La escisión total del mesorrecto transanal en el tratamiento del cáncer del recto como nueva técnica en Cuba / Total Excision of the Transanal Mesorectum as a New Technique for Treating Rectal Cancer in Cuba

Introducción: Las indicaciones de la Microcirugía Transanal Endoscópica han evolucionado desde la cirugía de tumoraciones rectales hasta otras enfermedades pélvicas. La asociación de esta y la escisión total del mesorrecto transanal ofrece una serie de ventajas. Objetivo: Determinar las indicaciones, describir la técnica quirúrgica y mostrar los resultados a largo plazo obtenidos en la realización de la escisión total del mesorrecto transanal en el tratamiento del cáncer del recto medio y bajo. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional descriptivo y prospectivo de los pacientes con cáncer del recto medio y bajo sometidos a esta técnica quirúrgica en el período comprendido entre febrero de 2017 y febrero de 2022 en el Centro Nacional de Cirugía de Mínimo Acceso. Resultados: Se operaron 13 pacientes, 9 con cáncer del recto bajo y 4 con cáncer del recto medio y un promedio de edad de 56,2 años (rango 28-76). El promedio de tiempo quirúrgico fue de 183 minutos (rango 120-270) y las pérdidas hemáticas estimadas de 68 mililitros. La incidencia de morbilidad mayor fue de 15,4 por ciento y la media de estadía hospitalaria de 5,4 días. La media del período de seguimiento fue de 35 (rango 9-69) meses con una recidiva local de 7,7 por ciento y una supervivencia global a los 5 años de 100 por ciento. Conclusiones: La escisión total del mesorrecto transanal combinado con cirugía laparoscópica es una técnica factible y segura. La introducción de la variante técnica utilizando el instrumental de la Microcirugía Transanal Endoscópica es más ergonómica y disminuye los costos(AU)

Introduction: The indications for transanal endoscopic microsurgery have evolved from surgery of rectal tumors to other pelvic diseases. The association between this and total excision of the transanal mesorectum offers a series of advantages. Objective: To determine the indications, to describe the surgical technique and to show the long-term outcomes obtained in the performance of total excision of the transanal mesorectum for treating cancer of the middle and lower rectum. Methods: A descriptive and prospective observational study was carried out of patients with cancer of the middle and lower rectum who underwent this surgical technique in the period from February 2017 to February 2022 at Centro Nacional de Cirugía de Mínimo Acceso. Results: Thirteen patients were operated on, 9 with cancer of the lower rectum and 4 with cancer of the middle rectum, as well as an average age of 56.2 years (range 28-76). The average surgical time was 183 minutes (range 120-270) and estimated blood loss was 68 milliliters. The incidence of highest morbidity was 15.4 percent and mean hospital stay was 5.4 days. The median follow-up period was 35 (range 9-69) months, with a local recurrence of 7.7 percent and an overall 5-year survival of 100 percent . Conclusions: Total excision of the transanal mesorectum combined with laparoscopic surgery is a feasible and safe technique. The introduction of the variant technique using the instruments of endoscopic transanal microsurgery is more ergonomic and reduces costs(AU)

Prognosis of Mesorectal Tumor Deposits in Patients with Rectal Cancer Treated with Neoadjuvant Chemoradiotherapy and Total Mesorectal Excision.

BACKGROUND: Tumor deposits (TDs) are associated with adverse prognostic factors and decreased survival in colon cancer. However, there is no information of their survival impact in rectal cancer with neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (n-CRT). METHODS: Retrospective study in 223 patients with rectal cancer with n-CRT. A survival analysis of factors associated with decreased overall survival (OS) including TDs was performed. RESULTS: From 223 patients, 131 (58.7%) were men, mean age 59.8 (± 13.06) years, and 42 (18.8%) of them revealed TDs. Survival analysis of TDs showed no association with mortality. Factors associated with decreased 5-year OS were the histologic grade (p = 0.42), perineural invasion (p = 0.001), and mesorectal quality (p = 0.067). Perineural invasion (HR = 2.335, 95% CI = 1.198-4.552) remained as independent factor in the multivariate analysis. CONCLUSIONS: TDs were not associated with mortality in rectal cancer patients treated with n-CRT. Factors associated with decreased survival were inadequate mesorectal quality and perineural invasion.

Calidad oncológica en cirugía del cáncer de recto / Oncologic quality of the surgical resection in rectum cancer / Qualidade oncológica na cirurgia de câncer de reto

Introducción: el pronóstico del cáncer de recto depende, entre otros factores, de la calidad oncológica de la resección quirúrgica, entre los que se deben incluir la correcta disección del mesorrecto y un adecuado número de ganglios linfáticos. Objetivos: describir los principales factores que determinan la calidad de la cirugía de resección por cáncer de recto en la Clínica Quirúrgica 2 del Hospital Maciel. Pacientes y método: 36 pacientes operados de coordinación en el período 2012 a 2016. Resultados: la disección mesorrectal fue completa en el 60% de los casos, y en más del 50% se obtuvo un número aceptable de ganglios linfáticos. Discusión: la calidad oncológica de la cirugía por cáncer de recto depende de mútiples factores, entre los que destacamos el volumen anual de cirugías, la experiencia del equipo, factores del paciente (sexo, índice de masa corporal) y de la enfermedad (topografía baja, estadio, respuesta a la neoadyuvancia). Conclusiones: los resultados obtenidos pueden considerarse oncológicamente satisfactorios.

Introduction: The prognosis of rectal cancer depends, among other factors, on the oncologic quality of the surgical resection, including the correct dissection of the meso-rectum and adequate lymph node dissection Objectives: to describe the prognostic factors present in rectal cancer resections at the Surgical Clinic 2 of the Maciel Hospital. Patients and methods: 36 patients underwent coordinated surgery procedures between 2012 and 2016. Results: meso-rectal dissection was complete in 60% of the cases, and an acceptable number of lymph nodes were obtained in over 50% of cases. Discussion: the quality of oncologic surgery for rectal cancer depends on several factors, being it possible to highlight the number of surgeries per year, the team's experience, patient's factors (sex, body mass index) and disease (low topography, stage, response to neoadyuvancy), among others. Conclusions: the results obtained can be considered oncologically satisfactory.

Introdução: o prognóstico do câncer de reto depende, entre outros fatores, da qualidade oncológica da ressecção cirúrgica, da correta dissecção mesorretal e do número adequado de gânglios linfáticos obtidos. Objetivos: descrever os principais fatores que determinam a qualidade da cirurgia de ressecção por câncer de reto na Clínica Quirúrgica 2 do Hospital Maciel. Pacientes e métodos: 36 pacientes operados em cirurgias eletivas no período 2012­2016. Resultados: a dissecção mesorretal foi completa em 60% dos casos, e em mais de 50% um número aceitável de gânglios linfáticos foi obtido. Discussão: a qualidade oncológica da cirurgia por câncer de reto depende de múltiplos fatores entre os quais destacamos o volume anual de cirurgias, a experiência da equipe cirúrgica, os fatores do paciente (sexo e índice de massa corporal) e da enfermidade (topografia baja, estádio, resposta à terapia neoadjuvante). Conclusões: os resultados obtidos podem ser considerados satisfatórios do ponto de vista oncológico.

[Functional impairment and quality of life after rectal cancer surgery]. / Afectación funcional y calidad de vida tras cirugía de cáncer rectal.

OBJECTIVE: This study determines the quality of life and the anorectal function of these patients. METHOD: Observational study of two cohorts comparing patients undergoing rectal tumor surgery using TaETM or conventional ETM after a minimum of six months of intestinal transit reconstruction. EORTC-30, EORTC-29 quality of life questionnaires and the anorectal function assessment questionnaire (LARS score) are applied. General variables are also collected. RESULTS: 31 patients between 2011 and 2014: 15 ETM group and 16 TaETM. We do not find statistically significant differences in quality of life questionnaires or in anorectal function. Statistically significant general variables: longer surgical time in the TaETM group. Nosocomial infection and minor suture failure in the TaETM group. CONCLUSION: The performance of TaETM achieves the same results in terms of quality of life and anorectal function as conventional ETM.

ANTECEDENTES: La técnica de referencia de la cirugía rectal sigue siendo la escisión total del mesorrecto (ETM), en la que se aplica la laparoscopia por sus ventajas. El intento de evitar el 17% de reconversión hace que se apliquen técnicas transanales. La ETM transanal (TaETM) se lleva a cabo por grupos experimentales con buenos resultados oncológicos y de morbimortalidad. OBJETIVO: Este estudio determina la calidad de vida y la función anorrectal de estos pacientes. MÉTODO: Estudio observacional de dos cohortes que compara pacientes intervenidos por tumor rectal mediante TaETM o ETM convencional después de 6 meses mínimo de la reconstrucción del tránsito intestinal. Se aplican los cuestionarios de calidad de vida EORTC-30 y EORTC-29, y el cuestionario de valoración de función anorrectal (LARS score). También se recogen variables generales. RESULTADOS: Entre 2011 y 2014 fueron intervenidos 31 pacientes: 15 en el grupo de ETM y 16 en el de TaETM. No se encuentran diferencias estadísticamente significativas en cuanto a cuestionarios de calidad de vida ni respecto a la función anorrectal. Variables generales estadísticamente significativas: tiempo quirúrgico mayor en el grupo TaETM, e infección nosocomial y fallo de sutura menores en el grupo TaETM. CONCLUSIÓN: La realización de TaETM obtiene los mismos resultados en cuanto a calidad de vida y función anorrectal que la ETM convencional. BACKGROUND: The gold standard of rectal surgery remains total mesorrectal excision (ETM) in which laparoscopy is applied for its advantages. The attempt to avoid 17% conversion rate implies that transanal techniques are applied. Transanal ETM (TaETM) is performed by experimental groups with good oncological and morbimortality results.

Mesorectal pathologic assessment in two grades predicts accurately recurrence, positive circumferential margin, and correlates with survival.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: We aimed to determine the prognostic value of the mesorectum quality assessed in a two-grade system compared with a classic system. METHODS: Consecutive patients undergoing surgery for rectal cancer were included (n = 103). Mesorectum was assessed into three grades (classic system: complete, nearly complete, incomplete) and compared with a two-grade system (adequate, inadequate). RESULTS: Mesorectum was complete in 62 (60.25%) patients, nearly complete in 21, and incomplete in 20. Reassessment showed adequate mesorectum in 83 (80.5%) patients and inadequate in 20. A R0 resection was achieved in 90.4% of adequate mesorectum and in 65% of inadequate mesorectum (P = 0.006). Recurrence was present in 18% of adequate mesorectum patients as compared with 50% of inadequate mesorectum (P = 0.003). The classic system failed to accurately predict the 5-year survival rate between complete (78.9%) and nearly complete (86.2%) categories (P = 0.235); whereas a two grading system showed a 5-year survival rate of 80.8% for adequate versus 39.3% for inadequate (P = 0.034). CONCLUSION: High recurrence occurred in inadecuate mesorectum patients and was correlated with R1/R2 resections, positive margins, and decreased survival. We propose a simplified classification of mesorectum that correlates with survival and overall recurrence.

TAMIS with partial excision of mesorectum and primary closure of rectal wound using vloc / TAMIS com excisão parcial do mesorreto e fechamento primário da ferida retal usando vloc

Background: Transanal Minimally Invasive Surgery has proven to be a viable alternative in the treatment of rectal tumors; however, rectal wound closure can be challenging. We describe our experience with this procedure using the vloc suture device. Resume: Eight successful Transanal Minimally Invasive Surgery with primary wound closure using vloc were performed in 5 men, 62 years mean age; all cases had pre-operative diagnosis of adenoma with high-grade dysplasia. The surgical anatomic-pathologic results showed 6 adenomas with high-grade dysplasia and 2 well differentiated adenocarcinomas, limited to the upper third of the submucosa (pT1SM1) without lymphatic or vascular invasion. All lesions were resected with negative margins. No patient reported during follow-up rectal pain, fecal incontinence or bleeding. Conclusion: The use of vloc in rectal wound closure during Transanal Minimally Invasive Surgery is secure and facilitates the procedure. (AU).

Tema: Cirurgia Minimamente Invasiva Transanal (TAMIS) tem provado ser uma alternativa viável para o tratamento de tumores do reto, porém o fechamento da ferida rectal pode ser desafiadante. Nós descrevemos nossa experiência com este procedimento utilizando o dispositivo de sutura vloc. Resumo: Oito TAMIS foram realizados com sucesso com o fechamento primário da ferida usando vloc, cinco homens, com idade média de 62 anos, todos os casos tiveram diagnóstico pré-operatório de adenoma com displasia de alto grau. Os resultados anátomo-patológicos pós-operatório demonstraram: 6 adenomas com displasia de alto grau e 2 adenocarcinomas bem diferenciados, limitado ao terço superior da submucosa (pT1SM1), sem invasão linfática ou vascular. Todas as lesões foram ressecados com margens negativas. Nenhum paciente relatou durante o seguimento dor rectal, incontinência fecal ou sangramento. Conclusão: O uso de vloc no fechamento da ferida retal durante TAMIS é seguro e facilita o procedimento. (AU).

Resección mesorrectal total y anastomosis coloanal con reservorio colónico en J para el tratamiento de los cánceres de recto medio y bajo / Total mesorectum resection and coloanal anastomosis with J colonic reservoir for treatment of medium and low rectum cancer

INTRODUCCIÓN. La proctosigmoidectomía con resección mesorrectal total, reservorio en J y anastomosis coloanal es útil en los pacientes con cánceres de recto medio y bajo, para evitar la colostomía terminal definitiva. El objetivo de este trabajo fue analizar la factibilidad de dicha técnica quirúrgica, el tratamiento integral multidisciplinario y los resultados obtenidos. MÉTODOS. Se estudiaron 15 pacientes que padecían adenocarcinomas de recto medio y bajo, tratados entre enero de 1996 y diciembre de 2002 en el servicio de Cirugía Esplácnica del Instituto Nacional de Oncología y Radiobiología de La Habana. El tratamiento consistió en una combinación de radioterapia más quimioterapia concurrentes neoadyuvantes, seguidas de cirugía y quimioterapia adyuvante. RESULTADOS. La edad promedio de los pacientes fue de 56 años. El adenocarcinoma fue el tipo histológico diagnosticado en todos los pacientes. La estadificación de los tumores fue la siguiente: T1 y T2, 4 pacientes (27 por ciento, respectivamente); T3, 7 pacientes (46 por ciento). Cuatro pacientes (20 por ciento) se complicaron como consecuencia del tratamiento radiante y 5 (33,3 por ciento), a causa del tratamiento quirúrgico. La mortalidad quirúrgica fue de 1 paciente (6,6 por ciento) y 11 pacientes (73,3 por ciento) sobrevivieron más de 5 años. Ningún paciente presentó recidiva tumoral pélvica ni de la anastomosis coloanal. Se logró buena continencia esfinteriana. CONCLUSIONES. La resección mesorrectal total y anastomosis coloanal con reservorio colónico en J evita la colostomía terminal definitiva, cura a un alto porcentaje de pacientes con cánceres de recto medio y bajo, no transgrede los principios de la cirugía oncológica, es bien aceptada por los pacientes y es factible en nuestro medio(AU)

INTRODUCTION: Proctosigmoidectomy with total mesorectum resection, reservoir in J and colorectal is useful in patients with low and middle rectum cancer, to avoid the definite terminal colostomy. The aim of present paper was to analyze the feasibility of such surgical technique, the multidisciplinary integral treatment and the results obtained. METHODS: Fifteen patients were studied suffering of low and middle adenocarcinoma treated between January, 1996 and December, 2002 in Splanchnic Surgery Service of National Institute of Oncology and Radiobiology of La Habana City. Treatment included a combination of radiotherapy plus neocoadjuvant concurrent chemotherapy, followed by adjuvant chemotherapy and surgery. RESULTS: Mean age of patients was of 56 years. The adenocarcinoma was the histological type diagnosed in all patients. Tumor staging the following: T1 and T2, in four patients (27 percent, respectively); T3 in seven patients (46 percent). Four patients (20 percent) had complications due to radiation treatment and five (33,3 percent), by surgical treatment. Surgical mortality occurred in one patient (6,6 percent) and eleven patients (73,3 percent) survived over 5 years. Neither patient had pelvic tumor relapse or by colorectal anastomosis. There was good sphincter continence. CONCLUSIONS: Total mesorectum resection and colorectal anastomosis with a colonic reservoir in J prevent the definite terminal colostomy, to cure a high percentage of patients with low and middle rectum cancer without respecting the oncology surgery principles, is well accepted by patients and it is feasible in our practice(AU)