The Wisdom of Shadows: Chaos, Disintegration, and Psychic Growth in King Lear.

King Lear is a timeless exposition of humankind's attempt to find meaning amidst the ceaseless turbulence of existence. This entails navigating the disintegrating pulls of nature and harmful human action that exist alongside affiliative, life-promoting gestures shown toward one another. As the predictability and safety afforded by social and two-dimensional psychic constructs collapse, several characters in this play are forced to reckon with the untamed, less organized realms of the mind and natural world. This leads to movements toward psychic paralysis and disintegration, as well as toward growth and interpersonal healing, dynamics that hinge on the characters' internal structuring.

An Accident With the Death Drive and Its Working Through in the Analyst's Countertransference.

Working through the different faces and vicissitudes of the death drive in the countertransference, and especially through projective identification, is a very challenging process. A thorough and versatile process of containment and working through of the manifold threatening expressions and influences of the death drive is required, experienced most specifically and deeply in the arena of projective identification. This paper demonstrates how each aspect that unfolds in the analyst's countertransference sheds light on a particular layer of anxiety and internal object relations related to it. The creation of a new meaning to the differing expressions of the death drive gradually lessens the compulsion to repeat and enables a better integration between the life and death drives. This process will be illustrated by a prolonged clinical case that involved intense internal working through of the death drive in the analyst's countertransference.

Impasse e solução: controvérsias entre Anna Freud e Melanie Klein, origens do Middle Group / Stalemate and solution: Anna Freud and Melanie Klein's controversies. The origins of the Middle Group / Problema y solución: las controversias entre Anna Freud y Melanie Klein, orígenes del Middle Group / Impasse et solution: les controverses entre Anna Freud et Mélanie Klein. Les origines du Middle Group

A partir da tradução de The Freud-Klein Controversies: 1941-1945, o autor estuda realidades históricas divididas entre assembleias administrativas e discussões científicas, durante as quais os kleinianos puderam pôr em debate suas principais teses. O autor mostra como as Controvérsias chegaram a ser um impasse, quando Edward Glover pensou que seria possível aliar-se com Anna Freud para expulsar Melanie Klein da Sociedade Britânica de Psicanálise. O que unia as duas vienenses era entretanto mais forte, e demais psicanalistas não estavam de acordo com exclusões. James Strachey e alguns outros lançaram então as bases do que seria o Middle Group.

From the translation of The Freud-Klein Controversies, the author studies their historical realities divided between Administrative Assemblies and Scientific Discussions, where the "Kleinians" were able to discuss their main theses. The author shows how the Controversies reached an impasse, when Edward Glover thought it would be possible to ally with Anna Freud to expel Melanie Klein from the British Psychoanalytic Society. What united the two Viennese women however was stronger. And other psychoanalysts did not agree with exclusions. James Strachey and a few others then laid the foundations of what was to become the Middle Group.

A partir de la traducción de The Freud-Klein Controversies, el autor estudia sus realidades históricas, divididas entre Asambleas Administrativas y Discusiones Científicas, donde los "kleinianos" pusieron em discusión sus principales tesis. El autor muestra cómo las Controversias llegaron a un punto muerto, cuando Edward Glover pensó que sería posible aliarse con Anna Freud para expulsar a Melanie Klein de la Sociedad Psicoanalítica Británica. Sin embargo, lo que unía a las dos vienesas era más fuerte. Y otros psicoanalistas no estaban de acuerdo con las exclusiones. James Strachey y algunos otros sentaron entonces las bases de lo que sería el Middle Group.

À partir de la traduction de Les Controverses, Anne Freud - Mélanie Klein 1941-1945, l'auteur étudie leurs réalités historiques, réparties entre des assemblées administratives et des discussions scientifiques dans lesquelles les kleiniens ont pu mettre en débat leurs thèses les plus importantes. L'auteur montre comment Les Controverses sont devenues une impasse, lorsque Edward Glover a songé qu'il serait possible de s'allier à Anna Freud pour expulser Mélanie Klein de la Société britannique de psychanalyse. Cependant, ce qui unissait les deux Viennoises était plus fort. Et d'autres psychanalystes n'étaient pas d'accord avec les exclusions. James Strachey et quelques autres ont alors jeté les bases de ce qui deviendrait le Middle Group.

Melanie Klein e o processo de formação dos símbolos: revisitando o caso Dick / Melanie Klein y el proceso de formación de símbolos: revisando el caso de Dick / Melanie Klein and the symbol formation process: revisiting the Dick case / Melanie Klein et le processus de formation des symbols: revisiter l'affaire Dick

Este artigo apresenta as principais contribuições de Melanie Klein a respeito da compreensão do processo de formação dos símbolos no psiquismo. Para tanto, inicia-se a discussão pontuando alguns aspectos históricos da clínica e do pensamento kleiniano, ao destacar suas elaborações acerca do processo de aprendizagem e da análise do brincar. Descreve-se, brevemente, a noção de mundo interno e a importância das relações objetais primitivas. Em seguida, discute-se o caso Dick, um paciente supostamente autista atendido por Klein e que foi crucial para a autora repensar as suas práticas de análise e a própria origem da função simbólica. A fim de complementar a discussão, citamos as colaborações de Hanna Segal, psicanalista que estudou o tema com profundidade, tecendo acréscimos originais. Por fim, sugere-se uma possível reflexão sobre a atuação do analista frente à contextos desafiadores.

Este artículo presenta las principales contribuciones de Melanie Klein con respecto a la comprensión del proceso de formación de símbolos en la psique. Con este fin, la discusión comienza puntuando algunos aspectos históricos de la clínica y el pensamiento de Klein, destacando sus elaboraciones sobre el proceso de aprendizaje y el análisis del juego. Se describe brevemente la noción del mundo interno y la importancia de las relaciones objetivas primitivas. Luego, se discute el caso de Dick, un paciente supuestamente autista tratado por Klein y que fue crucial para que la autora reconsiderara sus prácticas de análisis y el origen mismo de la función simbólica. Para complementar la discusión, citamos las colaboraciones de Hanna Segal, una psicoanalista que estudió el tema en profundidad, tejiendo adiciones originales. Finalmente, se sugiere una posible reflexión sobre el desempeño del analista en contextos desafiantes.

This article presents the main contributions of Melanie Klein regarding the understanding of the process of formation of symbols in the psyche. To this end, the discussion begins by punctuating some historical aspects of the clinic and Kleinian thought, by highlighting his elaborations about the learning process and the analysis of playing. The notion of the internal world and the importance of primitive object relations are briefly described. Then, the case of Dick is discussed, a patient supposedly autistic treated by Klein and who was crucial for the author to rethink her analysis practices and the very origin of the symbolic function. In order to complement the discussion, we cite the collaborations of Hanna Segal, a psychoanalyst who studied the topic in depth, weaving original additions. Finally, a possible reflection on the analyst's performance in challenging contexts is suggested.

Cet article présente les principales contributions de Melanie Klein concernant la compréhension du processus de formation des symboles dans la psyché. À cette fin, la discussion commence par ponctuer certains aspects historiques de la clinique et de la pensée kleinienne, en mettant en évidence ses élaborations sur le processus d'apprentissage et l'analyse du jeu. La notion de monde interne et l'importance des relations d'objet primitives sont brièvement décrites. Ensuite, le cas Dick est discuté, un patient soi-disant autiste traité par Klein et qui a été crucial pour l'auteur de repenser ses pratiques d'analyse et l'origine même de la fonction symbolique. Afin de compléter la discussion, nous citons les collaborations de Hanna Segal, une psychanalyste qui a étudié le sujet en profondeur, en tissant des ajouts originaux. Enfin, nous proposons une réflexion possible sur la performance de l'analyste face à des contextes difficiles.

A falta que Bion faz: considerações sobre as relações de objeto e a intersubjetividade nas teorias psicanalíticas / The missing Bion: considerations on object relations and intersubjectivity in psychoanalytic theories / La falta que hace Bion: consideraciones sobre las relaciones de objeto y la intersubjetividad en las teorías psicoanalíticas / Bion nous manque vraiment: considérations sur les relations d'objets et l'intersubjectivité dans les théories psychanalytiques

A leitura do recente livro de Decio Gurfinkel Relações de objeto é a ocasião para uma nova apreciação das obras de Melanie Klein e, principalmente, de Wilfred R. Bion no que diz respeito às figuras da intersubjetividade na psicanálise contemporânea. Assim, a questão que se descortina com a apreciação dessa obra é muito mais ampla e profunda do que apenas um diálogo crítico com o autor. Aspectos relevantes e atuais do pensamento psicanalítico estarão no centro do nosso interesse. Nesse contexto histórico e teórico assinala-se uma forte presença desses dois autores - em especial de Bion -, estranhamente ausentes no livro de Gurfinkel.

The reading of the recent book by Decio Gurfinkel Object Relations (2017) is the occasion for a new appreciation of the works of Melanie Klein and especially Wilfred R. Bion with regard to the question of the figures of intersubjectivity. A strong presence of these authors is claimed, especially Bion, in this historical and theoretical context.

La lectura del reciente libro de Decio Gurfinkel (2017) Relaciones de Objeto, es la ocasión para apreciar las obras de Melanie Klein y especialmente Wilfred, R. Bion con respecto a la cuestión de las figuras de la intersubjetividad. Se reivindica una fuerte presencia de estos autores, especialmente Bion, en este contexto histórico y teórico.

La lecture du livre récent de Decio Gurfinkel (2017) Les relations d'objet est l'occasion d'une nouvelle appréciation des œuvres de Mélanie Klein et, surtout, Wilfred R. Bion en ce qui concerne la question des figures de l'intersubjectivité. Une forte présence de ces auteurs est revendiquée, en particulier Bion, dans ce contexte historique et théorique.

Posición Ghlischro-cárica: conocerla puede ampliar sus recursos médicos y psicoanalíticos / Viscocaric Position: knowing it can expand your medical and psychoanalytic resources / Posição Viscocárica: conhecê-la pode ampliar seus recursos médicos e psicanalíticos

Melanie Klein enunció las posiciones Depresiva (1935) y Esquizoparanoide (1946). Esther Bick y Donald Meltzer desarrollaron, a partir de los estudios de Klein, el concepto de identificación adesiva. José Bleger, presenta (post mortem), en 1977, utilizando este conocimiento y conjeturando sobre la simbiosis, la posición Ghlischro-cárica, que él consideraba, con maestría, una posición anterior a la posición Esquizoparanoide. La posición Ghlischro-cárica incluye un conglomerado yoico con el objeto de que no está diferenciado, que fue nombrado por Bleger como un núcleo aglutinado. Tiene en su constitución, ansiedad por defusión que puede manifestarse como ansiedad de tipo pánico, somatizaciones y enfermedades psicosomáticas, como esclerosis múltiple, artritis reumatoide, vitiligo, entre otras. Es interesante decir que 72% de los pacientes que buscan atención médica neuropsiquiátrica y psicológica utilizan la posición Ghlischro-cárica dentro de su universo relacional, con sus idiosincrasias que afectan sus vidas y el entorno terapéutico. El conocimiento de sus particularidades puede ampliar el volumen de recursos del profesional de la salud mental, en el uso de técnicas psicoterapéuticas e incluso en la elección de los medicamentos psicotrópicos más adecuados para los clientes en este puesto, lo que hace que el desarrollo de este tema sea esencial. Utilizamos un modelo de estudio clínico-cualitativo y transdisciplinario basado en una revisión conceptual sobre el tema(AU)

Melanie Klein enunciated the positions Depressive (1935) and Esquizoparanóide (1946). Esther Bick and Donald Meltzer developed, from Klein's studies, the concept of adhesive identification. José Bleger, presented (post mortem), in 1977, using this knowledge and conjecture on symbiosis, the position Ghlischrocárica, now Viscocaric in Brazil, which masterfully considered this to be a position previous to the Schizoparanoid position. The Ghlischro-cárica position includes an egoic conglomerate with the undifferentiated object which Bleger termed by the agglutinated nucleus. It is constituted the defusional anxiety that can manifest itself as panic-type anxiety, somatizations and psychosomatic diseases, such as multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, vitiligo, among others. It is interesting to say that 72% of the patients seeking neuropsychiatric and psychological medical care use the Ghlischro-cárica position within their relational universe, with their phenomenological idiosyncrasies that affect their lives and the therapeutic setting. know their particularities can expand the resources of the mental health professional, the use of psychotherapeutic techniques and even the choice of the most appropriate psychiatric drugs for clients of this position, which makes the development of this topic fundamental. We use a clinical-qualitative and transdisciplinary model of study based on a conceptual review of the subject(AU)

Melanie Klein enunciou as posições Depressiva (1935) e Esquizoparanóide (1946). Esther Bick e Donald Meltzer desenvolveram, a partir dos estudos de Klein, o conceito de identificação adesiva. José Bleger, apresenta (post mortem), em 1977, utilizando-se destes conhecimentos e conjecturando sobre simbiose, a posição Ghlischro-cárica, o que considerou, com maestria, ser esta uma posição anterior à posição Esquizoparanóide. A posição Ghlischro-cárica incluí um conglomerado egóico com o objeto que se mostra indiferenciado que foi denominado por Bleger de núcleo aglutinado. Tem em sua constituição a ansiedade defusional que pode manifestar-se como ansiedade do tipo pânico, somatizações e doenças psicossomáticas, como esclerose múltipla, artrite reumatóide, vitiligo entre outras. Interessante dizer que 72% dos pacientes que procuram atendimento médico neuropsiquiátrico e psicológico utilizam-se da posição Ghlischro-cárica dentro do seu universo relacional, com suas idiossincrasias que afetam suas vidas e o setting terapêutico. O conhecimento de suas particularidades pode expandir o volume de recursos do profissional de saúde mental, no uso de técnicas psicoterapêuticas e mesmo na escolha dos psicofármacos mais indicados para clientes desta posição, o que torna fundamental o desenvolvimento deste tema. Utilizamo-nos de um modelo clínico-qualitativo e transdisciplinar de estudo a partir de uma revisão conceitual sobre o assunto(AU)

O sentimento de solidão na contemporaneidade: revisitando Melanie Klein / The feeling of loneliness in contemporaneity: revisiting Melanie Klein / El sentimiento de soledad en la contemporaneidad: revisitando a Melanie Klein

Este trabalho visa tecer algumas reflexões ao articular o texto "Sobre o sentimento de solidão", de autoria de Melanie Klein, com questões da contemporaneidade. Para tanto, far-se-á uma leitura detalhada deste artigo que foi publicado postumamente, em 1963. Nele, a psicanalista desenvolve um novo tópico: a existência do sentimento interno de solidão, que ela julga ser inerente a qualquer indivíduo e que compõe a sua constituição psíquica. Em seguida, os autores apresentam algumas situações contemporâneas que podem ser pensadas à luz desse paradigma kleiniano, baseando-se principalmente, na relação que se estabelece entre o sujeito e as redes sociais. As ideias de Freud sobre o Narcisismo (1914) também serão utilizadas no escopo da articulação teórica.

This work aims reflect as it entwines the text «On the feeling of loneliness¼ by Melanie Klein with contemporary issues. In order to do so, a detailed reading of this article, that was, was published posthumously, in 1963, was done. In it the psychoanalist develops a new topic: the existence of the internal feeling of solitude, which she considers to be inherent in any individual and part of their psychic constitution. The authors go on to present some contemporary situations that can be thought in the light of this Kleinian paradigm, based mainly on the relationship established between the subject and social networks. Freud's ideas on Narcissism (1914) will also be referred and served as theo-retical premise.

Este trabajo busca elaborar algunas reflexiones al articular el texto "Sobre el sentimiento de soledad" de Melanie Klein con cuestiones de la contempo-raneidad. Para ello, se hará una lectura detallada de este artículo que fue publicado postumamente, en 1963. En él la psicoanalista desarrolla un nuevo tópico: la existencia del sentimiento interno de soledad, que ella juzga ser inherente a cualquier individuo y compone su constitución psíquica. A continu-ación, los autores presentan algunas situaciones contemporáneas que pueden ser pensadas a la luz de ese paradigma kleiniano, basándose principalmente en la relación que se establece entre el sujeto y las redes sociales. Las ideas de Freud, sobre el Narcisismo (1914), también serán utilizadas en el ámbito de la articulación teórica.

Publish and be fair? "I am myself strongly in favour of doing it": James Strachey as the candid wartime editor of The International Journal of Psycho-Analysis, 1939-1945.

This article is an examination of the history of Strachey's work as the editor of the International Journal of Psycho-Analysis, work that was shaped by the internal strife within British psychoanalysis and the great international conflict of the Second World War. From the primary sources it has been possible to give an account of how he came to be in charge of the Journal, why he was suited to the role, and also to provide an example of what he was like as an editor dealing with colleague-contributors. It is argued that due to his long-held belief in free speech and candour, and because he was committed to resisting to the utmost a split within the British Psycho-Analytical Society, James Strachey wanted to make both the papers and the ensuing discussions of the Controversies public through the International Journal of Psycho-Analysis. As described here, that did not happen in a simple way but he succeeded in publishing papers directly related to the debate by fostering investigation into the subject of internal objects. He also gave space in the Journal to new writers and a plurality of theories, including the nascent object relations theories of D.W. Winnicott and John Bowlby.

Do objeto parcial ao significante fálico: uma leitura lacaniana de Melanie Klein / From the partial object to the phallic signifier: a lacanian reading of Melanie Klein / Del objeto parcial al significante fálico: una lectura lacaniana de Melanie Klein

O artigo pretende retomar a leitura que Jacques Lacan faz da teoria kleiniana. Partiremos da crítica ao seio como primeiro objeto das relações objetais até chegarmos ao falo intervindo desde o início nas relações da mãe com a criança. Procuraremos mostrar como a tese lacaniana a respeito do significante fálico encontra suporte nas observações de Melanie Klein, que fornecem elementos para pensar no pênis do pai como primeiro substituto do seio materno, atuando, desde o princípio, no interior do corpo materno. A precocidade do complexo de Édipo é, então, abordada em ambos os autores, com o intuito de evidenciar a ação do significante nos primórdios da constituição subjetiva. O que nos leva a interrogar, por fim, se a substituição da relação de objeto pela incidência do significante esgota a questão do objeto na psicanálise.

This article intends to take up the Lacanian reading of Melanie Klein. Starting from Lacan’s critique of Klein’s postulation of the breast as the first object in objectal relationship up to the phallus and its intervention since the beginning of the mother-child relationship. We aim to show at what degree the Lacanian thesis concerning the phallic signifier is backed up by Melanie Klein’s considerations regarding the role played by the father’s penis – perceived by the child as being within the maternal body – as the first substitute of the maternal breast. Furthermore, the authors’ thoughts on the precocity of the Oedipus’ complex is taken into account, in order to put in evidence the action of the signifier in the early stages of mental constitution. Lastly, the article debates the consequences brought forth by the replacement of the object relation paradigm for that of the signifier incidence.

El artículo pretende retomar la lectura de la teoría kleiniana que realiza Jacques Lacan. Partiremos de la crítica al seno como primer objeto de las relaciones objetales hasta llegar al falo interviniendo desde el comienzo de las relaciones de la madre con el niño. Procuraremos mostrar de qué modo la tesis lacaniana a respecto del significante fálico encuentra soporte en las observaciones de Melanie Klein, que ofrecen elementos para pensar en el pene del padre como primer substituto del seno materno, actuando, desde el principio, en el interior del cuerpo materno. La precocidad del complejo de Edipo es, por lo tanto, abordada en ambos autores, con el propósito de evidenciar la acción del significante en el comienzo de la constitución subjetiva. Lo que nos lleva a preguntar, para finalizar, si la substitución de la relación de objeto por la incidencia del significante agota la cuestión del objeto en el psicoanálisis.

Feminilidade e a sistematização kleiniana: o corpo materno como palco da gênese psíquica / Femininity and kleinian systematization: the mother's body as the stage of psychic genesis / Feminidad y sistematización kleiniana: el cuerpo de la madre como escenario de la génesis psíquica

Propomos investigar o tema da feminilidade presente no livro A psicanálise de crianças de Melanie Klein. Nossa concepção é a de que essa autora invertera a lógica clássica da constituição subjetiva do mundo ocidental: a de que o falo/masculino seria o ponto de partida para as diferenciações sexuais. A noção kleiniana de feminilidade que utilizaremos como lente para nossa leitura dessa obra nos permitiria, em termos epistemológicos, compreender melhor como se fundamentou a concepção dessa autora sobre o materno e a possibilidade de suas revisões sobre o complexo de Édipo e a proposição de novos conceitos.

This study aims at investigating the theme referred to as femininity as shown in the book The psychoanalysis of children, by Melanie Klein. The perspective herein is that this author transposes the classical logic of the subjective constitution of the Western world, i.e., that the phallus/masculine would be the starting point for sexual differentiation. In epistemological terms, the Kleinian notion of femininity, used in this investigation as a lens for reading such work, shall allow us to better understand the basis of the author's conception of mother, in addition to revising the Oedipus complex and the proposition of new concepts.

El presente estudio tiene como objetivo investigar el tema de la feminidad, que se presenta en el libro El psicoanálisis de niños de Melanie Klein. La concepción aquí es que la autora invierte la lógica clásica de la constitución subjetiva del mundo occidental, es decir, que el falo/masculino sería el punto de partida para las diferenciaciones sexuales. En términos epistemológicos, la noción kleiniana de feminidad utilizada en esta investigación nos permitirá comprender mejor cómo se basó la concepción de la autora sobre lo materno, además de revisar el complejo de Edipo y la proposición de nuevos conceptos.

Feminilidade e Melanie Klein: o tema da feminilidade em suas primeiras publicações / Femininity and Melanie Klein: the theme of femininity in her first publications

RESUMO: Buscamos investigar o tema da feminilidade nas primeiras publicações de Melanie Klein (1921 a 1931). Partimos da ideia de que a autora, de forma ainda mais radical do que Freud, invertera a lógica clássica da constituição subjetiva do mundo ocidental: a de que o falo/masculino seria o ponto de partida para as diferenciações sexuais. Nesse sentido, a noção kleiniana de feminilidade fundamentaria a sua concepção própria de materno, que passou a ser plano de destaque em suas teorizações e, por conseguinte, a possibilidade de suas revisões sobre o complexo de Édipo e a proposição de novos conceitos.

ABSTRACT: This work intends to understand the theme of femininity in the first publications of Melanie Klein. We start from the idea that the author, even more radically than Freud, reversed the classical logic of the subjective constitution of the Western world: that the phallus/male would be the starting point for sexual differentiation. In this sense, the Kleinian notion of femininity would base his mother's own design that has become prominent in her theorizing plan and therefore the possibility of revisions on the Oedipus complex and the proposition of new concepts.

The Psychic Life of Fragments: Splitting from Ferenczi to Klein.

The present paper starts from the reflection that there is a curious "phenomenological gap" in psychoanalysis when it comes to processes of splitting and to describing the "life" of psychic fragments resulting from processes of splitting. In simpler terms, we are often in a position to lack a precise understanding of what is being split and how the splitting occurs. I argue that although Melanie Klein's work is often engaged when talking of splitting (particularly through discussions on identification, projection and projective identification), there are some important phenomenological opacities in her construction. I show that by orchestrating a dialogue between Melanie Klein and Sándor Ferenczi, we arrive at a fuller and more substantive conception of psychic splitting and of the psychic life of fragments which are the result of splitting. This is even more meaningful because there are some unacknowledged genealogical connections between Ferenczian concepts and Kleinian concepts, which I here explore. While with Klein we remain in the domain of "good" and "bad" objects-polarised objects which are constantly split and projected-with Ferenczi we are able to also give an account of complicated forms of imitation producing psychic fragments and with a "dark" side of identification, which he calls "identification with the aggressor". While attempting to take steps toward imagining a dialogue between Klein and Ferenczi, I note a certain silent "Ferenczian turn" in a late text by Melanie Klein, "On the Development of Mental Functioning", written in 1958. In particular, I reflect on her reference to some "terrifying figures" of the psyche, which cannot be accounted for simply as the persecutory parts of the super-ego but are instead more adequately read as more enigmatic and more primitive psychic fragments, resulting from processes of splitting.

The (Suicidal-) Depressive Position: A Scientifically Informed Reformulation.

Despite considerable progress in depression research and treatment, the disorder continues to pose daunting challenges to scientists and practitioners alike. This article presents a novel conceptualization of the psychological dynamics of depression which draws from Melanie Klein's notion of the positions, reformulated using social-cognitive terms. Specifically, Klein's notion of position, consisting of anxieties (persecutory vs. "depressive"), defense mechanisms ("primitive"/split based vs. neurotic/repression based), and object relations (part vs. whole) is reformulated to include (1) affect, broadly defined, (2) affect regulatory strategies (defense mechanisms, coping strategies, and motivation regulation), and (3) mental representations of self-with-others, all pertaining to the past, present, and future. I reformulate the depressive position to include-beyond sadness, anxiety, and anhedonia-also anger/agitation, shame, disgust, and contempt, all of which are down-regulated via diverse mechanisms. In the depressive position, the self is experienced as wronged and others as punitive, albeit seductive. Attempts to appease internal others (objects) are projected into the future, only to be thwarted by awkward and inept interpersonal behavior. This might propel the use of counter-phobic, counter-dependent, and "manic" affect regulatory mechanisms, potentially leading to suicidal depression.

From the Melanie Klein archive: Klein's further thoughts on loneliness.

The author brings to light previously unpublished material from the part of the Melanie Klein archive that deals with the subject of Klein's last, posthumously published paper "On the sense of loneliness". Here are found four differing versions of the loneliness paper, written between 1958 and 1960, and prepared for spoken presentations to different audiences. The author gives evidence from Klein's copious additional notes that she intended to write a whole book or monograph dealing with the topic of loneliness from a psychoanalytic point of view. At the time of Klein's death, as well as elaborating her own thinking on the topic of loneliness, she was gathering and incorporating the comments of a number of close colleagues on her work. Previously unpublished letters to Klein from Wilfred Bion and Elliott Jaques are included in this paper, as are extracts from Klein's own notes, organized under a number of headings. Without attempting to analyse the material in any depth, the author suggests that some of the themes Klein was working on may have had particular relevance for her personally in what turned out to be the very last months of her life.

Language and speech in Melanie Klein's work.

Melanie Klein's writing style was distinctive. Many would concur that her theoretical and clinical writings are characterized by the absence of the fully developed poetic in the sense that literary theory understands this term. Although the visual poetic, as such, cannot be attributed to Melanie Klein's style, her discours has power to evoke image. Through iconicity of her images, Melanie Klein creates then effect of visualizing the inner world of the paranoid-schizoid and depressive position, which is marked by lack of successiveness and temporality characteristic of the symbolic order. Narrative of a Child Analysis reveals that the speech of Melanie Klein becomes idiosyncratic when she attempts to introduce preverbal contents in the verbal realm. At those points of the analysis her language becomes concrete, nonmetaphoric, ridiculous and misshaped. Grotesque. In an attempt to describe the characteristics of internalized part objects and their mutual relations in Richard's inner world, Melanie Klein constructs formulas-agglomerations which produce comic effects, such as greedy-octopus-Daddy, salmon-genital, Richard's bomb-faeces. Thus the image of Richard's inner world becomes isomorphic with Rabelais' laughter-provoking, comic-grotesque images of hell. Melanie Klein (Bakhtin would say) carnivalizes Richard's inner world so it does not seem scary but more like a "cheerful carnivalesque scarecrow."

Klein's technique.

Reading these heretofore unpublished works by Melanie Klein is certain to surprise their readers, regardless of their previous familiarity with her work. Bound though she was to an earlier vision of the psychoanalytic situation and to an epistemology that today may strike many analysts as archaic, Klein's ideas remain fresh and provocative. In this commentary I sketch out the controversies in which she was involved at the time of the lectures and seminars, and discuss how we might think about them in light of contemporary developments.

'Speaking Kleinian': Susan Isaacs as Ursula Wise and the Inter-War Popularisation of Psychoanalysis.

How did the complex concepts of psychoanalysis become popular in early twentieth-century Britain? This article examines the contribution of educator and psychoanalyst Susan Isaacs (1885-1948) to this process, as well as her role as a female expert in the intellectual and medical history of this period. Isaacs was one of the most influential British psychologists of the inter-war era, yet historical research on her work is still limited. The article focuses on her writing as 'Ursula Wise', answering the questions of parents and nursery nurses in the popular journal Nursery World, from 1929 to 1936. Researched in depth for the first time, Isaacs' important magazine columns reveal that her writing was instrumental in disseminating the work of psychoanalyst Melanie Klein in Britain. Moreover, Isaacs' powerful rebuttals to behaviourist, disciplinarian parenting methods helped shift the focus of caregivers to the child's perspective, encouraging them to acknowledge children as independent subjects and future democratic citizens. Like other early psychoanalysts, Isaacs was not an elitist; she was in fact committed to disseminating her ideas as broadly as possible. Isaacs taught British parents and child caregivers to 'speak Kleinian', translating Klein's intellectual ideas into ordinary language and thus enabling their swift integration into popular discourse.

THE STUDY AND TREATMENT OF MOTHERS AND INFANTS, THEN AND NOW: MELANIE KLEIN'S "NOTES ON BABY" IN A CONTEMPORARY PSYCHOANALYTIC CONTEXT.

This paper draws on Melanie Klein's (unpublished) observational notes of her infant grandson, written primarily in 1938 and 1939. Apart from moving glimpses into a young family's life, the notes contain astute observations of an infant's behavior and emotions. Compared with Klein's published writings, the style is less theoretical and polemical. Later, in his latency years, Klein's grandson was in analysis with Marion Milner, who in 1952 published a paper drawing on the treatment. The present paper focuses on (1) how observations and treatment of the same child and his family by clinicians in close relationships with each other (Klein, Milner, and Winnicott) fertilized reciprocal influence but also brought into question the validity of Klein's observations, and (2) the relative merits and contributions of various modalities in understanding the infant's psyche, including experimental research, direct observation, parent-infant psychotherapy, and reconstructions from older patients-as occurs, for example, in psychoanalysis.

Hancock: reflexões entre o personagem e a teoria de melanie klein / Hancock: reflections between the character and melanie klein’s theory

Este trabalho tem como objetivo retomar aspectos da obra de Melanie Klein, tecendo reflexões com o personagem do filme Hancock, dirigido por Peter Berg. Inicialmente, é apresentada uma síntese do filme e, em seguida, são apresentadas algumas ideias da teoria kleiniana, na tentativa de compreensão e de articulação de seus conceitos. Após, são estabelecidas relações entre o personagem e alguns aspectos desta teoria, fazendo um paralelo com a psicoterapia(AU)

This paper aims at revisiting some important aspects of Melanie Klein’s work, linking reflections with the character from the movie Hancock, directed by Peter Berg. First, a synthesis of the movie is brought and then some Kleinian ideas are presented as an attempt of understanding and articulation of Melanie Klein’s concepts. After, some relations between the character Hancock and aspects of the Kleinian theory are established, drawing a parallel with the psychotherapy(AU)