Which Theory of Cerebrospinal Fluid Production and Absorption Do Neurosurgeons Teach to Medical Students? Survey from Medical Universities in Japan, 2022.

Several new studies have been conducted on cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) dynamics. Our educational guidelines, the Model Core Curriculum for Medical University, recommend access to the best current information. However, we do not know whether or when to introduce changes to this concept.We surveyed which theory of CSF dynamics taught to students by neurosurgeons. The old theory is the bulk flow theory, and the new theory explains that CSF is produced from the choroid plexus and capillaries; CSF then pulsates and drains into the venous and lymphatic systems through newly discovered pathways.Old and new theories were taught to 64.8% and 27.0% of students, respectively. The reason for teaching the old theory was to help them understand the pathogenesis of noncommunicating hydrocephalus (77.1%), whereas the reason for teaching the new theory was to teach the latest knowledge (40.0%). Physicians who wished to teach the new theory in the near future accounted for 47.3%, which was higher than those who would teach the new theory in 2022 (27.0%), and those who still wished to teach the old theory in the near future accounted for 43.2%.An education policy on CSF dynamics will be established when we interpret ventricular enlargement and its improvement by third ventriculostomy in noncommunicating hydrocephalus based on the new theory. The distributed answers in the survey shared that it is difficult to teach about CSF dynamics and provided an opportunity to discuss these issues.

Identifying the challenges of holding comprehensive exams in the Ph.D. programs of Iranian medical universities: A protocol for qualitative research.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of Ph.D. education is to train students equipped with science in a particular area and familiar with research methods and the most recent foundations of education and research to apply their knowledge, creativity, and innovation in research and scientific areas to meet the needs of the society, extending the frontiers of knowledge in their special field, and reach undetected areas in the world of science, especially health. One component of evaluating Ph.D. students in medical universities is the comprehensive exam that aims to assess Ph.D. students' skills, knowledge, and experiences in both educational and research areas. However, the process sometimes encounters substantial administrative challenges and problems. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this study protocol, we will interview. Ph.D. students, members of the examining committees of comprehensive exams, and educational practitioners involved in the administration of the comprehensive exam in District 7 of Iran's medical universities (Isfahan, Kashan, Yazd, and Shaherekord)) as one of the 10 major districts of medical education in the country (Iran). RESULTS: Thus, the present study will identify the challenges of the comprehensive exam to find ways to eliminate them and offer suitable solutions to increase the effectiveness of the exam. CONCLUSION: Indeed, what is expected from this study is to help educational practitioners and policymakers in medical universities detect the strengths and weaknesses of administering the comprehensive exam and help educational practitioners and policymakers detect potential alternatives for the present comprehensive exam.

Promoción de la salud en la Universidad Médica a 35 años de la Declaración de Edimburgo / Health promotion at the Medical University 35 years after the Edinburgh Declaration i: en

En este artículo se realiza una breve descripción de lo que se entiende por promoción de la salud y su relación con la Declaración de Edimburgo; informe final de la Conferencia Mundial de Educación Médica realizada en 1988. Asimismo, se vincula el propósito de la educación médica (a profesionales de la salud) según esta proclamación y su operativización a través del movimiento de Universidades Promotoras de Salud, que no solo busca formar profesionales en este contexto, sino que la institución genere condiciones y entornos favorecedores de salud y bienestar. Se reflexiona que para cumplir este propósito y las recomendaciones de la Declaración de Edimburgo es necesario fusionar los criterios, las variables y los estándares de la calidad formativa e institucional con los componentes indispensables para ser una universidad promotora de salud.

This article provides a brief description of what is meant by health promotion and its relationship with the Edinburgh Declaration; final report of the World Conference on Medical Education held in 1988. Also, the purpose of medical education (for health professionals) is linked according to this proclamation and its operationalization through the Health Promoting Universities' movement, which not only seeks to train professionals in this context, but also for the institution to create conditions and environments that promote health and well-being. It is reflected that in order to fulfill this purpose and the recommendations of the Edinburgh Declaration it is necessary to merge the criteria, variables and standards to achieve educational and institutional quality with the indispensable components to be a health promoting university.

A conceptual model for empowering faculty members of third-generation universities of medical sciences.

Background and objectives: Despite the crucial role of university staff and especially faculty members in moving towards third-generation universities, as well as the necessity of staff empowerment, only a handful of studies have been carried out on staff (especially faculty member) empowerment. This study designed a conceptual model for empowering faculty members of universities of medical sciences and facilitating transition to third-generation universities. Methods: The grounded theory approach was adopted to conduct this qualitative study. A total of 11 faculty members with entrepreneurial experience were selected as the sample using purposive sampling. The data were collected using semi-structured interviews, and the obtained data were entered into qualitative software (MAXQDA 10) for analysis. Results: The concepts identified in the coding process were summarized and classified into five groups and seven main categories. Then the conceptual model was designed with a set of causal factors (including structure of the education system, recruitment, training, and investment), structure and context factors (including structure and relationship), intervening factors (including promotion and ranking systems in universities and lack of mutual trust between industry and university), a core category (characteristics of capable faculty members), and an outcome (third-generation university). Finally, the conceptual model was developed to empower faculty members of third-generation universities of medical sciences. Conclusions: Based on the designed conceptual model, the most important issue in moving towards third-generation universities is "characteristics of capable faculty members." The present findings will help policy makers better understand the major factors affecting faculty member empowerment.

Reflection on the Integration of Great Anti-epidemic Spirit into the Teaching of Ideological and Political Courses in Medical Colleges:Taking the Course of "Outline of Modern Chinese History" as an Example / 中国医学伦理学

The integration of the great anti-epidemic spirit into the teaching of Outline of Modern Chinese History is an important content of the education and teaching reform of ideological and political courses in medical colleges in the post-epidemic era. The integration of them is helpful for optimizing the discourse system of "Outline" course, strengthening the political function of "Outline" course, and deepening the value guidance of "Outline" course. It is necessary to carefully study the teaching content of the "Outline" course, find out its similarities and integration with the great anti-epidemic spirit, and then, by basing on the main position of the classroom, building a large platform for practice, making good use of new network media and other specific paths, "genetically" embedded the great anti-epidemic spirit, the strong leadership of the Communist Party of China, the Marxist standpoint and methods, the remarkable advantages of the socialist system with Chinese characteristics, and the solid national strength of China into the teaching process, so as to improve the effectiveness of the "Outline" course and cultivate medical talents with firm political stance and noble medical ethics in the new era.

Profiling of Learners in Medical Schools as a Move Toward Precision Education: Protocol for a Scoping Review.

BACKGROUND: Academic experiences seek to get the best out of learners, maximizing performance and developing the skills and competencies needed to foster lifelong learning. The more personalized and tailored the academic experience among learners, the better the outcome. Precision education is a novel approach to research and practice, which is concerned with identifying and tailoring education to the precise needs of the learner. An emerging area of precision education is using data to develop learner profiles for a better understanding of individual learners relative to the characteristics and competencies of lifelong learners. OBJECTIVE: This scoping review aims to identify literature that reports on profiling learners within medical schools. Our review, as described in this paper, will describe the characteristics being measured, the methods and data sources used to generate profiles, and the resulting profiles that emerge. This review aims to provide guidance to those supporting medical school learners on the current state of learner profiling. METHODS: This scoping review will use the Population, Concept, and Context framework, published by Joanna Briggs Institute, adhering to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Extension for Scoping Reviews guidelines. The search strategy was developed in collaboration with a library specialist. An initial search was conducted in PubMed, ERIC, Google Scholar, Cochrane, CINAHL, and SCOPUS. Data will be extracted, and 2 authors will undertake the screening procedure using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses Extension for Scoping Reviews checklist. RESULTS: The database searches yielded 166 results, and title and abstract screening of 135 extracted articles is currently underway after eliminating 31 duplicates. We anticipate the scoping review to be completed in the first week of October 2022. The final scoping review will present the findings in a narrative and pictorial fashion. CONCLUSIONS: This review will help guide scholars looking to understand the current state of learner profiling within medical schools. INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT IDENTIFIER (IRRID): PRR1-10.2196/41828.

[The evaluation of efficiency of accreditation of graduates of medical universities as a measure supporting increase of numbers of physicians in primary health care section].

One of the most important tasks in transition to primary accreditation of health care professionals is increasing manning of primary health care section. It is achievable at the expense of opportunity for graduates of medical universities to find employment as district physicians and pediatricians without residency training. The purpose of the study was to assess impact on increasing of number of physicians of primary health care section of their admission to professional activities after primary accreditation. The study was carried out in the Irkutsk State Medical University provided objective quantitative evaluation of this occurrence. It was revealed that only every fifth graduate in specialty "General Medicine" and "Pediatrics" is employed as district physician, in half of cases combining this work with residency training, that subsequently results in leaving primary health care section. Only one out of ten continues to work in this position during 3-5 years.

Exploration of the development of Industry-University-Institute cooperation for promoting scientific and technological achievements transformation in medical universities: Taking "Shanghai Pharmaceuticals-SJTUSM Innovative Achievements" incubation platform as an example / 中华医学科研管理杂志

Objective:The article aims to explore the positive promoting effect of the construction of a medical university’s incubation platform on the Industry-University-Institute cooperation and biomedical scientific and technological achievements transformation.Methods:Through literature review, the article studied the existing mode of Industry-University-Institute cooperation in universities, analyzed the main bottlenecks, and summarized the practical exploration experience of ″Shanghai Pharmaceuticals-SJTUSM Innovative Achievements″ incubation platform.Results:The incubation platform effectively promoted the process and system construction of the scientific and technological achievements transformation in the university, and improved the project mining level and platform support function.Conclusions:The practical exploration of the incubation platform lays a foundation for the construction of the biomedical industrial park. Through the in-depth construction of the " Government-Industry-University-Institute-Investment-Inventor" development chain, the platform can help to promote strategic innovation and industrialization of achievements, making the " first-in-class" medicine in China.

Knowledge Translation Improvement Strategies in Universities of Medical Sciences in Iran: A Qualitative Study.

BACKGROUND: Recently, one of the challenges in the health system of the country is the need for research contributing to policy-making. Therefore, it is crucial to develop activities in the field of knowledge Translation (KT). This study aimed to propose KT improvement strategies in universities of medical sciences in Iran. METHODS: In this qualitative study, 18 semi-structured interviews were conducted with key informants from the medical universities in Iran during January-July 2018. The transcribed documents were analyzed using the Gale framework analysis approach. Data organization was carried out using MAXQDA version 10 software. RESULTS: According to framework analysis, six KT improvement strategies were identified including improving the abilities and skills of researchers, improving the processes and quality of knowledge production, revising policies and laws, improving the prerequisites, culture-building, and promoting the use of evidence. CONCLUSION: Given the challenges and strategies outlined in this study, it seems that the mechanism of KT and its effects on improving health plans for policymakers and researchers has not been elucidated yet. Therefore, considerable changes in prerequisites, knowledge production processes, academic procedures, policies and laws are necessary for implementing KT in universities of medical sciences in Iran.

Exploration and practice of teachers' training based on professional career cycle theory / 中华医学教育探索杂志

Based on career cycle theory, this paper mainly discussed the training system of teachers in colleges and universities. Considering the teachers' teaching and scientific research development, tachers' career in colleges and universities can be divided into four stages: adapting transition stage, growth stage, stable contribution stage and regression stage. From the perspective of the above-mentioned analysis of the characteristics in different stages, well-directed training schemes should be set up. The practice results show that the teacher' training system has promoted the growth of teachers, strengthened the competitive power of teachers, and achieved good training results.

In memory of professor Czeslaw Nizankowski, Head of the Department of Anatomy, Wroclaw Medical University.

Professor Czeslaw Nizankowski was an academic teacher and researcher at several universities; head of the Department of Anatomy at Wroclaw Medical University (1966-1982); and head of the Department of Biological Sciences at the Wroclaw School of Physical Education (since 1972 University School of Physical Education in Wroclaw), as well as the chancellor there. He contributed greatly to the development of morphological sciences, supervising many doctoral and post-doctoral works. He dedicated considerable time to the preparation of anatomical specimens of lungs, hearts and organs of the gastrointestinal tract. At the Museum of Anatomy, there are over 100 specimens of lungs prepared using the forced air technique improved by Professor Nizankowski, along with specimens of the bronchial tree and vascular system prepared using a corrosive technique. Professor Nizankowski was an active member of scientific societies in Wroclaw and in other cities in Poland. For his accomplishments, he received a number of ministerial and state awards, including the Knight's Cross of the Order of Polonia Restituta, and was granted an honorary doctorate by Wroclaw Medical University.

Analyzing discipline level of 12 medical universities based on the ESI and InCites databases / 中华医学科研管理杂志

Objective Researching the academic level of 12 domestic medical universities by databases of scientific evaluation.Methods Researching the academic level of top 12 medical universities of China mainland based on the ESI and InCites.Results Peking Union Medical College ranked first on overall academic level in 12 medical universities,and clinical medicine has the highest academic level.Every university has its ESI disciplines and potential disciplines,most TOP papers belong to clinical medicine,but other disciplines also had.Conclusions The overall academic level of 12 medical uni versities is higher,in addition to,the ESI disciplines need to maintain,and the potential disciplines need to support.

Essential managerial skills for financial and budgetary management in medical universities: The top managers' perspective.

Background: Achieving organizational objectives depends on the effectiveness of administrators. However, managerial efficacy largely depends on the knowledge and skills of managers. This study aimed at assessing the skills of financial and budget management of the Ministry of Health from the perspective of resource development assistants of universities of medical sciences nationwide. Methods: This cross- sectional study was conducted in 2012. Study participants were resource development assistants of universities of medical sciences in Iran. We adopted simple random sampling method in locating participants. Data were collected using pretested questionnaires and analyzed using descriptive statistics and Mann-Whitney test (as a non-parametric test) and Friedman test. Results: The highest mean recorded under financial management skills was technical skills (3.58±0.50), followed by human skills (3.50±.048), and perceptual skills (3.32±0.52). With regards to financial and budget management and performance monitoring, the means of technical skills, as prioritized by directors, was 3.72±0.71, followed by human skills (3.72±0.70), and perceptual skills (3.66±0.75). A significant association was found between perceptual skills of financial managers and budgeting and performance monitoring managers (p= 0.014). Conclusion: Operational level managers, such as financial and budgetary managers, need to acquire more technical skills. Therefore, we support activities that promote technical skills and awareness of managers within organizations, such as organizational training courses and distribution of educational materials like brochures.

Research on the Current Situation and Promotion Path of Instructors' Professional Quality in Medical Universities and Colleges in Xinjiang / 中国医学伦理学

The professional quality of counselors directly affects the growth of medical students and the effect of school education management.At present,the counselors' professional quality is at an overall high level in medical universities and colleges in Xinjiang that can be competent for the job requirements.However,there still exist some problems.For example,the structure of cultural knowledge is unreasonable,the professional proficiency needs to be improved,the psychological quality needs to be strengthened,and so forth.Changing the knowledge and ideas,establishing a long-term mechanism,and the counselors themselves recognizing consciously and promoting initiative are the way to improve the counselors' professional qualities in medical universities and colleges in Xinjiang.

Investigation and Thinking on Nursing Ethics Teaching in Local Medical Universities and Colleges: Take an Example of Medical School in Xi'an / 中国医学伦理学

Objective:To understand the effect and existing problems of teaching reform about primary health care demands in local medical universities and colleges.Methods:With sampling survey method,150 students from Xi'an Medical College were investigated using questionnaires.Results:Totally 93.1％ of the freshmen approved of setting up the courses,72.6％ of the students thought that nursing ethics and skills were equally important,43.2％ of the students thought learning this course made themselves have a new understanding of nursing ethics.Totally 84.2％ of the students were satisfied with the teacher's teaching process,while 69％ of the students were not satisfied with the existing teaching materials.Conclusion:The teaching method oriented by practical problems and the teachers' own efforts are prerequisites for students' acceptance of this course.Content setting based on post needs is an important link of nursing ethics teaching effect.Setting up sustainable teaching time is the basis of the teaching effect.High quality teaching materials are necessary conditions to achieve the teaching orderly.

Exploration of the interconnection working mechanism for secondary management organization of the interns in medical universities / 中华医学教育探索杂志

As the medical college students are scattered to each practice hospital, the status of the secondary clinical medical colleges' education management to interns is weakened, and the problems and contradictions are becoming increasingly prominent. In the process of internship education management, through the establishment of the secondary medical colleges' interconnection management working mecha-nism, we can effectively solve the outstanding problems in the current internship edu-cation management, to achieve mutual trust between the secondary clinical medical college and the training hospital, and en-hance the effectiveness of the management of interns.

Study on the approaches and institutional guarantee of scientific research achievements classified transformation in medical universities / 中华医学科研管理杂志

This study researched the results transformation problem in medical universities,sorted the current situation in this filed,analyzed the causes of the low transformational rate.Then by referring to the domestic and overseas experience,the author designed the classified transforma tional path of medical research results according to their respective features,finally put forward policy suggestions for institutional guarantee policy to promote the transformation of medical universities.

Study of the micro-teaching to improve the medical university physiological teachers' teaching skills / 中华医学教育探索杂志

At present,most of the physiological teachers of medical university in our country have graduated from medical universities,and have never been trained by special teachers.Because of the influence of medical education training mode and cultural environment factors,teachers' teaching ability and teaching level are different.This paper proposed the full range of skills training for teachers through microteaching.To enhance the in-service teachers' teaching ability and professional level of development,the design procedures of the microteaching training should include the establishment of tutor teaching system,training teachers preparing lessons,after-school peer experts review,self-evaluation and improvement of the video after watching video and questionnaire evaluation,etc.

Exploration on efficiency evaluation model of large-scale equipment in universities / 中国医学装备

Objective: The paper endeavors to explore effective efficiency evaluation system for large-scale equipment in universities by considering status quo of large-scale equipment management. Methods: Existing efficiency evaluation systems of large-scale equipment are carefully examined in terms of current application, management and evaluation results. Based on comprehensive evaluation index system, specific evaluation standards are established, according to which evaluations are conducted. Results: Established based on large-scale equipment’ application, specific efficiency evaluation indexes and weights therefore could comprehensively and objectively reflect service efficiency of large-scale equipment. Conclusion:Comprehensive and objective efficiency evaluation can better reflect service efficiency of large-scale equipment and thus provide reliable reference for purchasers.