[Textual research on "Zhu" in Chinese classical prescriptions].

Through consulting the ancient herbs and medical books,combining with modern literature and field investigation,this paper makes textual research on herbal medicine,and makes textual research on the name,origin,position and changes of collection and processing of the medicinal herbs in Ancient Classical Prescriptions. " Zhu" wasn't distinguished before the Northern and Southern Dynasties,but the efficacy of the techniques recorded in the documents at that time was similar to that of today's Atractylodis Rhizoma.Tao Hongjing put forward the theory of " red and white" in the Northern and Southern Dynasties. " Cangzhu" and " Baizhu" gradually differentiated,but there was no clear distinction between them. Since Song and Yuan Dynasties, " Baizhu" has been respected and classified in the literature. In Ming Dynasty, " Baizhu" was cultivated and differentiated into different quality specifications according to its growth pattern and origin. Maoshan is the genuine production area of " Cangzhu". The quality of wild " Baizhu" produced in Yuqian city is the best. In modern times,the origins of " Cangzhu" and " Baizhu" were defined according to plant taxonomy. " Zhu" before Song Dynasty was close to Atractylodes lancea, " Baishu" had been respected since the Song Dynasty. So when Song people revised the previous literature,they unified " Zhu" into " Baizhu" and used it for later generations. Its safety and effectiveness have been confirmed,and the wild resources of modern atractylodes are scarce. Therefore,it is suggested that when classical famous prescriptions are developed,the prescription recorded as " Baizhu" does not need to be changed in its origin,that is,A. macrocephala at present or can choose the appropriate basis according to the principle of local righteousness.Textual research shows that the origin of " Cangzhu" in the classical prescription should be A. lancea.

Textual research on "Zhu" in Chinese classical prescriptions / 中国中药杂志

Through consulting the ancient herbs and medical books,combining with modern literature and field investigation,this paper makes textual research on herbal medicine,and makes textual research on the name,origin,position and changes of collection and processing of the medicinal herbs in Ancient Classical Prescriptions. " Zhu" wasn't distinguished before the Northern and Southern Dynasties,but the efficacy of the techniques recorded in the documents at that time was similar to that of today's Atractylodis Rhizoma.Tao Hongjing put forward the theory of " red and white" in the Northern and Southern Dynasties. " Cangzhu" and " Baizhu" gradually differentiated,but there was no clear distinction between them. Since Song and Yuan Dynasties, " Baizhu" has been respected and classified in the literature. In Ming Dynasty, " Baizhu" was cultivated and differentiated into different quality specifications according to its growth pattern and origin. Maoshan is the genuine production area of " Cangzhu". The quality of wild " Baizhu" produced in Yuqian city is the best. In modern times,the origins of " Cangzhu" and " Baizhu" were defined according to plant taxonomy. " Zhu" before Song Dynasty was close to Atractylodes lancea, " Baishu" had been respected since the Song Dynasty. So when Song people revised the previous literature,they unified " Zhu" into " Baizhu" and used it for later generations. Its safety and effectiveness have been confirmed,and the wild resources of modern atractylodes are scarce. Therefore,it is suggested that when classical famous prescriptions are developed,the prescription recorded as " Baizhu" does not need to be changed in its origin,that is,A. macrocephala at present or can choose the appropriate basis according to the principle of local righteousness.Textual research shows that the origin of " Cangzhu" in the classical prescription should be A. lancea.

O medicamento homeopático provoca sintomas em voluntários aparentemente sadios? A contribuição brasileira ao debate sobre os ensaios patogenéticos homeopáticos / Do homeopathic medicines induce symptoms in apparently healthy volunteers? The Brazilian contribution to the debate on homeopathic pathogenetic trials

Os ensaios patogenéticos homeopáticos buscam descobrir sintomas específicos e característicos que se manifestam em indivíduos aparentemente sadios, expostos a medicamentos homeopáticos, para que possam ser utilizados na comparação com os sintomas dos pacientes. Ao definir as diretrizes metodológicas para sua realização, Hahnemann deixou claro que deveriam ser o produto de estudos rigorosos para evitar qualquer conjectura em seus resultados. Com o avanço nos métodos científicos, também têm sido propostas novas diretrizes para sua realização, que são incorporadas aos estudos atuais. Autores brasileiros têm oferecido valiosas contribuições científicas para o desenvolvimento dos ensaios patogenéticos homeopáticos, com realização de estudos originais ou inovações na área metodológica. A validade e a confiabilidade das informações produzidas a partir de ensaios patogenéticos homeopáticos são fundamentais para o êxito da prática clínica em homeopatia.

Homeopathic pathogenetic trials (HPTs) are designed to identify specificand characteristic symptoms in apparently health individuals, afterhaving been exposed to homeopathic medicines, so that the lattermight be indicated following comparison to the patient’s symptoms.The original methodological guidelines for HPTs were defined byHahnemann, who advocated rigorous methods likely to lead to conclusionsfree from any conjecture. With the advances in scientific methods,new guidelines were also proposed to improve the methodologicalquality of HPTs. Relevant scientific contributions were made byBrazilian researchers to develop this field, resulting in the publicationof original studies or innovations on its methods. The validity and reliabilityof the clinical information acquired from HPTs are fundamentalfor the success of homeopathic clinical practice.

Impact of compatibility ratios of rhubarb-gardenia herbal pair and extraction techniques on anthraquinone dissolution / 中草药

Objective: To investigate the impact of compatibility ratios of rhubarb-gardenia herbal pair and extraction techniques on anthraquinone dissolution, and to explain the bases of different compatibility of rhubarb-gardenia in the prescriptions of Chinese materiamedica from chemical composition. Methods: Anthraquinones were extracted from rhubarb-gardenia herbal pair of different compatibility ratios by water decoction method and ultrasonic extraction with alcohol. Free and total anthraquinones were analyzed by HPLC and the contents of binding anthraquinones were equal to the total minus the free anthraquinones. Results: The contents of various types of anthraquinones extracted by water decoction method increased and binding anthraquinone content increased significantly after rhubarb was compatible with gardenia. This suggested that gardenia was benefit for binding anthraquinone dissolution. Decocting order (Rhubarb cooked first, last, and at the same time) also affected the content of anthraquinones in water decoction method. Separate ultrasonic extraction was benefit for total and free anthraquinone dissolution. Separate ultrasonic extraction was benefit for total and free anthraquinones dissolution. Simultaneous ultrasonic extraction was benefit for binding anthraquinone dissolution. The extraction effect of ultrasonic method was significantly higher than that of water decoction method. Conclusion: Rhubarb-gardenia herbal pair in different compatibility proportion plays different role in different prescriptions because of the different composition and content of anthraquinones,which proves the rationality of the classic formula.

[Formation and evolution of commodity specification and grade of traditional Chinese medicine].

As an important reference index to evaluate the quality of Chinese medicinal materials, the commodity specification and grade of traditional Chinese medicine has an effect on the medicinal material's price, can promote "high quality and high price" of the traditional Chinese medicine, prompt market transactions more convenient and standard, and has a great significance to the development of the whole traditional Chinese medicine industry. The formation of traditional Chinese medicine specifications and grades experienced a long historical development process. In order to provide the reference for modification of the product specifications and grades standards and management of traditional Chinese medicine products, the author consulted a large number of materia medica books and related references, sorted and analyzed the historical development process. The author divided the formation and development process into four stages, including germination stage before the Southern and Northern Dynasties, development stage of Tang and Song Dynasty, mature period of the Ming and Qing Dynasties and the inheritance development stage since the foundation of the People's Republic. The author believes that the clinical curative effect is the driving force to promote the development of commodity specifications and grades. In addition, the national pharmaceutical policy, international status, the level of science and technology also influence the development of commodity specifications and grades in some extents. Finally, the author provides three piece of suggestions for the modification of the product specifications and grades standards, according to the historical development rule.

Formation and evolution of commodity specification and grade of traditional Chinese medicine / 中国中药杂志

As an important reference index to evaluate the quality of Chinese medicinal materials, the commodity specification and grade of traditional Chinese medicine has an effect on the medicinal material's price, can promote "high quality and high price" of the traditional Chinese medicine, prompt market transactions more convenient and standard, and has a great significance to the development of the whole traditional Chinese medicine industry. The formation of traditional Chinese medicine specifications and grades experienced a long historical development process. In order to provide the reference for modification of the product specifications and grades standards and management of traditional Chinese medicine products, the author consulted a large number of materia medica books and related references, sorted and analyzed the historical development process. The author divided the formation and development process into four stages, including germination stage before the Southern and Northern Dynasties, development stage of Tang and Song Dynasty, mature period of the Ming and Qing Dynasties and the inheritance development stage since the foundation of the People's Republic. The author believes that the clinical curative effect is the driving force to promote the development of commodity specifications and grades. In addition, the national pharmaceutical policy, international status, the level of science and technology also influence the development of commodity specifications and grades in some extents. Finally, the author provides three piece of suggestions for the modification of the product specifications and grades standards, according to the historical development rule.