Dr. Lian Zhu: A Founder of Contemporary Acupuncture Medicine.

As an inseparable part of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), acupuncture has been used in more than 196 countries or regions and has played an increasingly important role in health care. This article introduces Dr. Lian Zhu, MD, who made great contributions to acupuncture development. Dr. Zhu was a medical doctor, a military physician in her early life, and a high-ranking officer in the health care system of the Chinese government. She became famous as an acupuncturist after learning acupuncture in 1945. She was highly influenced by Zhijun Lu, MD, who learned acupuncture from Zuotian Ren, a TCM doctor in Yan'an, who had cured Chairman Mao Zedong's intractable shoulder pain. Dr. Zhu was one of the 2 earliest acupuncture trainers in the Chinese military health system, helping the Chinese communist military overcome resource shortages during the Chinese Civil War. She was one of China's most-influential acupuncture educators, having taught many acupuncture classes that trained many acupuncturists from 1945 to 1955. She was also an officer and policy maker in the Health Department of the central government, where she established such policy initiatives as training content for TCM doctors' reeducation schools. Dr. Zhu was ones of the earliest acupuncture researchers and administrators with a government-endorsed background. She created the first public acupuncture university in history in 1976 as well as 2 key acupuncture institutes in China and was director of both. She played a crucial role in promoting acupuncture research through TCM and biomedical methods, and was the first scholar in China to publish a thorough book on medical acupuncture using Western-biomedical language, which was highly praised by Chairman Mao. Dr. Zhu's acupuncture theory objectively promoted acceptance of medical acupuncture by the general public, medical doctors, government officials, and international medical societies.

A corpus-based investigation of the English translations of Mao Zedong's speeches.

This study adopts a corpus-based approach to examine the linguistic features manifested in the English translations of Mao Zedong's speeches, taking Winston Churchill's speeches (representative of normalized spoken texts) and the spoken texts in BNC Sampler (representative of original spoken texts) as the reference corpora. By investigating the macro- and micro-linguistic features, it is found that the translated Mao's speeches (both direct and inverse translations) differ from normalized spoken texts as well as original spoken texts in three aspects: (i) macro-linguistic features, (ii) the use of personal pronouns, (iii) the use of modal verbs. In terms of macro-linguistic features, the average word length of the English translations is higher than that of normalized spoken texts and that of original spoken texts; the standardized type/token ratio and average sentence length of the English translations are higher than those of original spoken texts, but lower than those of normalized spoken texts. Meanwhile, in terms of the use of personal pronouns, the English translations of Mao's speeches prefer the underuse of the first person singular pronoun I. Furthermore, as far as modal verbs are concerned, the English translations of Mao's speeches prefer the overuse of must and should on the one hand, and the underuse of shall, could, may, and would on the other hand. Therefore, it can be said that the translated Mao's speeches exhibit some particular linguistic features, which can not only be differentiated from normalized spoken texts, but also be distinguished from original spoken texts. They are in a middle position in relation to normalized spoken texts as well as original spoken texts. This in-betweenness not only exhibits Mao's creative and idiosyncratic language use, but also reflects the influence of the language transfer from Chinese into English.

Maoism and mental illness: psychiatric institutionalization during the Chinese Cultural Revolution.

This article offers a preliminary analysis of psychiatric treatment during the Chinese Cultural Revolution on the basis of interviews and rare case records obtained from 'F Hospital' in southern China. In contrast to the prevailing view of psychiatry during this time, which highlights either rampant patient abuse or revolutionary ideology, we show that psychiatric treatment at this facility was not radically altered by the politics of the Maoist period. Instead, treatments were informed by a predominantly biomedical understanding of mental illness, one that derived from the prior training of the facility's lead physicians. Although political education was nominally incorporated into patient rehabilitation and outpatient care, it was not a constitutive element of inpatient treatment during the acute phase of illness.

MAO Ze-dong's View on Traditional Chinese Medicine and Its Modern Significance.

MAO Ze-dong's view on traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) can be divided into the scientific view on TCM, the development view on TCM and the future view on TCM. The core of MAO Ze-dong's view on TCM lies in its scientific nature. The basic content of MAO Ze-dong's development view on TCM includes unity of TCM and Western medicine (WM), advocating the multi-angle development of TCM from the height of Chinese national dignity, independence and self-confidence. MAO Ze-dong's future view on TCM is targeted at WM learning from TCM, combining TCM and WM and establishing new Chinese medicine. The contemporary enlightenment of MAO Ze-dong's view on TCM is to start from reforming the medical education system before establishing new Chinese medicine.

MAO Ze-dong's View on Traditional Chinese Medicine and Its Modern Significance / 中国结合医学杂志

MAO Ze-dong's view on traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) can be divided into the scientific view on TCM, the development view on TCM and the future view on TCM. The core of MAO Ze-dong's view on TCM lies in its scientific nature. The basic content of MAO Ze-dong's development view on TCM includes unity of TCM and Western medicine (WM), advocating the multi-angle development of TCM from the height of Chinese national dignity, independence and self-confidence. MAO Ze-dong's future view on TCM is targeted at WM learning from TCM, combining TCM and WM and establishing new Chinese medicine. The contemporary enlightenment of MAO Ze-dong's view on TCM is to start from reforming the medical education system before establishing new Chinese medicine.

[Remain true to our original aspiration for farewell to the God of Plague, compose the new chapter for the national schistosomiasis control programme scientifically-Commemoration of 60th anniversary of publishing Chairman Mao Zedong's two poems "Farewell to the God of Plague"].

This paper reviews the huge promotion of Chairman Mao Zedong's two poems entitled "Farewell to the God of Plague" which were published 60 years ago, and the great achievements of the national schistosomiasis control programme in China. The publication of the two poems promotes the establishment of the mechanism for the national schistosomiasis control programme in China, and in addition, the schistosomiasis control spirit of the people from Yujiang County is still the source of power for the promotion of transferring the schistosomiasis control to elimination stage in China. Now, that we commemorate the 60th anniversary of publishing Chairman Mao Zedong's two poems entitled "Farewell to the God of Plague" means we remain the true to our original aspiration to serve the people forever, which is also to promote the progress of schistosomiasis elimination in China according to the law, the scientific principle, and local conditions, so as to contribute our efforts for realizing the healthy China's dream.

Remain true to our original aspiration for farewell to the God of Plague, compose the new chapter for the national schistosomiasis control pro-gramme scientifically—Commemoration of 60th anniversary of publishing Chairman Mao Zedong's two poems"Farewell to the God of Plague" / 中国血吸虫病防治杂志

This paper reviews the huge promotion of Chairman Mao Zedong's two poems entitled"Farewell to the God of Plague"which were published 60 years ago,and the great achievements of the national schistosomiasis control programme in Chi-na.The publication of the two poems promotes the establishment of the mechanism for the national schistosomiasis control pro-gramme in China,and in addition,the schistosomiasis control spirit of the people from Yujiang County is still the source of power for the promotion of transferring the schistosomiasis control to elimination stage in China.Now,that we commemorate the 60th an-niversary of publishing Chairman Mao Zedong's two poems entitled"Farewell to the God of Plague"means we remain the true to our original aspiration to serve the people forever,which is also to promote the progress of schistosomiasis elimination in China according to the law,the scientific principle,and local conditions,so as to contribute our efforts for realizing the healthy China's dream.

Cultural Hegemony of Medicine in Modern China: Focused on Debates between Modernists and Neotraditionalists, 1900s~1930s / 의사학

The paper is to explore into how cultural hegemony had been established in modern China, focused on ideological debates and political conflicts between modernists and traditionalists. Relying upon historical, anthropological, and medicohistorical researches respectively by Paul Cohen, Judith Farquhar and Paul Unschuld, I criticize three research paradigms that had prevailed in modern Chinese history: (i) the 'Chinese response to Western impact' perspective fails to explain how Chinese Western medical practitioners founded their own independent organization; (ii) a dichotomy of 'tradition versus modernity' is, from an epistemological viewpoint, incompatible with an ontological view of illness shared between traditional Chinese medicine and Western medicine; and (iii) while those Weberian social scientists tend to consider culture as the system of meanings and symbols, separated from their temporal and spatial matrix, they neglect political and historical spheres that are inevitably represented in cultural hegemony. My arguments are divided into two parts. The first part investigates that whereas Chinese modernists aggressively supported an immediate institutionalization of Western medicine for getting adapted to social Darwinian world, neotraditionalists tried to maintain medical identity through national essence backed up by Chinese civilization. In the second part, the paper illuminates how having emerged as a conceptual idea for moving beyond 'tradition versus modernity', 'state medicine' became popularized to solve public health problems in 1930s' rural China. In conclusion, cultural hegemonyyoriented debates that were seriously staged in the 1920s and 1930s between modernists and neo-traditionalists were transformed to "scientification of traditional Chinese medicine and popularization of Western medicine" a slogan proposed by Mao ZeDong.

Introduction Course of Mao zedong Thought and Quality Education of Medical Student / 中国医学伦理学

The thought mainstream of contemporary medical students is steady and healthy,positive and upward,but there still exists some morality-degradating phenomena,such as indifferent service,weaking responsibility,etc.Therefore,the introduction course of Mao Zedong thought should bring its educational fuction into full use,publicize the revolutionary humanitarianism,and cultivate medical students'noble moral realm to prodce qualified constructor and successor for the socialist hearth care industry.