficit hídrico

The increasing water demand of crops in response to climate change; the prospect of expanded irrigated areas; the population growth; and competition with multiple uses of water affect the availability of water resources for agriculture. Thus, measures are required that involve the adoption of irrigationmanagement strategies able to increase water savings without compromising crop yield, especially in semi-arid conditions, where water resources are limited, and in large-scale commercial cultivation such as in ‘Tommy Atkins and ‘Palmer mango, the second most widely grown irrigated fruit crop. The objective of this study was to examine the influence of irrigation systems (drip and micro-sprinkler) and deficit-irrigation strategies on the yield and water use efficiency (WUE) of ‘Tommy Atkins and ‘Palmer mango trees. The study was developed through two experiments conducted in the Irrigated Perimeter of Ceraíma, located in municipality of Guanambi - BA, Brazil. Two trials were carried out in a completely randomized design. For the ‘Tommy Atkins cultivar, 12 strategies were tested, involving regulated deficit irrigation (RDI) by micro-sprinkler irrigation and partial rootzone drying (PRD) by drip, in three production cycles. For ‘Palmer mango, 10 irrigation strategies were evaluated under the same previously described conditions, in only one production cycle. The reduction in water application in RDI was 25 and 50% of the crop evapotranspiration (ETc); and, in PRD, 20, 40 and 60% ETc. ‘Tommy Atkins mango achieved higher yields under micro-sprinkler irrigation with full irrigation and in the strategies involving the application of 50 and 75% ETc in stages II and III. These two strategies also provided greater WUE, along with PRD40. Water use efficiency was lower in the third evaluation cycle when compared with the first. ‘Palmer mango showed higher yields and WUE under drip irrigation, with the best yields achieved with full irrigation and in the strategies of PRD100, 80%, 60% and RDI with 50% ETc in stage III. The best WUE was obtained in PRD with 60 and 40% ETc.(AU)

O aumento da demanda hídrica das culturas em função das mudanças climáticas, da perspectiva de expansão da área irrigada, do aumento populacional e da concorrência com os usos múltiplos da água afetam a disponibilidade de recursos hídricos para a agricultura. Isso requer ações que envolvem a adoção de estratégias de manejo irrigação que aumentem a economia hídrica sem comprometer o rendimento da cultura, principalmente em condições semiáridas com maior limitação de recursos hídricos e em cultivo de grande escala comercial, como a mangueira ‘Tommy Atkins e ‘Palmer, segunda fruteira mais cultivada sob irrigação. Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar a influência dos sistemas de irrigação (gotejamento e microaspersão) e das estratégias de irrigação com déficit na produtividade e na eficiência de uso da água (EUA) em mangueiras ‘Tommy Atkins e ‘Palmer. Os estudos foram desenvolvidos em dois experimentos no Perímetro Irrigado de Ceraíma, município de Guanambi, Bahia. Foram realizados dois ensaios, com delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizados. Com a mangueira ‘Tommy Atkins, utilizou-se 12 estratégias de irrigação com déficit controlado (RDI) sob microaspersão e irrigação lateralmente alternada (PRD) sob gotejamento em três ciclos de produção. Com a ‘Palmer, foram avaliadas 10 estratégias em de irrigação nas mesmas condições anteriores, em apenas um ciclo de produção. Na RDI a redução na aplicação da água foi de 25 e 50% da evapotranspiração da cultura (ETc) e na PRD de 20, 40 e 60% da ETc. A mangueira ‘Tommy Atkins apresentou maior produtividade sob microaspersão, com irrigação plena e nas estratégias com aplicação de 50 e 75% da ETc nas fases II e III. Estas duas estratégias também propiciaram maior EUA juntamente com a PRD40. A EUA foi menor no terceiro ciclo de avaliação quando comparada ao primeiro. A ‘Palmer apresentou maior produtividade e eficiência de uso da água sob gotejamento, com melhores produtividades sob irrigação plena e nas estratégias PRD100, 80, 60% e RDI com 50% da ETc na fase III. A melhor EUA foi obtida na PRD com 60 e 40%.(AU)

Effects of poultry litter concentration and substrate source on the development of Mangifera indica L. 'coquinho' / Concentrações de cama de frango e fontes de substratos na produção de porta-enxertos de Mangifera indica L. 'coquinho'

We conducted two experiments to evaluate the growth of mango (Mangifera indica L., CV Coquinho) rootstock in different substrates and determine the optimal concentration of poultry litter amendments to the soil in combination with seeds with or without an endocarp endocarp. The following factors were studied in the first experiment: substrate source: soil, soil + poultry litter (at 25%) and a commercial substrate. In the second experiment, we studied poultry litter amendments at 0% (just soil), 20% and 40%. Both experiments evaluated the presence or absence of the seed endocarp on: plant height, stem diameter (tree base) and leaf count at 60, 75, 90, 105 and 120 days after sowing (DAS). After conducting field measurements, we evaluated fresh shoot weight (FW) and then dry shoot weight (DW) after drying at 65°C. No significant differences among the substrate sources or concentrations of poultry litter amendments relative to rootstock development. However, rootstock produced from seeds with no endocarps outperformed all other treatments.

Com o intuito de avaliar o desenvolvimento de porta-enxertos de mangueira (Mangifera indica L.) 'Coquinho', em diferentes fontes de substratos e determinar a concentração ideal de cama de frango na adição ao solo em combinação com a semente na presença ou ausência do endocarpo, foram conduzidos dois experimentos. No primeiro, foram estudados os seguintes fatores: fonte de substrato empregada: solo, solo + cama de frango a 25% e substrato comercial. No segundo, estudou-se a adição de cama de frango ao solo nas seguintes proporções de 0% (apenas solo), 20% e 40%. Ambos em relação à presença ou ausência do endocarpo na semente. As características avaliadas foram: altura de planta, diâmetro do caule na altura do colo e número de folhas e efetuadas aos 60, 75, 90, 105 e 120 dias após a semeadura (DAS). Ao término das mensurações de campo, procedeu-se a pesagem da parte aérea das plantas para obtenção da massa fresca (MF) e posteriormente sua secagem em estufa a 65°C para determinação da massa seca (MS). Os resultados mostraram não haver diferença significativa entre os substratos ou entre as concentrações de cama de frango. Entretanto, os porta-enxertos produzidos a partir de sementes sem a presença do endocarpo demonstraram maior desenvolvimento em relação aos demais com endocarpo.

The impact of ventilation during postharvest ripening on the development of flavour compounds and sensory quality of mangoes (Mangifera indica L.) cv. Kent.

The postharvest ripening behaviour of mangoes (Mangifera indica L.) and particularly the development of colour, volatiles, sensory properties and texture, were investigated. Mangoes cv. Kent from Peru were arranged in a postharvest ripening chamber in two different ways enabling different ventilation of the fruits. Fruit properties were investigated in comparison to reference fruits after postharvest ripening for 78 h. Volatile compounds were analysed by HS-SPME GC-MS; an expert panel performed sensory analysis using descriptive methods. The arrangement of the mangoes significantly impacted the ripening procedures. Dense fruit arrangement induced a degradation of terpenes, a reduced formation of reaction products from the lipoxygenase pathway and less pronounced fruitiness and mango flavour. Principal component analysis based on volatile compounds and sensory properties showed a high correlation with the position in the ripening chamber. These data demonstrate the urgent need for further investigations of the postharvest ripening processes to increase mango quality.

Yield and water use efficiency in Tommy Atkins and Palmer mango trees under localized irrigation with water deficit / Produtividade e eficiência de uso da água em mangueiras Tommy Atkins e Palmer sob irrigação localizada com déficit hídrico

The increasing water demand of crops in response to climate change; the prospect of expanded irrigated areas; the population growth; and competition with multiple uses of water affect the availability of water resources for agriculture. Thus, measures are required that involve the adoption of irrigationmanagement strategies able to increase water savings without compromising crop yield, especially in semi-arid conditions, where water resources are limited, and in large-scale commercial cultivation such as in ‘Tommy Atkins’ and ‘Palmer’ mango, the second most widely grown irrigated fruit crop. The objective of this study was to examine the influence of irrigation systems (drip and micro-sprinkler) and deficit-irrigation strategies on the yield and water use efficiency (WUE) of ‘Tommy Atkins’ and ‘Palmer’ mango trees. The study was developed through two experiments conducted in the Irrigated Perimeter of Ceraíma, located in municipality of Guanambi - BA, Brazil. Two trials were carried out in a completely randomized design. For the ‘Tommy Atkins’ cultivar, 12 strategies were tested, involving regulated deficit irrigation (RDI) by micro-sprinkler irrigation and partial rootzone drying (PRD) by drip, in three production cycles. For ‘Palmer’ mango, 10 irrigation strategies were evaluated under the same previously described conditions, in only one production cycle. The reduction in water application in RDI was 25 and 50% of the crop evapotranspiration (ETc); and, in PRD, 20, 40 and 60% ETc. ‘Tommy Atkins’ mango achieved higher yields under micro-sprinkler irrigation with full irrigation and in the strategies involving the application of 50 and 75% ETc in stages II and III. These two strategies also provided greater WUE, along with PRD40. Water use efficiency was lower in the third evaluation cycle when compared with the first. ‘Palmer’ mango showed higher yields and WUE under drip irrigation, with the best yields achieved with full irrigation and in the strategies of PRD100, 80%, 60% and RDI with 50% ETc in stage III. The best WUE was obtained in PRD with 60 and 40% ETc.

O aumento da demanda hídrica das culturas em função das mudanças climáticas, da perspectiva de expansão da área irrigada, do aumento populacional e da concorrência com os usos múltiplos da água afetam a disponibilidade de recursos hídricos para a agricultura. Isso requer ações que envolvem a adoção de estratégias de manejo irrigação que aumentem a economia hídrica sem comprometer o rendimento da cultura, principalmente em condições semiáridas com maior limitação de recursos hídricos e em cultivo de grande escala comercial, como a mangueira ‘Tommy Atkins’ e ‘Palmer’, segunda fruteira mais cultivada sob irrigação. Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar a influência dos sistemas de irrigação (gotejamento e microaspersão) e das estratégias de irrigação com déficit na produtividade e na eficiência de uso da água (EUA) em mangueiras ‘Tommy Atkins’ e ‘Palmer’. Os estudos foram desenvolvidos em dois experimentos no Perímetro Irrigado de Ceraíma, município de Guanambi, Bahia. Foram realizados dois ensaios, com delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizados. Com a mangueira ‘Tommy Atkins’, utilizou-se 12 estratégias de irrigação com déficit controlado (RDI) sob microaspersão e irrigação lateralmente alternada (PRD) sob gotejamento em três ciclos de produção. Com a ‘Palmer’, foram avaliadas 10 estratégias em de irrigação nas mesmas condições anteriores, em apenas um ciclo de produção. Na RDI a redução na aplicação da água foi de 25 e 50% da evapotranspiração da cultura (ETc) e na PRD de 20, 40 e 60% da ETc. A mangueira ‘Tommy Atkins’ apresentou maior produtividade sob microaspersão, com irrigação plena e nas estratégias com aplicação de 50 e 75% da ETc nas fases II e III. Estas duas estratégias também propiciaram maior EUA juntamente com a PRD40. A EUA foi menor no terceiro ciclo de avaliação quando comparada ao primeiro. A ‘Palmer’ apresentou maior produtividade e eficiência de uso da água sob gotejamento, com melhores produtividades sob irrigação plena e nas estratégias PRD100, 80, 60% e RDI com 50% da ETc na fase III. A melhor EUA foi obtida na PRD com 60 e 40%.

Eficacia del extracto de Mangifera indica L. en pacientes con gingivitis crónica edematosa y fibroedematosa / Effectiveness of the Mangifera indica L. extract in patients with edematous and fibroedematous chronic gingivitis i: en

Introducción: Las enfermedades periodontales son las afecciones más comunes del género humano y se definen como una reacción inmunoinflamatoria crónica del periodonto de protección o de inserción. Objetivo: Evaluar la eficacia del extracto acuoso tópico de Mangifera indica L. como colutorio en pacientes con gingivitis crónica edematosa y fibroedematosa. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio de intervención terapéutica en 84 pacientes con gingivitis crónica edematosa y fibroedematosa, atendidos en la Clínica Estomatológica Provincial Docente Mártires del Moncada de Santiago de Cuba, desde noviembre de 2014 hasta igual mes de 2015. La muestra se dividió en 2 grupos (de estudio y control) de 42 integrantes cada uno, tratados con extracto acuoso tópico de Mangifera indica L. y con solución acuosa de clorhexidina al 0,2 %, respectivamente. Los pacientes fueron evaluados al inicio, a los 7, a los 14 y a los 21 días de comenzado el tratamiento. Para la recolección de los datos se aplicó una encuesta y se emplearon las pruebas T de Student, la de homogeneidad y la de Ji al cuadrado para la diferencia de muestras, con p<0,05. Resultados: Predominaron el sexo femenino, el grupo etario de 15-19 años y la gingivitis leve. En el grupo control solo 38,0 % había curado a los 7 días de tratamiento. Conclusiones: El extracto acuoso tópico de la corteza de Mangifera indica L, fue efectivo en el tratamiento de los pacientes con gingivitis crónica edematosa y fibroedematosa y se demostró que por sus poderosas acciones ayuda a la rápida recuperación de los tejidos gingivales.

Introduction: Periodontal diseases are the most common affections of mankind and they are defined as a chronic immunoinflamatory reaction of the protection or insertion periodonto. Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of the topic watery extract Mangifera indica L. as mouthwash in patients with edematous and fibroedematous chronic gingivitis. Methods: A study of therapeutic intervention was carried out in 84 patients with edematous and fibroedematous chronic gingivitis, assisted in Mártires del Moncada Teaching Provincial Stomatologic Clinic in Santiago de Cuba, from November, 2014 to the same month in 2015. The sample was divided in 2 groups (study and control) of 42 members each one, treated with topic watery extract of Mangifera indica L. and with watery solution of chlorhexidine at 0.2 %, respectively. The patients were evaluated at the beginning, at the 7, 14 and 21 days of having begun the treatment. A survey was applied for gathering the data and the Student T test, homogeneity test and the chi square test were used for the difference of samples, with p <0.05. Results: The female sex, 15-19 years age group and mild gingivitis prevailed. In the control group just 38.0 % got better at 7 days of treatment. Conclusions: The topic watery extract of Mangifera indica L. bark, was effective in the treatment of patients with edematous and fibroedematous chronic gingivitis and it was demonstrated that helps to the quick recovery of gingival tissues due to its powerful actions.

Effectiveness of the Mangifera indica L. extract in patients with edematous and fibroedematous chronic gingivitis

Introducción: Las enfermedades periodontales son las afecciones más comunes del género humano y se definen como una reacción inmunoinflamatoria crónica del periodonto de protección o de inserción. Objetivo: Evaluar la eficacia del extracto acuoso tópico de Mangifera indica L. como colutorio en pacientes con gingivitis crónica edematosa y fibroedematosa. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio de intervención terapéutica en 84 pacientes con gingivitis crónica edematosa y fibroedematosa, atendidos en la Clínica Estomatológica Provincial Docente Mártires del Moncada de Santiago de Cuba, desde noviembre de 2014 hasta igual mes de 2015. La muestra se dividió en 2 grupos (de estudio y control) de 42 integrantes cada uno, tratados con extracto acuoso tópico de Mangifera indica L. y con solución acuosa de clorhexidina al 0,2 %, respectivamente. Los pacientes fueron evaluados al inicio, a los 7, a los 14 y a los 21 días de comenzado el tratamiento. Para la recolección de los datos se aplicó una encuesta y se emplearon las pruebas T de Student, la de homogeneidad y la de Ji al cuadrado para la diferencia de muestras, con p<0,05. Resultados: Predominaron el sexo femenino, el grupo etario de 15-19 años y la gingivitis leve. En el grupo control solo 38,0 % había curado a los 7 días de tratamiento. Conclusiones: El extracto acuoso tópico de la corteza de Mangifera indica L, fue efectivo en el tratamiento de los pacientes con gingivitis crónica edematosa y fibroedematosa y se demostró que por sus poderosas acciones ayuda a la rápida recuperación de los tejidos gingivales.

Introduction: Periodontal diseases are the most common affections of mankind and they are defined as a chronic immunoinflamatory reaction of the protection or insertion periodonto. Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of the topic watery extract Mangifera indica L. as mouthwash in patients with edematous and fibroedematous chronic gingivitis. Methods: A study of therapeutic intervention was carried out in 84 patients with edematous and fibroedematous chronic gingivitis, assisted in Mártires del Moncada Teaching Provincial Stomatologic Clinic in Santiago de Cuba, from November, 2014 to the same month in 2015. The sample was divided in 2 groups (study and control) of 42 members each one, treated with topic watery extract of Mangifera indica L. and with watery solution of chlorhexidine at 0.2 %, respectively. The patients were evaluated at the beginning, at the 7, 14 and 21 days of having begun the treatment. A survey was applied for gathering the data and the Student T test, homogeneity test and the chi square test were used for the difference of samples, with p <0.05. Results: The female sex, 15-19 years age group and mild gingivitis prevailed. In the control group just 38.0 % got better at 7 days of treatment. Conclusions: The topic watery extract of Mangifera indica L. bark, was effective in the treatment of patients with edematous and fibroedematous chronic gingivitis and it was demonstrated that helps to the quick recovery of gingival tissues due to its powerful actions.