The American contribution to attachment theory: John Bowlby's WHO trip to the USA in 1950 and the development of his ideas on separation and attachment.

This paper explores John Bowlby's foundational contributions to attachment theory, particularly his fascination with 'separation' and its impact on child development. Tracing the origins of Bowlby's interest to his personal experiences and his exposure to ideas of mental hygiene and child guidance in the 1930s, it underscores the alignment of his ideas with key figures in the English school of psychoanalysis. The central narrative of this paper unfolds during Bowlby's 1950 WHO research trip, investigating orphaned and separated children in Europe and the USA. Utilizing archival materials from the Wellcome Library in London, the authors offer unique insights into Bowlby's journey, highlighting his evolving views on mother-child separation through interactions with his American colleagues. This comprehensive exploration sheds light on Bowlby's pioneering work, emphasizing the American influence on his ideas, and the evolving theoretical framework that continues to shape our understanding of child development and attachment today.

The effect of the compassion levels of healthcare workers on their psychological well-being.

BACKGROUND: A sense of compassion has a core importance in health service delivery. Research on the psychological impact of being compassionate on healthcare workers is limited. OBJECTIVE: This research aims to examine the effect of compassion levels of healthcare workers on their psychological well-being. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional and descriptive study. The population of the research consists of health personnel working throughout Ankara, the capital. The study was carried out with 414 healthcare workers. A personal information form, compassion scale and psychological well-being scale were used in the research questionnaire. RESULTS: A positive and significant relationship was found between compassion and psychological well-being scores. It was determined that compassion positively affected psychological well-being levels. The level of compassion showed that there was a significant difference between the groups according to the variables of gender, family structure, job satisfaction and whether they would choose the same profession again. The level of psychological well-being was found to be significantly different between the groups in education, job satisfaction and making the same profession choice again. CONCLUSION: It is a professional requirement that health professionals in patient care have a sense of compassion and reflect this feeling in their conduct. Research shows that the greater the compassion, the higher the psychological well-being. Therefore, undertaking training initiatives to make healthcare workers more compassionate can contribute to patient care and at the same time to the psychological well-being of healthcare workers.

A network analysis involving mental difficulties, cognition, physical fitness, 24-hour movement components, fatness, and sociodemographic factors in children.

Background: Evidence supports the beneficial linear influence of diverse lifestyle behaviors on brain health since childhood; however, multiple behaviors -and not only one-simultaneously affect such outcomes. Therefore, the aim was to explore the multivariate relationship through a network analysis among mental difficulty and cognitive function with physical fitness (PF), 24-h movement components, fatness, and sociodemographic factors in children. Methods: Cross-sectional study involved 226 children (52.2 % boys) aged between six and 11 years. Mental difficulties were evaluated through the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire and cognitive function by the Raven's Colored Progressive Matrices Test. The body mass index and PF were assessed according to the procedures suggested by the Proesp-Br, while moderate-to vigorous-intensity physical activity (MVPA) using accelerometry. The socioeconomic level, sleep, and screen time were evaluated by questionnaires. A network analysis was carried out to evaluate the associations among variables and establish centrality measures. Results: Age and PF moderated the negative relationship between cognitive function and MVPA. Furthermore, the direct and inverse relationship between cognitive function and mental difficulties appears to be affected by the 24-h movement components. Finally, age, PF, and screen time are the nodes with higher values of expected influence, indicating more sensitivity to interventions for decreasing mental difficulty and improving cognitive function. Conclusion: Mental health and cognitive function were moderated by the multivariate interaction among age, PF, and the three 24-h movement components. Nonetheless, centrality measures from the network analysis suggest that PF, MVPA, and screen time are crucial nodes in order to implement future interventions.

Can a brief session of the online coronavirus disease 2019 destigmatization program reduce stigma among survivors? A randomized controlled trial.

Background: Stigmatization has taken a heavy toll on the mental health and quality of life of the survivors of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). To address this issue, we proposed a brief, self-directed, reflective, and practical destigmatization intervention. The current study aimed to investigate the efficacy of the online COVID-19 destigmatization program (OCDP) in mitigating stigma among the survivors of COVID-19. Methods: This study was conducted on 142 survivors of COVID-19 before their discharge from Vajra Hospital from July 2022 to November 2022. The participants were randomly assigned between the intervention group (n = 71), who attended the 40-min OCDP, and the control group (n = 71), who received standard mental health care. The primary outcome was the efficacy of OCDP in reducing stigmatization. A COVID-19 stigma questionnaire was administered to assess stigmatization in the intervention and control groups immediately before and after the program during follow-up on days 7, 14, and 28. The secondary outcome was the efficacy of the program in alleviating negative emotions according to the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale 21 questionnaire. Results: Compared with the control group, the intervention group had a more prominent reduction in the overall stigma score on day 7 (p = 0.002) and day 14 (p = 0.028). The intervention group had a more evident reduction in enacted stigma (day 7, p = 0.04), internalized stigma (day 7, p = 0.008; day 14, p < 0.028), and perceived external stigma (day 7, p = 0.002) than the control group. However, there was no significant difference in terms of disclosure concern between the intervention and control groups. Furthermore, the reduction in depression, anxiety, and stress between the two groups did not significantly differ. Conclusion: Online COVID-19 destigmatization program provided prior to hospital discharge is an effective tool in reducing stigmatization, particularly within the first 2 weeks after reintegration into society, among the survivors of COVID-19.

Insomnia among female flight attendants: Related factors and its association with mental health.

BACKGROUND: Sleep and mental health are very important in the aviation industry. Reports show that gender is one of the risk factors of insomnia, and most Asian flight attendants are female. Therefore, it is necessary to understand insomnia, and the correction to mental health among female flight attendants. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the prevalence of insomnia in female flight attendants and its association with mental health. METHODS: We used a cross-sectional design. We recruited 412 female flight attendants with more than 3 months of working experience. We collected the socio-demographic and work-related data, measured insomnia and mental health by the Athens Insomnia and Brief Symptom Rating Scales. Descriptive statistics, single-factor analysis of variance, Pearson's correlation analysis, and structural equation modeling were performed to analyze the relationships. RESULTS: There are 45.4% of female flight attendants having insomnia, and 24.8% had suspicious insomnia. The most considerable and serious insomnia problem was falling asleep (15.3%, 4.9%). Factors related to insomnia include smoking, drinking, family load (e.g., housekeeping and caring for family), economic stress and late-night/early morning workdays during last month. Also, insomnia had a direct association with mental health (T = 17.11, p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: We found that insomnia is negatively correlated with the above factors and mental health. We recommend that airline industries can run their sleep-education programs and provide relevant mental-health-promotion programs for flight attendants.

Clinico-epidemiological profile of patients at children's psychosocial care centers in São Bernardo do Campo: a cross-sectional study

ABSTRACT BACKGROUDS: Child and Adolescent Psychosocial Care Centers (Centros de Atenção Psicossocial, CAPSI) are dedicated centers for persistent psychiatric disorders, which provide an individualized therapeutic approach based on extra-hospital services. OBJECTIVES: We aimed to describe the clinico-epidemiological profiles of the patients seeking interventions at the CAPSIs. DESIGN AND SETTING: A cross-sectional study was conducted in two CAPSI in São Bernardo do Campo, SP, Brazil. One CAPSI is dedicated to the treatment of alcohol- and drug-related disorders, and the other to the treatment of other mental disorders. METHODS: In July 2017, we reviewed all active medical records of these two CAPSI, and collected the patients information including sex, race, education, type of referral, initial complaints, psychiatric diagnoses, and medication utilization. RESULTS: Of the 233 patients, 69.5% were male and 42.5% lived with their immediate family. Most of the patients were referred from other health services. Complaints on admission included agitation and aggressive behavior (30.9%). Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) was the most prevalent diagnosis (46.8%), followed by depressive disorder (13.8%). Of the patients, 81.5% were on regular medical follow-up and 70.3% were on a single medication only. CONCLUSION: Aggression complaints are the most prevalent in CAPSI, and diagnoses of ASD and psychotic disorders are more common. This situation differs from most CAPSI that present school complaints as the most prevalent, in which diagnoses of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and conduct disorders are likely to be more frequent. The epidemiological profile of each CAPSI should guide the implementation of human and structural resources targeting the most prevalent complaints and diagnoses.

Association between falls and cognitive performance among community-dwelling older people: a cross-sectional study

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Falls among older people have a negative impact on health and therefore constitute a public health problem. Cognitive decline can also accompany the aging process, and both conditions lead to significant increases in morbidity and mortality in this population. Objective: To analyze the cognitive performance of older people, classified as non-fallers, sporadic fallers and recurrent fallers, and investigate the relationship between falls and cognition. DESIGN AND SETTING: Cross-sectional study conducted in the interior of the state of São Paulo, Brazil. METHODS: Evaluations on 230 older people were conducted. They were divided into three groups: non-fallers, sporadic fallers (one fall) and recurrent fallers (two or more falls). The Mini-Mental State Examination, Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease (CERAD), Brief Cognitive Screening Battery (BCSB), Cambridge Examination for Mental Disorders of the Elderly (CAMDEX) similarities subtest and digit span test were applied. RESULTS: In multinomial logistic regression, being a recurrent faller was significantly associated with lower scores in the CERAD word list (odds ratio, OR = 0.92; 95% confidence interval, CI, 0.86-0.98; P = 0.01), in CERAD constructive praxis (OR = 0.88; 95% CI, 0.79-0.98; P = 0.02), in BCSB figure list memory (OR = 0.94; 95% CI, 0.89-0.99; P = 0.02) and in verbal fluency (OR = 0.89; 95% CI, 0.81-0.97; P = 0.01). Recurrent fallers also had lower scores in these same tests, compared with sporadic fallers. CONCLUSION: Cognitive impairment, especially in the domains of memory and executive functioning, can influence occurrences of recurrent falls.

The Effectiveness of Plaza Dancing on Psychological Well-Being and Ill-Being: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Evidence suggests that participation in plaza dancing may affect mental health. This study for the first time quantified the relationships between plaza dancing and psychological well-being and ill-being. We systematically searched PubMed, Web of Science, CNKI, Wanfang, and VIP to identify relevant studies published from the databases since their inception to July 25, 2021. The standardized mean differences (SMDs) of pre-to-post intervention data were calculated in the meta-analysis. Subgroup and meta-regression analyses were performed to test the potential moderating effects of age, outcome classification, measurement instruments, district, publication year, total sample size, and the duration, frequency, and length of the square dance intervention. A total of 25 original articles met all the eligibility criteria and were included in the review, and 17 studies were included in the meta-analysis. The meta-analysis revealed that plaza dancing improved psychological well-being (pooled SMD = 0.76; 95% CI: 0.58, 0.95; I 2 = 86.9%) and reduced psychological ill-being (pooled SMD = -0.84; 95% CI: -1.00, -0.68; I 2 = 64.8%). The study participants' age and district did not seem to affect the effectiveness of the plaza dancing intervention. The duration and frequency of plaza dancing affected the association between square dance and psychological well-being (duration, ß = -0.044; 95% CI: -0.085, -0.004; frequency, ß = 0.122; 95% CI: 0.024, 0.221) and psychological ill-being (duration, ß = -0.029; 95% CI: -0.040, -0.018; frequency, ß = 0.154; 95% CI: 0.030, 0.278). Plaza dancing has a significant positive effect on psychological well-being and psychological ill-being, and the effects are moderated by intervention modality. Generalizing plaza dancing interventions to promote psychological well-being and prevent or treat psychological ill-being is needed. Systematic Review Registration: [www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero], identifier [CRD42021272016].

Burnout syndrome and workplace violence among nursing staff: a cross-sectional study

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Among healthcare professionals, nursing workers are the most prone to becoming victims of workplace violence and present the highest burnout levels. OBJECTIVES: To investigate the association between burnout syndrome and workplace violence among nursing workers. DESIGN AND SETTING: Cross-sectional study carried out at a teaching hospital in southern Brazil. METHODS: This study involved 242 nursing workers. We collected data over a six-month period using a sociodemographic and occupational survey, the Survey Questionnaire Workplace Violence in the Health Sector and the Maslach Burnout Inventory - General Survey. For occupational violence, we selected the Survey Questionnaire Workplace Violence in the Health Sector. Burnout syndrome was evaluated using the Maslach Burnout Inventory - General Survey. The data were analyzed in the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). Categorical variables were described as absolute and relative frequencies and numerical variables in terms of central trend and dispersion measurements. For data analysis, we applied descriptive statistics and multiple logistic regression. RESULTS: The multiple models indicated that the workers who had experienced verbal abuse, physical violence and concern about workplace violence over the past 12 months had significantly higher chances of presenting high emotional exhaustion (P < 0.05) and depersonalization (P < 0.05) and low professional accomplishment (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Occurrence of violence significantly increased the chances of great emotional exhaustion and depersonalization and low professional achievement, within burnout syndrome. Therefore, workplace violence prevention strategies need to be put in place to provide workers with a safe workplace in which to conduct their activities.

[The Maimonides mental health regime (1138-1204): nine centuries ahead.] / El régimen de salud mental de Maimónides (1138-1204): nueve siglos por delante.

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), mental health is a fundamental component of a healthy lifestyle. Currently this notion has become universal and has permeated the public consciousness, society and the political agenda of public health programs. In Spain, as a result of the pandemic due to the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), this health issue has been revived and has also been the subject of parliamentary debates. This idea is not new because within the Greco-Roman medical tradition continued by the Arabs, all the great authors included in their texts chapters on general hygienic-dietary norms to lead a healthy life, their own medical genre called "health regimen". In Al-Andalus, the Jewish doctor Maimonides (1138-1204) was nine centuries ahead of the concept of mental health or hygiene of the soul and its disorders, topics now included in the field of psychology, psychiatry and psychosomatic medicine. Maimonides drew up a body of doctrine on mental disorders and systematized a complete management of them from a comprehensive view of the patient as a person, based on four preventive and therapeutic measures to achieve mental balance: a) a general health regime; b) mental and emotional re-education; c) measures to reduce anxiety; and d) specific antidepressant medication. These recommendations are the most original made up to then, even many of them are still valid today due to their modernity. In this historical context, Maimonides constitutes a scientific bridge between the Middle Ages and our era.

Según la Organización Mundial de Salud (OMS) la salud mental es un componente fundamental del estilo de vida saludable. Actualmente, esta noción se ha hecho universal y ha calado en la conciencia ciudadana, en la sociedad y en la agenda política de los programas de Salud Pública. En España, a consecuencia de la pandemia debida a la Enfermedad por Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19), este asunto sanitario se ha reavivado y ha sido motivo también de debates parlamentarios. Esta idea no es nueva pues dentro de la tradición médica grecolatina, continuada por los árabes, todos los grandes autores incluyeron en sus textos capítulos acerca de normas higiénico-dietéticas generales para llevar una vida sana, género médico propio denominado "régimen de salud". En Al-Andalus, el médico judío Maimónides (1138-1204) se adelantó en nueve siglos al concepto de salud mental o higiene del alma y sus trastornos, temas incluidos ahora en el campo de la psicología, la psiquiatría y la medicina psicosomática. Maimónides confeccionó un cuerpo de doctrina sobre las afecciones psíquicas y sistematizó un manejo completo de las mismas desde una visión integral del paciente como persona, basado en cuatro medidas preventivas y terapéuticas para alcanzar el equilibrio psíquico: a) un régimen general de salud; b) reeducación mental y emocional; c) medidas para disminuir la ansiedad; y d) medicación específica antidepresiva. Estas recomendaciones son las más originales hechas hasta entonces. Incluso muchas de ellas siguen vigentes actualmente por su modernidad. En este contexto histórico Maimónides constituye un puente científico entre el Medievo y nuestra era.

Mental Health Outcomes and Mental Hygiene in the COVID-19 Era: A Cross-Sectional Study Among Healthcare Workers from a Regional Hospital in Ghana.

PURPOSE: The COVID-19 pandemic is affecting healthcare workers (HCWs) in unique ways which include the risk of infection and subsequent transmission to their colleagues and families, the issue of vulnerability due to lack of PPEs and access to equipment needed to provide best care for patients, moral injury in making triage decisions, the lack of professional and/or social support and psychological burdens during this period. This study thus investigates the mental health outcomes (fear, depression, anxiety, and stress) and mental hygiene among HCWs in Ghana in this COVID-19 era. METHODS: The study adopted a descriptive cross-sectional design. RESULTS: Our findings revealed a shared count of psychological outcomes among HCWs in Ghana. State anxiety was a prominent psychological outcome among HCWs. Being a female HCW was significantly associated with state anxiety. Correlation analysis showed a positive and significant relationship among all the psychological outcomes at P<0.05 and 0.01. There were no mental hygiene systems and/or structures in place at the regional hospital. CONCLUSION: It is recommended that healthcare facilities and systems must swiftly implement and establish mental hygiene structures for their HCWs in this period of the pandemic to secure holistic, balanced life, and professional support for HCWs now and beyond this pandemic.

El régimen de salud mental de Maimónides (1138-1204): nueve siglos por delante / The Maimonides mental health regime (1138-1204): nine centuries ahead

Según la Organización Mundial de Salud (OMS)la salud mental es un componente fundamental delestilo de vida saludable. Actualmente, esta nociónse ha hecho universal y ha calado en la concienciaciudadana, en la sociedad y en la agenda política delos programas de Salud Pública. En España, a consecuencia de la pandemia debida a la Enfermedadpor Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19), este asunto sanitario se ha reavivado y ha sido motivo tambiénde debates parlamentarios. Esta idea no es nuevapues dentro de la tradición médica grecolatina, continuada por los árabes, todos los grandes autoresincluyeron en sus textos capítulos acerca de normas higiénico-dietéticas generales para llevar unavida sana, género médico propio denominado “régimen de salud”. En Al-Andalus, el médico judíoMaimónides (1138-1204) se adelantó en nueve siglos al concepto de salud mental o higiene del almay sus trastornos, temas incluidos ahora en el campode la psicología, la psiquiatría y la medicina psicosomática. Maimónides confeccionó un cuerpo dedoctrina sobre las afecciones psíquicas y sistematizó un manejo completo de las mismas desde unavisión integral del paciente como persona, basadoen cuatro medidas preventivas y terapéuticas paraalcanzar el equilibrio psíquico: a) un régimen general de salud; b) reeducación mental y emocional;c) medidas para disminuir la ansiedad; y d) medicación específica antidepresiva. Estas recomendaciones son las más originales hechas hasta entonces.Incluso muchas de ellas siguen vigentes actualmente por su modernidad. En este contexto históricoMaimónides constituye un puente científico entreel Medievo y nuestra era.(AU)

According to the World Health Organization(WHO), mental health is a fundamental component of a healthy lifestyle. Currently this notionhas become universal and has permeated the public consciousness, society and the political agenda of public health programs. In Spain, as a resultof the pandemic due to the Coronavirus Disease2019 (COVID-19), this health issue has been revived and has also been the subject of parliamentary debates. This idea is not new because withinthe Greco-Roman medical tradition continued bythe Arabs, all the great authors included in theirtexts chapters on general hygienic-dietary norms tolead a healthy life, their own medical genre called“health regimen”. In Al-Andalus, the Jewish doctorMaimonides (1138-1204) was nine centuries aheadof the concept of mental health or hygiene of thesoul and its disorders, topics now included in thefield of psychology, psychiatry and psychosomaticmedicine. Maimonides drew up a body of doctrine on mental disorders and systematized a complete management of them from a comprehensiveview of the patient as a person, based on four preventive and therapeutic measures to achieve mental balance: a) a general health regime; b) mentaland emotional reeducation; c) measures to reduceanxiety; and d) specific antidepressant medication.These recommendations are the most original madeup to then, even many of them are still valid todaydue to their modernity. In this historical context,Maimonides constitutes a scientific bridge betweenthe Middle Ages and our era.(AU)

Reduced COVID-19 hospitalizations among New York City residents following age-based SARS-CoV-2 vaccine eligibility: Evidence from a regression discontinuity design.

BACKGROUND: In clinical trials, several SARS-CoV-2 vaccines were shown to reduce risk of severe COVID-19 illness. Local, population-level, real-world evidence of vaccine effectiveness is accumulating. We assessed vaccine effectiveness for community-dwelling New York City (NYC) residents using a quasi-experimental, regression discontinuity design, leveraging a period (January 12-March 9, 2021) when ≥ 65-year-olds were vaccine-eligible but younger persons, excluding essential workers, were not. METHODS: We constructed segmented, negative binomial regression models of age-specific COVID-19 hospitalization rates among 45-84-year-old NYC residents during a post-vaccination program implementation period (February 21-April 17, 2021), with a discontinuity at age 65 years. The relationship between age and hospitalization rates in an unvaccinated population was incorporated using a pre-implementation period (December 20, 2020-February 13, 2021). We calculated the rate ratio (RR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for the interaction between implementation period (pre or post) and age-based eligibility (45-64 or 65-84 years). Analyses were stratified by race/ethnicity and borough of residence. Similar analyses were conducted for COVID-19 deaths. RESULTS: Hospitalization rates among 65-84-year-olds decreased from pre- to post-implementation periods (RR 0.85, 95% CI: 0.74-0.97), controlling for trends among 45-64-year-olds. Accordingly, an estimated 721 (95% CI: 126-1,241) hospitalizations were averted. Residents just above the eligibility threshold (65-66-year-olds) had lower hospitalization rates than those below (63-64-year-olds). Racial/ethnic groups and boroughs with higher vaccine coverage generally experienced greater reductions in RR point estimates. Uncertainty was greater for the decrease in COVID-19 death rates (RR 0.85, 95% CI: 0.66-1.10). CONCLUSION: The vaccination program in NYC reduced COVID-19 hospitalizations among the initially age-eligible ≥ 65-year-old population by approximately 15% in the first eight weeks. The real-world evidence of vaccine effectiveness makes it more imperative to improve vaccine access and uptake to reduce inequities in COVID-19 outcomes.

Psicopolítica costarricense: la misión social de la psicología según programas de higiene y salud mental / Costa Rican psychopolitics: psychology’s social mission according to mental hygiene and mental health programs

En este artículo me aproximo a la higiene mental y a la salud mental como vehículos de la psi-cologización de la sociedad costarricense. Identifico algunas de las estrategias, discursos y fan-tasías de los psicólogos asociados a estos paradigmas a través de fuentes documentales: libros de texto, programas de estudio, leyes y políticas en salud mental, y campañas del Colegio de Profesionales en Psicología de Costa Rica, adoptando una perspectiva histórica-crítica. Analizo las proyecciones preventivas y de promoción a nivel comunitario, escolar, y familiar como par-te de una vocación generosa (Rose, 1998), con que la disciplina ha infiltrado las instituciones socializadoras. Posteriormente, abordo el problema de la cooptación terapeutocrática de dere-chos socialesen relación con el auge de los enfoques cognitivo-conductuales. Finalmente, dis-cuto las aspiraciones consensuales de la psicopolítica (de Vos, 2012), en el contexto de pande-mia por COVID-19 y reforma psiquiátrica. (AU)

In this article, I approach mental hygiene and mental health programs as vehicles of psycholo-gization of Costa Rican society. I identify some of the strategies, discourses and fantasies adopted by psychologists associated with these paradigms through the study of documentary sources such as textbooks, curriculums, mental health laws and policies, and campaigns by the College of Professionals in Psychology of Costa Rica. I analyse the preventive and promotional projections at the communal, scholar, and familiar level as part of a generous vocation (Rose, 1998), with which the discipline has infiltrated socializing institutions. Subsequently, I address the problem of thepeutocratic cooptation of socialrights and its link to the rise of cognitive-behavioural approaches. Finally, I discuss the consensual aspirations of psychopolitics (de Vos, 2012) in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic and neoliberal reform. (AU)

Psicoanálisis para el movimiento de Higiene Mental español, 1920–1936 / Psychoanalysis for the Spanish Mental Hygiene movement, 1920–1936

Este artículo analiza el proceso por el que las ideas de Freud se incorporaron a las estrategias de reforma y legitimación científico–social de los psiquiatras españoles ligados al movimiento de Higiene Mental. Teniendo en cuenta aspectos médicos, sociales y profesionales, se investiga la existencia de un circuito de debate y práctica del psicoanálisis que tuvo como objetivo principal la modernización de la psiquiatría. Asimismo, se estudia el papel que las ideas de Freud tuvieron en la intervención sobre la infancia, consolidando un campo de acción en el que, bajo argumentos de higiene mental y defensa social, psiquiatras, educadores, pedagogos y juristas se dieron encuentro. (AU)

This article analyses the process by which Freud's ideas were incorporated into the reform and scientific–social legitimation strategies of the Spanish psychiatrists linked to the Mental Hygiene movement. Taking into account medical, social and professional aspects, it investigates the existence of a circuit of debate and practice of psychoanalysis whose main objective was the modernization of psychiatry. Furthermore, it studies the role that Freud's ideas had on childhood intervention, which consolidated a field of action in which, under arguments of mental hygiene and social defense, psychiatrists, educators, pedagogues and jurists met. (AU)

Persistent disparities in SARS-CoV-2 test percent positivity by neighborhood in New York City, March 1-July 25, 2020.

PURPOSE: To examine neighborhood-level disparities in SARS-CoV-2 molecular test percent positivity in New York City (NYC) by demographics and socioeconomic status over time to better understand COVID-19 inequities. METHODS: Across 177 neighborhoods, we calculated the Spearman correlation of neighborhood characteristics with SARS-CoV-2 molecular test percent positivity during March 1-July 25, 2020 by five periods defined by trend in case counts: increasing, declining, and three plateau periods to account for differential testing capacity and reopening status. RESULTS: Percent positivity was positively correlated with neighborhood racial and ethnic characteristics and socioeconomic status, including the proportion of the population who were Latino and Black non-Latino, uninsured, Medicaid enrollees, transportation workers, or had low educational attainment. Correlations were generally consistent over time despite increasing testing rates. Neighborhoods with high proportions of these correlates had median percent positivity values of 62.6%, 28.7%, 6.4%, 2.8%, and 2.2% in the five periods, respectively, compared with 40.6%, 11.7%, 1.7%, 0.9%, and 1.0% in neighborhoods with low proportions of these correlates. CONCLUSIONS: Disparities in SARS-CoV-2 molecular test percent positivity persisted in disadvantaged neighborhoods during multiple phases of the first few months of the COVID-19 epidemic in NYC. Mitigation of the COVID-19 burden is still urgently needed in disproportionately affected communities.

A criação de institutos disciplinares: uma análise histórica / Creation of juvenile detention facilities: a historical analysis / La creación de institutos disciplinares: un análisis Histórico

Neste estudo objetivamos compreender as origens do Instituto Disciplinar de São Paulo, estabelecimento criado no início do período republicano, que atendia adolescentes ditos "delinquentes". Para isso, analisamos documentos históricos e as obras Classificação dos criminosos: introdução ao estudo do direito penal (1925) e Os menores delinquentes e o seu tratamento no Estado de São Paulo (1909), ambas de autoria de Candido Naziazeno Nogueira da Motta (1870-1942), jurista que apresentou o projeto de criação do primeiro Instituto Disciplinar do estado de São Paulo. Concluímos que a Escola Positiva de Direito Penal, exerceu grande influência na criação de Institutos Disciplinares no Brasil e que a predileção histórica do Estado brasileiro, em geral, pelo isolamento social ou aprisionamento como solução para o problema da delinquência juvenil demonstra que o ideário da higiene social ainda permanece na execução das políticas públicas voltadas aos jovens que atualmente denominamos em conflito com a lei. (AU)

This study aimed to understand the origins of Juvenile Detention Center of São Paulo, establishment created at the beginning of the republican period, which served so-called "delinquent" teenagers. For this, we analyzed historical documents and the works Classificação dos criminosos: introdução ao estudo do direito penal (1925) and Os menores delinquentes e o seu tratamento no Estado de São Paulo (1909), both by Candido Naziazeno Nogueira da Motta (1870-1942), jurist who presented the project to create the first Juvenile Detention Center in the state of São Paulo. We conclude that the Positive School of Criminal Law had a great influence on the creation of Juvenile Detention Centers in Brazil and that the historical predilection of the Brazilian State, in general, for social isolation or imprisonment as a solution to juvenile delinquency demonstrates that the ideal of social hygiene still remains in the execution of public policies aimed at young people that are currently in conflict with the law. (AU)

En este estudio se tuvo por objetivo comprender los orígenes de lo Instituto Disciplinar de São Paulo, establecimiento creado en el inicio del período republicano, que atendía adolescentes dichos "delincuentes". Para eso, analizamos documentos históricos y las obras Classificação dos criminosos: introdução ao estudo do direito penal (Clasificación de los criminales: introducción al estudio del derecho penal ) y Os menores delinquentes e o seu tratamento no Estado de São Paulo (1909), (Los menores delincuentes y su tratamiento en el Estado de São Paulo) (1925) ambas de autoría de Candido Naziazeno Nogueira da Motta (1870-1942), jurista que presentó el proyecto de creación del primer Instituto Disciplinar del estado de São Paulo. Concluimos que la Escola Positiva de Derecho Penal, ejerció gran influencia en la creación de Institutos Disciplinares en Brasil y que la predilección histórica del Estado brasileño, en general, por el aislamiento social o aprisionamiento como solución para el problema de la delincuencia juvenil apunta que el ideario de la higiene social aún permanece en la ejecución de las políticas públicas volcadas a los jóvenes que actualmente se denomina en conflicto con la ley. (AU)

COVID-19 pandemic in São Paulo: a quantitative study on clinical practice and mental health among medical residency specialties

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: 2020 was a challenging year for all healthcare professionals worldwide. In São Paulo, Brazil, the virus SARS-CoV-2 took 47,222 lives up to December 29, 2020. The front line of medical professionals in São Paulo was composed of many residents, who were transferred from their rotations to cover the needs of the pandemic. OBJECTIVE: To identify medical residents' mental health and clinical issues, regarding symptoms of burnout, depression and anxiety during the pandemic, and to compare them among specialties. DESIGN AND SETTING: Quantitative study using a convenience sample of medical resident volunteers who responded to an anonymous online survey that was available during April 2020. METHODS: This investigation collected sociodemographic information and used the Oldenburg Burnout Inventory (OLBI) to measure burnout, the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) to measure depression and the General Anxiety Disorder (GAD-7) scale to measure anxiety symptoms. This study also developed a COVID-19 Impact Questionnaire (CIQ-19) to assess the residents' beliefs and clinical practices relating to COVID-19 patients. RESULTS: The sample comprised 1,392 medical residents in São Paulo, Brazil. Clinical specialty physicians showed the highest rates of anxiety symptoms (52.6%) and burnout (51.2%), among the specialties. CONCLUSION: Clinical specialty residents are at higher risk of anxiety, depression and burnout. The symptoms of anxiety and depression have worsened during the COVID-19 pandemic. There is a general need for mental health support interventions for medical resident physicians, which requires reinforcement during this worldwide crisis.

MIND, Anti-Psychiatry, and the Case of the Mental Hygiene Movement's 'Discursive Transformation'.

During the 1970s the National Association for Mental Health (NAMH) re-labelled itself MIND, becoming a rights-based organisation, critiquing psychiatry and emphasising patients' citizenship. Its transformation has been coloured by attributions of the influence of anti-psychiatry. This article argues that the relevance of anti-psychiatry has been over-simplified. It examines MIND's history as part of the psychiatric strategy known as mental hygiene. This movement's agenda can be understood as paradigmatic of much that anti-psychiatry renounced. However, building on the sociologist Nick Crossley's description of the interactional nature of Social Movement Organisations in the psychiatric field, this article shows that a 'discursive transformation' can be deduced in core elements of mental hygienist thinking. This transformation of discourse clearly prefigured important elements of anti-psychiatry, and also fed into MIND's rights approach. But it must be appreciated on its own terms. Its distinctiveness under MIND is shown in its application to people with learning disabilities.

As Contribuições da Psicologia aos Ideais da Liga Brasileira de Higiene Mental: Algumas Reflexões / The contributions of Psychology to the ideals of the Brazilian Mental Hygiene League: some considerations / Las Contribuciones de la Psicología a los Ideales de la Liga Brasileña de Higiene Mental: Algunas Reflexiones

A psicologia científica é um produto histórico configurado por uma diversidade teórica e metodológica que, em solo brasileiro, foi fortemente constituída no final do século XIX e início do século XX. Tendo em vista esta diversidade, este estudo faz um recorte e trata da parceria entre a Psicologia e a Liga Brasileira de Higiene Mental (LBHM), no que tange às aferições das diferenças individuais. O movimento higienista, materializado pela LBHM, exerceu forte influência sobre as práticas psicológicas as quais serviram de sustentação científica para a implantação de políticas públicas visando um padrão de normalidade, via seleção dos considerados capazes e incapazes, tanto para fatores relacionados a padrões de conduta e de comportamento, quanto para fatores relacionados a aprendizagem de conteúdos acadêmicos. Atualmente, em meio a inúmeras tentativas de implantação de pautas conservadoras nas políticas públicas, grande parte dos profissionais da Psicologia busca compreender em que os saberes psicológicos podem contribuir para ampliar avanços e evitar retrocessos. Exercitar a competência para a reflexão que a ciência psicológica proporciona pode ser uma alternativa para suplantar a histórica busca de um dado padrão de normalidade. Após mais de um século, esta ainda parece ser uma tarefa urgente e necessária para a Psicologia. (AU)

Scientific psychology is a historical outcome shaped by a theoretical and methodological diversity that, nationwide, was established at the end of the XIXth century and the beginning of the XXth. Bearing said diversity in mind, this study makes a cutout and addresses the collaboration between psychology and the Brazilian Mental Hygiene League (BMHL), regarding the assessment of individual differences. The hygienist movement, materialized by the BMHL, exercised a profound influence over psychological conducts which in turn acted as scientific support for the enforcement of public policies directed towards a normality standard, by means of selecting those considered capable and incapable, either by factors concerning conduct and behavior patterns, either by factors related to learning academic contents. Nowadays, facing countless attempts to establish conservative guidelines for public policies, the majority of psychologists strive to understand in what manner their specific knowledge is able to contribute to increase progress and avoid regression. To foster the reflection provided by scientific psychology might be an alternative to the historical pursue of a normality standard. A century past, this seems to remain an urgent and necessary task for Psychology. (AU)

La psicología científica es un producto histórico configurado por una diversidad teórica y metodológica que, en tierras brasileñas, se constituyó con solidez a finales del siglo XIX y al comienzo del siglo XX. Con esta diversidad en mente, este ensayo hace un recorte y aborda la sociedad entre la Psicología y la Liga Brasileña de Higiene Mental (LBHM), con respecto a la evaluación de las diferencias individuales. El movimiento higienista, materializado por la LBHM, exerció fuerte influencia sobre las prácticas psicológicas que a su vez sirvieron de fundamento científico para la implantación de políticas públicas dirigidas a un patrón de normalidad, por la vía de la selección de los considerados capaces o incapaces, sea por razones de patrón de conducta y de comportamiento, sea por razones de aprendizaje de contenidos académicos. Actualmente, a medias de las numerosas tentativas de implantación de directrizes conservadoras en las políticas públicas, gran parte de los profesionales de la Psicología busca comprender de qué manera los saberes psicológicos pueden aportar para ampliar avances y evitar retrocesos. Ejercitar la competencia para la reflexión que la ciencia psicológica proporciona puede ser una alternativa para reemplazar la histórica búsqueda de un determinado patrón de normalidad. Tras más de un siglo, esta, todavía, parece ser una tarea urgente y necesaria para la Psicología. (AU)