ABSTRACT
During the last 10 to 15 yr, in vitro research to predict antral follicle growth and oocyte maturation has delivered interesting advances in the knowledge of processes regulating follicle growth and developmental competence of oocytes. This review discusses the contribution of cumulus and mural granulosa cells in the process of oocyte maturation and cumulus expansion in cumulus-oocyte complexes (COCs) from follicles of different sizes and shows that differences in gene expression in oocytes, granulosa, and theca cells of small and large follicles impact the success of in vitro blastocyst development. In addition, the molecular mechanisms by which COC metabolism and antioxidant defense provide oocyte competence are highlighted. Furthermore, new insights and perspectives on molecular and cellular regulation of in vitro oocyte maturation are emphasized.
Subject(s)
Embryonic Development/physiology , In Vitro Oocyte Maturation Techniques/veterinary , Oocytes/physiology , Ovarian Follicle/physiology , Animals , FemaleABSTRACT
Abstract Background: Oocyte quality and maturation are influenced by protein supplementation. Objective: To evaluate the influence of fetal bovine serum (FBS) and bovine serum albumin (BSA) concentrations on the recovery and in vitro maturation (IVM) of bovine oocytes. Methods: The study was divided into Stage 1 (oocyte recovery), and Stage 2 (IVM). In the first stage, three experiments were conducted according to the recovery (R) medium used: (R1) 10 vs. 20% FBS; (R2) 5 vs. 10% BSA; and (R3) the best results from R1, R2, and the combination of FBS+BSA (5+5%). Within the second stage, the maturation medium was supplemented according to three experiments: (M1) 5 vs. 10% FBS; (M2) 0.4 vs. 0.8% BSA; and (M3) better results of M1, M2, and the combination of FBS+BSA (5+0.8%). Results: In Stage 1 (R1 and R2), the media with 10% FBS and 10% BSA showed better oocyte quality results and were defined for experiment R3. In R3, the 10% FBS and the combination of FBS+BSA (5+5%) allowed recovery of better-quality oocytes. In Stage 2 (M1 and M2), media with both levels of FBS (5 and 10%) and 0.8% BSA were defined as better according to the maturation and viability rates of cumulus cells, so they were defined for experiment M3. In M3, no difference was noted among the supplements. Conclusions: For oocyte recovery, 10% FBS and the combination of FBS+BSA (5+5%) can be used to obtain immature oocytes. For the in vitro maturation, FBS (both levels, 5 and 10%) and BSA (0.8%) can be used alone or in combination.
Resumen Antecedentes: La calidad y maduración de los ovocitos son influenciados por la suplementación proteica. Objetivo: Evaluar la influencia de concentraciones de suero fetal bovino (FBS) y albúmina sérica bovina (BSA) en la recuperación y maduración in vitro (IVM) de ovocitos bovinos. Métodos: El estudio se dividió en Etapa 1 (recuperación de ovocitos) y Etapa 2 (IVM). En la primera etapa, tres experimentos se realizaron de acuerdo con el medio de recuperación: (R1) 10 vs. 20% FBS; (R2) 5 vs. 10% BSA; y (R3) los mejores resultados de R1, R2 y la combinación de FBS+BSA (5+5%). En la segunda etapa, el medio de maduración fue suplementado para tres experimentos: (M1) 5 vs. 10% FBS; (M2) 0,4 vs. 0,8% BSA; y (M3) mejores resultados de M1, M2 y la combinación de FBS+BSA (5+0,8%). Resultados: En la Etapa 1 (R1 y R2), los medios con 10% FBS y 10% BSA mostraron mejores resultados de calidad oocitaria y fueron definidos para el experimento R3. En R3, 10% FBS y la combinación de FBS+BSA (5+5%) permitieron la recuperación de ovocitos de mejor calidad. En la Etapa 2 (M1 y M2), los medios con ambos niveles de FBS (5 y 10%) y 0,8% de BSA se definieron como mejores de acuerdo con las tasas de maduración y viabilidad de las células del cumulus, por lo que se definieron para el experimento M3. En M3, no se observó diferencia entre los suplementos. Conclusiones: Para la recuperación de ovocitos, se puede utilizar 10% de FBS y la combinación de FBS+BSA (5+5%) para obtener ovocitos inmaduros. Para la maduración in vitro, FBS (ambos niveles, 5 y 10%) y BSA (0,8%) se pueden usar solos o en combinación.
Resumo Antecedentes: A qualidade e a maturação de oócitos são influenciadas pela suplementação proteica. Objetivo: Avaliar a influência de concentrações de soro fetal bovino (FBS) e albumina sérica bovina (BSA) sobre a recuperação e maturação in vitro (IVM) de oócitos bovinos. Métodos: O estudo foi dividido em Etapa 1 (recuperação de oócitos) e Etapa 2 (IVM). Na primeira etapa, três experimentos foram realizados de acordo com o meio de recuperação: (R1) 10 vs. 20% FBS; (R2) 5 vs. 10% BSA; e (R3) melhores resultados de R1, R2 e a combinação de FBS+BSA (5+5%). Na segunda etapa, o meio de maturação foi suplementado de acordo com três experimentos: (M1) 5 vs. 10% FBS; (M2) 0,4 vs. 0,8% BSA; e (M3) melhores resultados de M1, M2 e a combinação de FBS+BSA (5+0,8%). Resultados: Na Etapa 1 (R1 e R2), os meios com 10% FBS e 10% BSA mostraram melhores resultados de qualidade oocitária e foram definidos para o experimento R3. Em R3, 10% FBS e a combinação de FBS+BSA (5+5%) permitiram a recuperação de oócitos de melhor qualidade. Na segunda etapa (M1 e M2), meios com ambos os níveis de FBS (5 e 10%) e 0,8% BSA foram definidos como os melhores de acordo com as taxas de maturação e viabilidade de células do cumulus, então foram definidos para o experimento M3. No M3, não houve diferença entre os suplementos. Conclusões: Para a recuperação oocitária, 10% FBS e a combinação de FBS+BSA (5+5%) podem ser usados para obter oócitos imaturos. Para maturação in vitro, FBS (ambos os níveis, 5 e 10%) e BSA (0,8%) podem ser usados sozinhos ou em combinação.
ABSTRACT
This study aimed to evaluate the effect of melatonin on the in vitro culture and maturation of isolated sheep early antral follicles. Isolated early antral follicles were cultured for 12 d in α-minimum essential medium (MEM+) alone (control) or α-MEM+ added with fixed different concentrations (100, 500, or 1,000 pg/mL) or a sequential concentration of melatonin (MelSeq; day 6 = 100; day 12 = 500 pg/mL). The percentage of morphologically normal follicles was higher (P < 0.05) in 500 pg/mL melatonin than the other treatments at 6 d. Mel 500 also showed a higher rate of fully grown oocytes (P < 0.05) than other treatments. After in vitro culture, reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in oocytes were similar between Mel 500 and MelSeq, with both being lower (P < 0.05) than other treatments. Oocytes cultured in both Mel 500 and Mel 1000 showed glutathione peroxidase levels similar (P > 0.05) to the control group and higher (P < 0.05) than other treatments. Mitochondrial activity was similar (P > 0.05) among control, Mel 500, and Mel 1000 treatments. Mel 500 treatment presented a higher percentage of germinal vesicle breakdown oocytes than the control group and similar percentages to the other treatments. Follicles cultured in melatonin followed by oocyte maturation with the addition of 500 pg/mL melatonin in maturation medium showed increased (P < 0.05) levels of mitochondrial activity compared to α-MEM+ alone. In conclusion, the concentration of 500 pg/mL of melatonin promotes development and decreases ROS levels of ovine oocytes from in vitro grown early antral follicles. Moreover, melatonin increases mitochondrial activity and promotes the acquisition of meiotic competence of these oocytes.
Subject(s)
In Vitro Oocyte Maturation Techniques/veterinary , Melatonin/pharmacology , Ovarian Follicle/physiology , Sheep/physiology , Animals , Female , Glutathione/metabolism , Mitochondria/physiology , Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism , Tissue Culture Techniques/veterinaryABSTRACT
Diferentemente de outras espécies domésticas, a maturação in vitro (MIV) de oócitos caninos apresenta sucesso limitado. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito do HEPES na maturação in vitro de oócitos caninos obtidos de cadelas em diestro e anestro. Os ovários foram coletados, isolados assepticamente e transportados refrigerados a uma temperatura de 4 ºC. Os complexos cumulus-oócito (CCOs), provenientes das duas fases do ciclo estral, foram submetidos a dois tratamentos: meio TCM-199 com adição de 25 mM de HEPES (GT) e meio sem suplementação (GC). Depois de 72 horas de maturação, os CCOs foram desnudados, fixados e corados com HOESCHT 33342 para avaliação da maturação nuclear. Os oócitos obtidos da fase de anestro e diestro do GT demonstraram, em relação ao grupo GC, maior frequência de oócitos nos estágios de M-II (p<0,01). Comparando-se os diferentes status reprodutivos, observou-se que os oócitos obtidos da fase de diestro apresentaram índices maiores de QVG e M-II. Nossos resultados demonstraram que o HEPES preserva a viabilidade e morfologia oocitária, indispensáveis para a aquisição da competência meiótica, potencializando as taxas de M-II, e que os oócitos obtidos da fase de diestro estão mais aptos a completarem a maturação oocitária.(AU)
Unlike other domestic animals, in vitro maturation (IVM) of canine oocytes still has limited success. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of HEPES on the in vitro maturation of dog oocytes in anestrus and diestrus. Ovaries were collected, aseptically isolated and transported refrigerated at a temperature of 4ºC. Cumulus-oocyte complexe (COCs) from the two phases of estrous cycle were subjected to two treatments: medium TCM-199 with addition of 25 mM HEPES (TG) and medium without supplementation (CG). After 72 h of maturation, COCs were denuded, fixed and stained with Hoechst 33342 to assess nuclear maturation. The oocytes obtained from the anestrus and diestrus phases of the TG showed a higher frequency of oocytes in metaphase II (M-II) (p <0.01) stage.Comparing the different reproductive status, it was observed that the oocytes obtained from the diestrus phase presented higher rates of GVBD (germinal vesicle breakdown) and M-II. Our results showed that HEPES preserves the viability and oocyte morphology essential for the acquisition of meiotic competence, increasing the M-II rates and that the oocytes obtained from the diestrus phase are better able to complete oocyte maturation.(AU)
Subject(s)
Animals , Female , Dogs , HEPES/analysis , In Vitro Oocyte Maturation Techniques/veterinary , In Vitro Oocyte Maturation Techniques/methods , Diestrus , AnestrusABSTRACT
In domestic dogs, oocyte maturation rates are low and the percentage of oocytes that remain in the stage of germinal vesicle (GV) regardless of culture conditions is high. The present study was conducted to characterize the proteome of canine oocyte at the germinal vesicle stage using label-free mass spectrometry. Ovaries were collected from 415 adult domestic dogs and oocytes were divided anestrus and diestrus group. Protein lysates were subjected to quantitative proteomic analysis to identify differentially expressed proteins in different status reproductive. All runs for each sample were performed on an Easy nLC1000 nano-LC chromatograph system directly connected to a quadrupole-type Orbitrap mass spectrometer. For identification of peptides and proteins, raw data of the spectra were loaded into MaxQuant software version 1.5.2.8. Proteomic data were analysed according to gene ontology and a protein-protein interaction network. 312 proteins were identified and grouped according to their biological processes, molecular functions and cellular component. Forty-six differentially expressed proteins among diestrus and control group were associated with at least one GO term in the biological process database. Several proteins involved in the cell cycle, fertilization, regulation of transcription and signalling pathways that are essential for the full development of oocytes and fertilization were expressed. This study identified proteins that were absent, and more or less expressed in different status reproductive. These differentially expressed proteins revealed a framework of molecular reorganization within a GV that renders its competency. This knowledge will enable the identification of target competence biomarkers and thus the establishment of more adequate means of cultivation to improve the M-I and II indexes in this species and also to better understand the physiology of the domestic dog, promoting the development of new reproduction biotechniques.
Subject(s)
Anestrus/physiology , Diestrus/physiology , Dogs/physiology , Oocytes/metabolism , Proteome/metabolism , Animals , Cell Nucleus/physiology , Female , In Vitro Oocyte Maturation Techniques , Nuclear Proteins/metabolism , Signal TransductionABSTRACT
Diferentemente de outras espécies domésticas, a maturação in vitro (MIV) de oócitos caninos apresenta sucesso limitado. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito do HEPES na maturação in vitro de oócitos caninos obtidos de cadelas em diestro e anestro. Os ovários foram coletados, isolados assepticamente e transportados refrigerados a uma temperatura de 4 ºC. Os complexos cumulus-oócito (CCOs), provenientes das duas fases do ciclo estral, foram submetidos a dois tratamentos: meio TCM-199 com adição de 25 mM de HEPES (GT) e meio sem suplementação (GC). Depois de 72 horas de maturação, os CCOs foram desnudados, fixados e corados com HOESCHT 33342 para avaliação da maturação nuclear. Os oócitos obtidos da fase de anestro e diestro do GT demonstraram, em relação ao grupo GC, maior frequência de oócitos nos estágios de M-II (p<0,01). Comparando-se os diferentes status reprodutivos, observou-se que os oócitos obtidos da fase de diestro apresentaram índices maiores de QVG e M-II. Nossos resultados demonstraram que o HEPES preserva a viabilidade e morfologia oocitária, indispensáveis para a aquisição da competência meiótica, potencializando as taxas de M-II, e que os oócitos obtidos da fase de diestro estão mais aptos a completarem a maturação oocitária.
Unlike other domestic animals, in vitro maturation (IVM) of canine oocytes still has limited success. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of HEPES on the in vitro maturation of dog oocytes in anestrus and diestrus. Ovaries were collected, aseptically isolated and transported refrigerated at a temperature of 4ºC. Cumulus-oocyte complexe (COCs) from the two phases of estrous cycle were subjected to two treatments: medium TCM-199 with addition of 25 mM HEPES (TG) and medium without supplementation (CG). After 72 h of maturation, COCs were denuded, fixed and stained with Hoechst 33342 to assess nuclear maturation. The oocytes obtained from the anestrus and diestrus phases of the TG showed a higher frequency of oocytes in metaphase II (M-II) (p <0.01) stage.Comparing the different reproductive status, it was observed that the oocytes obtained from the diestrus phase presented higher rates of GVBD (germinal vesicle breakdown) and M-II. Our results showed that HEPES preserves the viability and oocyte morphology essential for the acquisition of meiotic competence, increasing the M-II rates and that the oocytes obtained from the diestrus phase are better able to complete oocyte maturation.
Subject(s)
Female , Animals , Dogs , HEPES , In Vitro Oocyte Maturation Techniques/methods , In Vitro Oocyte Maturation Techniques/veterinary , Anestrus , DiestrusABSTRACT
Oocyte in vitro maturation (IVM) is the first step of the in vitro reproductive technologies that enables mature oocytes to be generated ex vivo and after used for embryo production. In this sense, the establishment of culture environment, as oocyte incubation time, is essential for the success of the IVM. Therefore, the study was carried out to investigate the relationship between the meiotic potential and the IVM times of collared peccary oocytes, wild mammals of great commercial and ecological interest. Thus, ovaries were collected of females derived from captivity and transported to the laboratory within 1 hour of slaughtering. The oocytes derived from follicles (3-6mm in diameter) were recovered by aspirated and sliced. Good quality oocytes (evenly granulated cytoplasm with a least one layer of surrounding cumulus cells) were selected and subjected to culture in TCM 199 supplemented with 10µg/mL FSH, 10% FBS and 100µM cysteamine at 38.5°C, 5% CO2 and maximum humidity for 24 or 48 hours. After the incubation period, the nuclear status, the presence of first polar body and the expansion of cumulus cells of oocytes were assessed. The data obtained were analyzed by Fisher exact test (P<0.05). A total of four sessions (2-3 females per session) were performed, resulting in eighteen aspirated and sliced ovaries with normal morphological characteristics. An oocyte recovery rate of about 83.1% (59/71) was obtained with 3.3 oocytes/ovary and 2.3 viable oocytes/ovary. After different incubation times, differences (P<0.05) were observed in 24 and 48 hours for expansion of the cumulus cells (38.1% vs. 100%), presence of first polar body (52.4% vs. 90.5%) and nuclear status in second metaphase (19.0% vs. 76.2%), respectively. In conclusion, 48 hours is suitable time for the in vitro maturation of oocytes derived from collared peccaries when compared to the time of 24 hours, according to the meiotic potential observed. Additional studies should be conducted to improve the quality of the oocyte culture environment, as medium composition, aiming to obtain viable mature oocytes for other in vitro biotechnologies.(AU)
A maturação in vitro (MIV) oocitária é a primeira etapa das tecnologias reprodutivas in vitro que permite que oócitos maturados sejam gerados ex vivo e depois usados para a produção de embriões. Nesse sentido, o estabelecimento do ambiente de cultivo, como o período de incubação de oócitos, é essencial para o sucesso da MIV. Portanto, o estudo foi realizado para investigar a relação entre o potencial meiótico e os períodos de MIV de oócitos derivados de catetos, mamíferos silvestres de grande interesse comercial e ecológico. Para tanto, os ovários foram coletados de fêmeas derivadas de cativeiro e transportados ao laboratório dentro de 1 h após o abate. Os oócitos derivados de folículos (3-6mm de diâmetro) foram recuperados por aspiração e fatiados. Oócitos de boa qualidade (citoplasma uniformemente granulado com pelo menos uma camada circundante de células cumulus) foram selecionados e submetidos ao cultivo em TCM 199 suplementado com 10µg/mL de FSH, 10% de SFB e 100μM de cisteamina a 38,5°C, 5% de CO2 e umidade máxima por 24 e 48 h. Após o período de incubação, o estado nuclear, a presença do primeiro corpúsculo polar e a expansão das células do cumulus dos oócitos foi avaliada. Os dados obtidos foram analisados pelo teste exato de Fisher (P<0,05). Um total de quatro sessões (2-3 fêmeas por sessão) foi realizado, resultando em dezoito ovários aspirados e fatiados com características morfológicas normais. Uma taxa de recuperação oocitária de aproximadamente 83,1% (59/71) foi obtida com 3,3 oócitos/ovário e 2,3 oócitos viáveis/ovário. Após diferentes períodos de incubação, diferenças (P<0,05) foram observadas entre 24 e 48 h para a expansão das células cumulus (38,1% vs. 100%), presença de primeiro corpúsculo polar (52,4% vs. 90,5%) e estado nuclear na segunda metáfase (19,0% vs. 76,2%), respectivamente. Em conclusão, 48 h é o período adequado para a maturação in vitro de oócitos derivados de catetos quando comparado ao tempo de 24 h, de acordo com o potencial meiótico observado. Estudos adicionais devem ser conduzidos para melhorar a qualidade do ambiente de cultivo oocitário, como a composição de meio, objetivando obter oócitos maturados viáveis para outras biotecnologias in vitro.(AU)
Subject(s)
Animals , Artiodactyla/physiology , Infectious Disease Incubation Period , In Vitro Oocyte Maturation Techniques/methods , Mammals/physiologyABSTRACT
Oocyte in vitro maturation (IVM) is the first step of the in vitro reproductive technologies that enables mature oocytes to be generated ex vivo and after used for embryo production. In this sense, the establishment of culture environment, as oocyte incubation time, is essential for the success of the IVM. Therefore, the study was carried out to investigate the relationship between the meiotic potential and the IVM times of collared peccary oocytes, wild mammals of great commercial and ecological interest. Thus, ovaries were collected of females derived from captivity and transported to the laboratory within 1 hour of slaughtering. The oocytes derived from follicles (3-6mm in diameter) were recovered by aspirated and sliced. Good quality oocytes (evenly granulated cytoplasm with a least one layer of surrounding cumulus cells) were selected and subjected to culture in TCM 199 supplemented with 10µg/mL FSH, 10% FBS and 100µM cysteamine at 38.5°C, 5% CO2 and maximum humidity for 24 or 48 hours. After the incubation period, the nuclear status, the presence of first polar body and the expansion of cumulus cells of oocytes were assessed. The data obtained were analyzed by Fisher exact test (P<0.05). A total of four sessions (2-3 females per session) were performed, resulting in eighteen aspirated and sliced ovaries with normal morphological characteristics. An oocyte recovery rate of about 83.1% (59/71) was obtained with 3.3 oocytes/ovary and 2.3 viable oocytes/ovary. After different incubation times, differences (P<0.05) were observed in 24 and 48 hours for expansion of the cumulus cells (38.1% vs. 100%), presence of first polar body (52.4% vs. 90.5%) and nuclear status in second metaphase (19.0% vs. 76.2%), respectively. In conclusion, 48 hours is suitable time for the in vitro maturation of oocytes derived from collared peccaries when compared to the time of 24 hours, according to the meiotic potential observed. Additional studies should be conducted to improve the quality of the oocyte culture environment, as medium composition, aiming to obtain viable mature oocytes for other in vitro biotechnologies.(AU)
A maturação in vitro (MIV) oocitária é a primeira etapa das tecnologias reprodutivas in vitro que permite que oócitos maturados sejam gerados ex vivo e depois usados para a produção de embriões. Nesse sentido, o estabelecimento do ambiente de cultivo, como o período de incubação de oócitos, é essencial para o sucesso da MIV. Portanto, o estudo foi realizado para investigar a relação entre o potencial meiótico e os períodos de MIV de oócitos derivados de catetos, mamíferos silvestres de grande interesse comercial e ecológico. Para tanto, os ovários foram coletados de fêmeas derivadas de cativeiro e transportados ao laboratório dentro de 1 h após o abate. Os oócitos derivados de folículos (3-6mm de diâmetro) foram recuperados por aspiração e fatiados. Oócitos de boa qualidade (citoplasma uniformemente granulado com pelo menos uma camada circundante de células cumulus) foram selecionados e submetidos ao cultivo em TCM 199 suplementado com 10µg/mL de FSH, 10% de SFB e 100μM de cisteamina a 38,5°C, 5% de CO2 e umidade máxima por 24 e 48 h. Após o período de incubação, o estado nuclear, a presença do primeiro corpúsculo polar e a expansão das células do cumulus dos oócitos foi avaliada. Os dados obtidos foram analisados pelo teste exato de Fisher (P<0,05). Um total de quatro sessões (2-3 fêmeas por sessão) foi realizado, resultando em dezoito ovários aspirados e fatiados com características morfológicas normais. Uma taxa de recuperação oocitária de aproximadamente 83,1% (59/71) foi obtida com 3,3 oócitos/ovário e 2,3 oócitos viáveis/ovário. Após diferentes períodos de incubação, diferenças (P<0,05) foram observadas entre 24 e 48 h para a expansão das células cumulus (38,1% vs. 100%), presença de primeiro corpúsculo polar (52,4% vs. 90,5%) e estado nuclear na segunda metáfase (19,0% vs. 76,2%), respectivamente. Em conclusão, 48 h é o período adequado para a maturação in vitro de oócitos derivados de catetos quando comparado ao tempo de 24 h, de acordo com o potencial meiótico observado. Estudos adicionais devem ser conduzidos para melhorar a qualidade do ambiente de cultivo oocitário, como a composição de meio, objetivando obter oócitos maturados viáveis para outras biotecnologias in vitro.(AU)
Subject(s)
Animals , Artiodactyla/physiology , Infectious Disease Incubation Period , In Vitro Oocyte Maturation Techniques/methods , Mammals/physiologyABSTRACT
O ovário mamífero possui um grande estoque de folículos primordiais, que é uma fonte potencial de oócitos para a produção in vitro de embriões. Sendo assim, o desenvolvimento de sistemas de cultivo in vitro que explorem o grande número de oócitos imaturos oriundos de folículos pré-antrais de ovários mamíferos torna-se importante para maximizar o potencial reprodutivo das fêmeas. A presente revisão aborda os aspectos relacionados aos sistemas de cultivo in vitro para desenvolvimento de oócitos imaturos oriundos de folículos pré-antrais, bem como às técnicas para analisar sua eficiência.
The mammalian ovary has a large population of primordial follicles, which is a potential source of oocytes useful for embryo in vitro production. Due to this potential, the development of in vitro culture systems to exploit the large number of immature oocytes from the preantral follicles in the mammalian ovary becomes very important to maximize the female reproductive potential. The present review approaches related aspects of in vitro culture systems for the development of immature oocytes originated from the preantral follicles, as well the techniques to analyze their efficiency.
Subject(s)
Animals , Embryo, Mammalian/embryology , Oocytes/transplantation , Embryo Transfer/trends , Embryo Transfer/veterinary , Embryo ResearchABSTRACT
O ovário mamífero possui um grande estoque de folículos primordiais, que é uma fonte potencial de oócitos para a produção in vitro de embriões. Sendo assim, o desenvolvimento de sistemas de cultivo in vitro que explorem o grande número de oócitos imaturos oriundos de folículos pré-antrais de ovários mamíferos torna-se importante para maximizar o potencial reprodutivo das fêmeas. A presente revisão aborda os aspectos relacionados aos sistemas de cultivo in vitro para desenvolvimento de oócitos imaturos oriundos de folículos pré-antrais, bem como às técnicas para analisar sua eficiência. (AU)
The mammalian ovary has a large population of primordial follicles, which is a potential source of oocytes useful for embryo in vitro production. Due to this potential, the development of in vitro culture systems to exploit the large number of immature oocytes from the preantral follicles in the mammalian ovary becomes very important to maximize the female reproductive potential. The present review approaches related aspects of in vitro culture systems for the development of immature oocytes originated from the preantral follicles, as well the techniques to analyze their efficiency.(AU)