Centering Equity and Fostering Stakeholder Collaboration and Trust-Pillars of the Maternal Health Innovation Program in Maryland.

Objective: To describe two main pillars of the Maryland Maternal Health Innovation Program (MDMOM): (1) centering equity and (2) fostering broad stakeholder collaboration and trust. Methods: We summarized MDMOM's key activities and used severe maternal morbidity (SMM) surveillance and program monitoring data to quantify MDMOM's work on the two pillars. We developed measures of hospital engagement with MDMOM (participation in quality improvement [QI] activities, participation in check-in meetings, staff involvement) and with other partners (participation in QI activities, representation in state-level groups). We examined Bonferroni-adjusted correlations between these hospital engagement measures and with key hospital characteristics: level of maternity care, annual delivery volume, and SMM rate. Results: Over 100 national and state organizations and individual stakeholders contributed to our building the MDMOM program and implementing key activities centering equity: hospital-based SMM surveillance in 20 of Maryland's 32 hospitals; almost 5,000 trainings offered to perinatal health care providers; two telemedicine/telehealth interventions; training of home visitors and community-based organization staff. Birthing hospitals represent MDMOM's main implementation partners. The strength of their participation in MDMOM QI activities is positively correlated to their participation in check-in meetings and with the degree of involvement by physicians in such activities. Higher engagement in MDMOM QI activities is also positively correlated to hospitals' participation in other state-level maternal health initiatives or groups. Conclusion: Our experience with the MDMOM program demonstrates that an equity focus and broad stakeholder collaboration building strong relationships and providing implementation support can lead to high levels of engagement in innovative maternal health interventions.

Core recommendations of effective preconception counselling services in low-and-middle-income countries - A scoping review.

BACKGROUND: Extensive guidelines and recommendations are available for preconception counselling service in high-income-countries. However limited comprehensive recommendations are available for preconception care and counselling in low-and-middle-income countries (LMICs), where most of maternal mortality occurs in the settings. AIM/OBJECTIVES: This review aims to identify any design, model or set of recommendations for their potential adoption to develop preconception care and counselling service for LMICs context. METHODS: A systematic literature search was conducted in five major databases to identify articles covering any designs, models or recommendations on preconception care, for or from LMICs settings published between 2013-2023. Articles on any single screening for preconception counselling, those evaluating the service without specific model or sets of recommendations were excluded. Articles satisfied the inclusion criteria were then appraised and were extracted and analysed using inductive approach of thematic analysis. FINDINGS: A total of nine articles were eligible for complete review, mostly were review papers, editorials and commission articles with moderate manuscript quality. Three themes of recommendations emerged from the analysis: Platforms, Core Principles, and Women Empowerment. The Platform contains recommendations on the settings, while Core principles provide essential recommendation of screening and management, while the theme Women Empowerment highlights the importance of empowering women to prepare and decide on their pregnancy. IMPLICATIONS: Actual model of preconception care in LMICs is deficient, results of this review will inform research on the development of appropriate preconception care in LMICs . We also propose for access equity and strategies to promote women empowerment as the key to succeed the preconception care in LMICs.

Religious Belief Among Women in Australia: Characteristics and Role in Influencing Children's Health-Related Quality of Life and Lifestyle.

Religiosity can be an important factor in women's health-related behaviour, attitudes, and decision-making. Evidence however, regarding the religiosity of mothers and its influence on child health, is scarce. Based on a large population-based cohort in Australia, we aim to examine the religiosity of women in Australia and the association of maternal religiosity with children's health-related quality of life (HRQOL) and lifestyle. Our findings indicate that (1) maternal religious involvement was higher for women with higher education levels, ascertained religious values in decision-making, and abstinence from binge drinking in the household, (2) maternal religiosity positively influenced their children's HRQOL, (3) children of mothers who were more religious had less worries or fewer school-work problems, but the children of mothers with stronger religious beliefs used more internet/computer during the week but had less time playing games on weekends. This study provides additional specificity to inform future health interventions in religious community contexts to enhance the positive influence of maternal religious belief for better development of their children.

Characteristics of the Basel Postpartum Hypertension Cohort (Basel-PPHT Cohort): An Interim Analysis.

Postpartum hypertension (PPHT) is hypertension that persists or develops after delivery and is a frequent cause of readmission, affecting 10% of pregnancies. This interim analysis aims to describe the cohort and to determine the feasibility and acceptance of a home-based telemonitoring management strategy (HBTMS) in PPHT patients. Enrollment at the University Hospital Basel began during the 2020 SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Maternity-ward patients were screened for preexisting hypertension, hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, and de novo PPHT. In this pragmatic non-randomized prospective trial, the participants chose the HBTMS or standard of care (SOC), which consisted of outpatient hypertension clinic appointments. The HBTMS was a smartphone application or a programmed spreadsheet to report blood pressure (BP), followed by telephone consultations. Three months postpartum, the participants underwent a 24 h BP measurement and a blood, biomarker, and urine analysis. A total of 311 participants were enrolled between 06/20 and 08/23. The mean age was 34 (±5.3) years. The current pregnancy history demonstrated the following (≥1 diagnosis possible): 10% had preexisting hypertension, 27.3% gestational hypertension, 53% preeclampsia (PE), 0.3% eclampsia, 6% HELLP (hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelets), and 18.3% de novo PPHT. A family history of cardiovascular disease and PE was reported in 49.5% and 7.5%, respectively. In total, 23.3% were high-risk for PE. A total of 68.5% delivered via c-section, the mean hospitalization was 6.3 days (±3.9), and newborn intrauterine growth restriction occurred in 21%. A total of 99% of the participants chose the HBTMS. This analysis demonstrated that the HBTMS was accepted. This is vital in the immediate postpartum period and pertinent when the exposure of hospital visits should be avoided.

Genetic Insights and Neonatal Outcomes in Preeclampsia and Eclampsia: A Detailed Analysis of the RS5707 Genotype.

BACKGROUND: Preeclampsia (PE) and eclampsia (E) are severe pregnancy complications with significant maternal and neonatal health impacts. This study explores the association of the rs5707 polymorphism in the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) with PE/E and related neonatal outcomes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional study involving 400 mother-newborn dyads at the "Pius Brinzeu" Emergency Clinical Hospital Timisoara. Participants were divided into a control group (254 normotensive women) and a PE/E group (146 women with PE/E). Genotyping for the rs5707 polymorphism was performed using real-time PCR, and statistical analyses assessed associations with maternal body mass index (BMI) and neonatal outcomes. RESULTS: The AA genotype of rs5707 was significantly associated with a reduced risk of PE/E and more favorable neonatal outcomes, including higher Apgar scores, greater birth weights, and longer gestational ages. Conversely, the AC genotype correlated with increased maternal BMI and adverse neonatal outcomes. Odds ratios highlighted the protective effect of the AA genotype against PE/E and the increased risk associated with the AC genotype. CONCLUSIONS: This study revealed the critical role of the rs5707 polymorphism in PE/E development and neonatal health. Genetic screening for rs5707 could enhance early identification and personalized intervention strategies, improving outcomes for both mothers and neonates. Further research is needed to validate these findings across diverse populations and to uncover the underlying mechanisms.

Inequity in uptake of maternal health care services in developing countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Background: Maternal health service uptake remains an important predictor of maternal outcomes including maternal mortality. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to summarize the available evidence on the uptake of maternal health care services in developing countries and to assess the impact of place of residence, education status, and wealth index on the uptake of these services. Methods: We examined the databases MEDLINE, Web of Science, Global Index Medicus, and Scopus until June 14, 2022. Cross-sectional studies done between 2015 and 2022 were considered. Mothers of reproductive age and all states of health were included in the study. Independently, two authors determined the eligibility of studies, extracted data, evaluated the risk of bias, and ranked the evidence's degree of certainty. To combine the data, we performed a random-effects meta-analysis. The PROSPERO registration ID is CRD42022304094. Results: We included 51 studies. Mothers living in urban areas were three times more likely to receive antenatal care (OR 2.95; 95% CI 2.23 to 3.89; 15 studies; 340,390 participants) than rural mothers. Compared with no education, those with primary education were twice as likely to utilize antenatal care (OR 2.36; 95% CI 1.80 to 3.09; 9 studies; 154,398 participants) and those with secondary and higher education were six and fourteen times more likely to utilize antenatal care, respectively. Mothers in the second wealth index were twice as likely as mothers in the lowest wealth index to utilize antenatal care (OR 1.62; 95% CI 1.36 to 1.91; 10 studies; 224,530 participants) and antenatal care utilization increased further among mothers in the higher wealth index. We observed similar relative inequalities in skilled delivery care and postnatal care utilization based on the pace of residence, education, and wealth index. Conclusion: In developing countries, the problem of inequity in utilizing maternal health care services persists and needs considerable attention.

Importance Assigned to Breastfeeding by Spanish Pregnant Women and Associated Factors: A Survey-Based Multivariate Linear Correlation Study.

Breastfeeding education, across all disciplines, is often inconsistent and lacking in expertise and confidence. However, recommendations from health professionals, the sociocultural environment, and previous knowledge and experiences significantly influence women's decision to breastfeed. This study aimed to identify factors that promote the assignment of greater importance to breastfeeding and associated practical benefits. This retrospective cross-sectional study included 276 participants who completed a self-administered questionnaire. Descriptive and bivariate analyses were performed, and multivariate linear models were applied to identify factors influencing the importance assigned to breastfeeding. Most participants were married or in a relationship, were native Spaniards, had secondary or higher education, and had an average age of 32.6 years. Seventy percent met the physical activity recommendations, and 91% felt comfortable with their body image during pregnancy. The importance assigned to breastfeeding was high across various aspects, except for postpartum weight loss and body image. Group prenatal care was only significantly associated with the importance assigned to the breastfeeding technique (how to breastfeed). The obesogenic environment and the importance assigned to nutritional aspects and physical activity also turned out to be predictors, although not for all models. In our region, the educational strategy of antenatal care groups could contain gaps regarding the mother's health, which should be addressed in the future to improve results regarding the initiation and continuation of breastfeeding.

Obstacles to Accepting Care: Understanding Why Obstetric Patients Leave against Medical Advice.

INTRODUCTION: Discharge "against medical advice" (AMA) in the obstetric population is overall under-studied but disproportionally affects marginalized populations and is associated with worse perinatal outcomes. Reasons for discharges AMA are not well understood. The objective of this study is to identify the obstacles that prevent obstetric patients from accepting recommended care and highlight the structural reasons behind AMA discharges. METHODS: Electronic health records of patients admitted to antepartum, peripartum, or postpartum services between 2008 and 2018 who left "AMA" were reviewed. Progress notes from clinicians and social workers were extracted and analyzed. Reasons behind discharge were categorized using qualitative thematic analysis. RESULTS: Fifty-seven (0.12%) obstetric patients were discharged AMA. Reasons for discharge were organized into two overarching themes: extrinsic (50.9%) and intrinsic (40.4%) obstacles to accepting care. Eleven participants (19.3%) had no reason documented for their discharge. Extrinsic obstacles included childcare, familial responsibilities, and other obligations. Intrinsic obstacles included disagreement with provider regarding medical condition or plan, emotional distress, mistrust or discontent with care team, and substance use. DISCUSSION: The term "AMA" casts blame on individual patients and fails to represent the systemic barriers to staying in care. Obstetric patients were found to encounter both extrinsic and intrinsic obstacles that led them to leave AMA. Healthcare providers and institutions can implement strategies that ameliorate structural barriers. Partnering with patients to prevent discharges AMA would improve maternal and infant health and progress towards reproductive justice.

Factors associated with postpartum fatigue: an exploration of the moderating role of resilience.

Background: Postpartum fatigue (PPF) can impair the physical and mental well-being of women. The aims of this study were to assess the associations between fatigue and maternal health-related variables, specifically, sleep quality, depression symptoms, and resilience, and to explore the moderating role of resilience in the relationships between sleep quality, depression symptoms, and fatigue. Methods: This cross-sectional study used data collected from mothers during the postpartum period via an online platform. PPF was assessed using the Fatigue Severity Scale, whereas sleep quality and depression symptoms were assessed using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index and Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale, respectively. The Brief Resilience Scale was used to assess resilience. Simple and multiple binary logistic regression analyses were performed to examine the association of each independent variable with PPF and to determine the most significant predictors of PFF. The data were analyzed using SPSS, and structural equation modeling was performed using AMOS 23. A moderation analysis was performed to explore the moderating role of resilience using the Hayes PROCESS macro. Results: A total of 1,443 postpartum mothers were included in the analysis. The simple binary logistic regression analysis showed that having chronic disease (odds: 1.52; p = 0.02), mother's age (odds: 0.97; p = 0.03), mother's body mass index (BMI; odds: 1.03; p = 0.01), depression symptoms (odds: 1.09; p ≤ 0.0001), sleep quality (odds: 1.17; p ≤ 0.0001), and resilience (odds: 0.42; p ≤ 0.0001) all contributed to fatigue during postpartum. Multivariate logistic regression showed that the mother's BMI, sleep quality, depression symptoms, and resilience were significant predictors of PPF. Moderation analyses showed that resilience was not a significant moderator between the main effects of sleep quality and fatigue (interaction effect: ß = 0.01, p = 0.31, 95% CI: -0.01 to 0.04) or between the main effects of depression symptoms and fatigue during postpartum (interaction effect: ß = 0.01, p = 0.82, 95% CI: -0.01 to 0.02). Conclusion: Given the deleterious effects of PPF on maternal health outcomes, factors associated with PPF should be assessed regularly. In addition to mothers' BMI, sleep quality, and depression symptoms, resilience could also be a crucial factor in predicting fatigue severity during this critical time for mothers even though it was not a significant moderator among this sample.

Service disruptions, trauma and burnout during the COVID-19 pandemic among healthcare providers delivering immunisation and maternal and child health services in Indonesia.

BACKGROUND: The COVID-19 pandemic resulted in extreme strain on health systems including the health workforce, essential health services and vaccination coverage. We examined disruptions to immunisation and maternal and child health (MCH) services, concerns of personal well-being and delivery of healthcare during the pandemic as well as factors associated with self-reported trauma or burnout among healthcare providers (HCPs). METHODS: In March-April 2022, we conducted a cross-sectional survey among HCPs in two provinces of Indonesia. HCPs involved in COVID-19 or routine immunisation and MCH services were randomly selected from district/city health office registration lists. We descriptively analysed service disruptions experienced by HCPs as well as trauma, burnout and concerns of personal well-being and delivery of healthcare during the pandemic. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were undertaken to identify factors associated with trauma or burnout. RESULTS: We recruited 604 HCPs. Mobilisation of staff from routine health services to COVID-19 response duties was a key reason for service disruptions (87.9%). Strategies such as community outreach and task shifting were implemented to overcome disruptions. Trauma or burnout during the pandemic was reported by 64.1% HCPs, with 23.5% reporting worse mental or emotional health.Factors associated with trauma or burnout included delivery of COVID-19 immunisation (adjusted OR (aOR) 2.54, 95% CI 1.08 to 5.94); and delivery of both COVID-19 immunisation and routine immunisation compared with no involvement in vaccination programmes (aOR 2.42, 95% CI 1.06 to 5.52); poor treatment in the workplace (aOR 2.26, 95% CI 1.51 to 3.38) and lower confidence to respond to patient queries on COVID-19 immunisation (aOR 1.51, 95% CI 1.03 to 2.22). CONCLUSION: HCPs experienced service disruptions, trauma and burnout and implemented strategies to minimise disruptions to service delivery and improve patient experiences. Our study highlights the need to ensure that workforce resilience and strategies to protect and support HCPs are considered for pandemic planning, preparedness and management.

"Nobody gave me information": Hospital experiences of Ghanaian families after maternal mortalities.

Background: Rates of maternal mortality are highest in low-resource settings. Family members are often involved in the critical periods surrounding a maternal death, including transportation to health centers and financial and emotional support during hospital admissions. Maternal death has devastating impacts on surviving family members, which are often overlooked and understudied. Objective: Our study aimed to explore the hospital experiences of family members surrounding a maternal death, and to define their access to and need for institutional and psychosocial support. Study Design: This mixed methods cross-sectional study was conducted at an urban tertiary hospital in Ghana. Maternal mortalities from June 2019 to December 2020 were identified using death certificates. Participants, defined as husbands or other heads of households in families affected by maternal mortality, were purposively recruited. An interview guide was developed using grounded theory. In-person semi-structured interviews were conducted in English or Twi to explore impacts of maternal mortality on family members, with a focus on hospital experiences. Surveys were administered on types of and needs for institutional support. Interviews were audio recorded, translated, transcribed, coded with an iteratively-developed codebook, and thematically analyzed. Survey data was descriptively analyzed. Results: Fifty-one participants included 26 husbands of the deceased woman, 5 parents, 12 siblings, and 8 second-degree relatives. Interviews revealed an overall negative hospital experience for surviving family members, who expressed substantial dissatisfaction and distress. Four themes regarding the hospital experience emerged from the interviews: 1) poor communication from healthcare workers and hospital personnel, which contributed to 2) limited understanding of the patient's clinical status, hospital course, and cause of death; 3) maternal death perceived as avoidable; and 4) maternal death perceived as unexpected and shocking. Survey data revealed that only 10% of participants were provided psychosocial support following the maternal death event, yet 93.3% of those who did not receive support desired this resource. Conclusion: The hospital experience was overall negative for family members and a lack of effective communication emerged as the root cause of this negative perception. Strategies to improve communication between healthcare providers and families are essential. In addition, there is an unmet need for formal mental health resources for families who experience a maternal death.

Development and Unfolding of the Life Course Movement in the Field of Maternal and Child Health: An Oral History.

INTRODUCTION: A life course perspective in maternal, child, and family health allows for integrated exploration of outcomes, incorporating multifactorial determinants of health to interrogate sources of inequity and identify opportunities for intervention. This article explores the historical development, integration, and implications of the contemporary life course perspective in the field of maternal and child health (MCH), and particularly the people and events which institutionalized the framework as central to national and local MCH practice and research over the last decades. METHODS: Drawing on an oral history approach, key leaders of the life course movement in MCH were interviewed. Lived experiences and personal recollections of six interviewees were recorded and synthesized using a narrative descriptive approach to portray the social ecology of the movement's origins. RESULTS: We documented systematic efforts made in the first two decades of the 21st century to consciously promote life course through convening a National MCH Life Course Invitational Meeting, incorporating life course as a foundational framework for strategic planning at the Maternal Child Health Bureau, and development of tools and resources by MCH professional organizations. DISCUSSION: The integration of life course theory into the MCH field signified a major shift towards addressing protective and social factors, which aligns with the field's historical emphasis on social justice and rights-based approaches, and parallels the broader public health movement towards social determinants of health and the need to address structural racism. The ongoing relevance of the life course approach in promoting reproductive justice and addressing inequities in health underscores the historical importance of its adoption and use in the current mainstream of MCH research, policy, and practice.

Mass Incarceration, Maternal Vulnerability, and Birth Outcomes Across U.S. Counties.

OBJECTIVES: To examine the associations among mass incarceration, maternal vulnerability, and disparities in birth outcomes across U.S. counties, utilizing an ecological model and reproductive justice perspective was used. This study tests whether mass incarceration is associated with infant mortality and low birthweight across U.S. counties, and whether maternal vulnerability explains the relationship between mass incarceration and birth disparities. METHODS: Data were derived from a variety of public sources and were merged using federal FIPS codes. Outcomes from the CDC Vitality Statistics include percent low birth weight births (births below 2499 g divided by singleton births to women aged 20 to 39) and infant mortality (infant deaths per 1000 live births). Black-White rate ratios were calculated for the birth outcomes to specifically examine the large Black-White disparity in birth outcomes. The analysis controlled for urbanicity, income inequality, median household income, residential segregation, and southern region, as well as a fixed effect for state level differences. RESULTS: Findings show that counties with higher rates of incarceration have higher prevalence of infant mortality and low birthweight, as well as greater Black-White disparity in infant mortality. Mass incarceration is associated with increases in adverse birth outcomes and maternal vulnerability partially mediates this relationship. CONCLUSIONS: Findings provide evidence that heightened levels of incarceration affect birth outcomes for all residents at the county-level. It is imperative to address the overuse of mass incarceration in order to support adequate reproductive healthcare of vulnerable populations in the United States.

Maternal gestational diabetes mellitus associates with altered gut microbiome composition and head circumference abnormalities in male offspring.

The impact of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) on maternal or infant microbiome trajectory remains poorly understood. Utilizing large-scale longitudinal fecal samples from 264 mother-baby dyads, we present the gut microbiome trajectory of the mothers throughout pregnancy and infants during the first year of life. GDM mothers had a distinct microbiome diversity and composition during the gestation period. GDM leaves fingerprints on the infant's gut microbiome, which are confounded by delivery mode. Further, Clostridium species positively correlate with a larger head circumference at month 12 in male offspring but not females. The gut microbiome of GDM mothers with male fetuses displays depleted gut-brain modules, including acetate synthesis I and degradation and glutamate synthesis II. The gut microbiome of female infants of GDM mothers has higher histamine degradation and dopamine degradation. Together, our integrative analysis indicates that GDM affects maternal and infant gut composition, which is associated with sexually dimorphic infant head growth.

Antenatal Care Visits, Institutional Births, and Associated Risk Factors in Afghanistan: Insights from the Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 2022-2023.

INTRODUCTION: Insufficient use of antenatal care (ANC) services and institutional births services can elevate the maternal mortality risk in limited resource settings. Hence, the key objective of this study was to evaluate the potential association between the frequency of ANC visits and institutional birth services in Afghanistan, while also identifying other sociodemographic factors that may exert influence. Furthermore, we explored factors associated with the attendance of women at ANC visits during their pregnancy. METHODS: We employed data from the most recent Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey conducted in Afghanistan in 2022 to 2023 with a total of 8096 women aged 15 to 49. A complex survey weight-adjusted logistic regression model was used to examine factors related to institutional births, and a multinomial logistic regression model was fitted to assess the relationships between sociodemographic factors and ANC visits, adjusting for survey weights, cluster effects, and strata. RESULTS: Approximately 40% of the sample (n = 3247) had undergone 4 or more ANC visits, and 74.4% (n = 6,022) had opted for institutional birth. Women's higher education was found to be associated with ANC visits. The area of residence, wealth index, education levels of women, ownership of mobile phones, number of children, and number of ANC visits were associated with institutional births. Compared with women with no or one ANC visit, those with more than 3 visits had 31% higher odds (adjusted odds ratio, 1.31; 95% CI, 1.10-1.57) of accessing institutional births. DISCUSSION: Our findings indicate a significant association between ANC visits and use of institutional birth care. These findings carry implications for advancing safe motherhood and childbirth by enhancing women's social status.

African American Fathers as a Solution to the Maternal Health Crisis.

The research is limited to the role of African American (AA) fathers in maternal health. African American fathers are largely not included in perinatal care, and their contribution may be essential in addressing the Black maternal health disparity crisis. The purpose of this conceptual paper is to examine the evidence of African American fathers involvement in supporting maternal health during the perinatal period. This conceptual paper will summarize research findings and will focus on 1) the evolution of the concept of fatherhood and the role of African American fathers; 2) the extent of African American fathers engagement during the perinatal period; and 3) the potential for African American fathers to play a key role in improving maternal health. Findings from this paper will enhance the evidence base on fathers' involvement in maternal health, highlight the research gaps, and opportunities to focus on African American fathers in addressing maternal morbidity and mortality among African American women.

The Association Between State-Level Prenatal Substance Use Policies and Rates of Maternal Mortality in the United States: A Legal Epidemiology Study.

Little research has explored relationships between prenatal substance use policies and rates of maternal mortality across all 50 states, despite evidence that prenatal substance use elevates risk of maternal death. This study, utilizing publicly available data, revealed that state-level mandated testing laws predicted maternal mortality after controlling for population characteristics.

Acceptability of data linkage to identify women at risk of postnatal complication for the development of digital risk prediction tools and interventions to better optimise postnatal care, a qualitative descriptive study design.

BACKGROUND: Pregnancy acts as a cardiovascular stress test. Although many complications resolve following birth, women with hypertensive disorder of pregnancy have an increased risk of developing cardiovascular disease (CVD) long-term. Monitoring postnatal health can reduce this risk but requires better methods to identity high-risk women for timely interventions. METHODS: Employing a qualitative descriptive study design, focus groups and/or interviews were conducted, separately engaging public contributors and clinical professionals. Diverse participants were recruited through social media convenience sampling. Semi-structured, facilitator-led discussions explored perspectives of current postnatal assessment and attitudes towards linking patient electronic healthcare data to develop digital tools for identifying postpartum women at risk of CVD. Participant perspectives were gathered using post-it notes or a facilitator scribe and analysed thematically. RESULTS: From 27 public and seven clinical contributors, five themes regarding postnatal check expectations versus reality were developed, including 'limited resources', 'low maternal health priority', 'lack of knowledge', 'ineffective systems' and 'new mum syndrome'. Despite some concerns, all supported data linkage to identify women postnatally, targeting intervention to those at greater risk of CVD. Participants outlined potential benefits of digitalisation and risk prediction, highlighting design and communication needs for diverse communities. CONCLUSIONS: Current health system constraints in England contribute to suboptimal postnatal care. Integrating data linkage and improving education on data and digital tools for maternal healthcare shows promise for enhanced monitoring and improved future health. Recognised for streamlining processes and risk prediction, digital tools may enable more person-centred care plans, addressing the gaps in current postnatal care practice.

Earlier routine induction of labor-Consequences on mother and child morbidity.

A growing number of birth interventions had led to a concern for potential health consequences. This study investigates the consequences of earlier routine labor induction. It exploits a natural experiment caused by the introduction of new Danish obstetric guidelines in 2011. Consequently, routine labor induction was moved forward from 14 to 10-13 days past the expected due date (EDD) and extended antenatal surveillance was introduced from 7 days past the EDD. Using administrative data, I find that affected mothers on average had a 9-11 percentage points (32%-38%) higher risk of being induced the following years. Yet, mother and child short- and medium-term morbidity were largely unaffected.

How do physicians respond to new medical research?

What happens when the findings of a prominent medical study are overturned? Using a medical trial on breech births, we estimate the effect of the reversal of such a medical study on physician choices and infant health outcomes. Using the United States Birth Certificate Records from 1995 to 2010, we employ a difference-in-differences estimator for C-sections, low Apgar, and low birth weight measures. We find that the reversal of a multi-site, high profile, randomized control trial on the appropriate delivery of term breech births, the Term Breech Trial, led to a 15%-23% decline in C-sections for such births at a time when the overall trend in C-sections was rising. We find our largest estimated effects amongst traditionally disadvantaged groups (i.e., non-white, and minimal education). However, we do not find that such a change in practice had significant impacts on infant health. Contrary to prior studies, we find that physicians updated their beliefs quickly, and do indeed adjust to new medical research, particularly young physicians, prior to mandatory policy or professional guidelines.