Impact of Iron Mining Activity on the Endophytic Fungal Community of Aspilia grazielae.

Aspilia grazielae (J. U. Santos) is an endemic plant species in Morro do Urucum in the Pantanal wetland (Brazil). A. grazielae is used for the restoration of areas impacted by iron mining activities. This study evaluates the diversity (composition, value and abundance) of endophytic fungal communities, considering parts of the plant and soil condition. The leaves and roots of A. grazielae were collected from native vegetation areas (NVA) and recovery areas (RCA) in Morro do Urucum. Illumina sequencing technology was used to investigate variation in endophytic fungal biodiversity. The operational taxonomic units detected in NVA ranged from 183 to 263 (leaf) and 115 to 285 (root), while RCA samples ranged from 200 to 282 (leaf) and 156 to 348 (root). Ascomycota phylum was the most common species among all plant samples. The most significant classes identified were Lecanoromycetes and Dothideomycetes that differed significantly (p ≤ 0.05) according to their plant hosts and soil stress. The relative abundance of Pestalotiopsis (Sordariomycetes class) and Stereocaulon (Lecanoromycetes class) genera was influenced by the iron mining activities according to the leaf samples analysed. However, the abundance and wealth of endophytic fungal communities in A. grazielae from RCA were evidence that could explain their high resilience to environmental disturbances and the source-sink dynamics of fungal propagules.

La participación ciudadana en las actividades mineras en Colombia / Citizen Participation in Mining Activities in Colombia

Resumen Por medio del presente artículo de investigación se pretende analizar desarrollo jurídico y democrático que ha representado, en los últimos años, para Colombia un mecanismo de participación ciudadana, como lo es la consulta popular, en las actividades mineras a través de las cuales se permite la exploración y explotación de los recursos naturales yacentes en el subsuelo. La investigación se desarrolló a partir del Método Cualitativo, aplicándose los métodos tradicionales de interpretación, que permitieron el análisis a los pronunciamientos realizados por la Corte Constitucional.

Abstract The purpose of this research article is to analyze the legal and democratic development that has represented, in recent years, for Colombia a mechanism of citizen participation, such as the popular consultation, in mining activities through which the exploration and exploitation of natural resources lying in the subsoil is allowed. The research was developed based on the Qualitative Method, by applying the traditional methods of interpretation, which allowed the analysis of the pronouncements made by the Constitutional Court.

Anthropogenic influence on surface changes at the Olivares glaciers; Central Chile.

We have investigated the source and role of light-absorbing impurities (LAIs) deposited on the glaciers of the Olivares catchment, in Central Chile. LAIs can considerably darken (lowered albedo) the glacier surface, enhancing their melt. We combined chemical and mineralogical laboratory analyses of surface and ice core samples with field-based spectral reflectance measurements to investigate the nature and properties of such LAIs. Using remote sensing-based albedo maps, we upscaled local information to glacier-wide coverage. We then used a model to evaluate the sensitivity of surface mass balance to a change in ice and snow albedo. The across-scale surface observations in combination with ice core analysis revealed a history of over half a century of LAIs deposition. We found traces of mining residuals in glacier surface samples. The glaciers with highest mass loss in the catchment present enhanced concentrations of surface dust particles with low reflectance properties. Our results indicate that dust particles with strong light-absorbing capacity have been mobilized from mine tailings and deposited on the nearby glacier surfaces. Large-scale assessment from satellite-based observations revealed darkening (ice albedo lowering) at most investigated glacier tongues from 1989 to 2018. Glacier melt is sensitive to ice albedo. We believe that an accelerated winter and spring snow albedo decrease, partially triggered by surface impurities, might be responsible for the above-average mass loss encountered in this catchment.

Impacts of the Goldmining and Chronic Methylmercury Exposure on the Good-Living and Mental Health of Munduruku Native Communities in the Amazon Basin.

This paper is an exploratory study that examines the illegal goldmining impacts on Munduruku communities' "Good-Living" (Xipan Jewewekukap) and explores the possible relationship between chronic methylmercury (MeHg) exposure and the worsening mental health conditions in three villages in the Middle-Tapajós River, Brazilian Amazon. The region has been experiencing a long-lasting threat of goldminers' invasions. A total of 109 people were interviewed and evaluated. Total mercury (THg) exposure levels were evaluated through hair samples analysis, from which MeHg exposure levels were calculated. The Geriatric Depression Scale-Short Form (GDS-SF) was used as a screening tool in order to assess mental health indicators. Brief non-structured interviews were carried out to investigate how goldmining is impacting the communities Good-Living. A Poisson regression model was used to estimate the possible association between mental health indicators (assessed through the GDS-SF) and the following independent variables: (i) mercury exposure level (<10.0 µg/g vs. ≥10.0 µg/g), (ii) self-reported nervousness, (iii) self-reported irritability, (iv) age group, and (v) monthly income. The analysis revealed high levels of mercury in hair samples (median: 7.4 µg/g, range 2.0-22.8; 70% and 28% of the participants had THg levels ≥6.0 and ≥10.0 µg/g, respectively) and pointed to a tendency in which higher levels of methylmercury exposure (Hg ≥ 10.0 µg/g) could be linked to worse mental health indicators. Although the GDS-SF has presented limitations due to the Munduruku sociocultural context, our findings suggest a tendency of worse mental health indicators in participants presenting high levels of MeHg exposure. Despite this limitation, the qualitative approach indicates an evident association between the impacts of goldmining and the Munduruku people's decreasing autonomy to maintain a Good-Living on their own terms, pointing to the importance of carrying out new investigations, especially considering longitudinal studies with qualitative methodologies and ethnographic approaches.

Mercury Exposure in Munduruku Indigenous Communities from Brazilian Amazon: Methodological Background and an Overview of the Principal Results.

The Amazonian indigenous peoples depend on natural resources to live, but human activities' growing impacts threaten their health and livelihoods. Our objectives were to present the principal results of an integrated and multidisciplinary analysis of the health parameters and assess the mercury (Hg) exposure levels in indigenous populations in the Brazilian Amazon. We carried out a cross-sectional study based on a census of three Munduruku indigenous villages (Sawré Muybu, Poxo Muybu, and Sawré Aboy), located in the Sawré Muybu Indigenous Land, between 29 October and 9 November 2019. The investigation included: (i) sociodemographic characterization of the participants; (ii) health assessment; (iii) genetic polymorphism analysis; (iv) hair mercury determination; and (v) fish mercury determination. We used the logistic regression model with conditional Prevalence Ratio (PR), with the respective 95% confidence intervals (CI95%) to explore factors associated with mercury exposure levels ≥6.0 µg/g. A total of 200 participants were interviewed. Mercury levels (197 hair samples) ranged from 1.4 to 23.9 µg/g, with significant differences between the villages (Kruskal-Wallis test: 19.9; p-value < 0.001). On average, the general prevalence of Hg exposure ≥ 6.0 µg/g was 57.9%. For participants ≥12 years old, the Hg exposure ≥6.0 µg/g showed associated with no regular income (PR: 1.3; CI95%: 1.0-1.8), high blood pressure (PR: 1.6; CI95%: 1.3-2.1) and was more prominent in Sawré Aboy village (PR: 1.8; CI95%: 1.3-2.3). For women of childbearing age, the Hg exposure ≥6.0 µg/g was associated with high blood pressure (PR: 1.9; CI95%: 1.2-2.3), with pregnancy (PR: 1.5; CI95%: 1.0-2.1) and was more prominent among residents in Poxo Muybu (PR: 1.9; CI95%: 1.0-3.4) and Sawré Aboy (PR: 2.5; CI95%: 1.4-4.4) villages. Our findings suggest that chronic mercury exposure causes harmful effects to the studied indigenous communities, especially considering vulnerable groups of the population, such as women of childbearing age. Lastly, we propose to stop the illegal mining in these areas and develop a risk management plan that aims to ensure the health, livelihoods, and human rights of the indigenous people from Amazon Basin.

Assessment of iron-rich tailings via portable X-ray fluorescence spectrometry: the Mariana dam disaster, southeast Brazil.

On November 5, 2015, the Fundão dam collapsed and released > 60 million m3 of iron-rich mining sediments into the Doce river basin, covering >1000 ha of floodplain soils across ~80 km from the rupture. The characterization of alluvial mud covering and/or mixed with native soil is a priority for successful environmental rehabilitation. Portable X-ray fluorescence (pXRF) spectrometry was used to (1) assess the elemental composition of native soils and alluvial mud across impacted riparian areas; and 2) predict fertility properties of the mud and soils that are crucial for environmental rehabilitation and vegetation establishment (e.g., pH, available macro and micronutrients, cation exchange capacity, organic matter). Native soils and alluvial mud were sampled across impacted areas and analyzed via pXRF and conventional laboratory methods. Random forest (RF) regression was used to predict fertility properties using pXRF data for pooled soil and alluvial mud samples. Mud and native surrounding soils were clearly differentiated based on chemical properties determined via pXRF (mainly SiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3, TiO2, and MnO). The pXRF data and RF models successfully predicted pH for pooled samples (R2 = 0.80). Moderate predictions were obtained for soil organic matter (R2 = 0.53) and cation exchange capacity (R2 = 0.54). Considering the extent of impacted area and efforts required for successful environmental rehabilitation, the pXRF spectrometer showed great potential for screening impacted areas. It can assess total elemental composition, differentiate alluvial mud from native soils, and reasonably predict related fertility properties in pooled heterogeneous substrates (native soil + mud + river sediments).

Small is better: comparing the efficiency of two Surber samplers' sizes for biomonitoring programs in tropical headwater streams in the Amazon region.

This study aimed to compare the efficiency of two different sizes of the Surber sampler to assess benthic macroinvertebrates in headwater streams in two Amazonian regions. Two Surber samplers of different sizes were used, one measuring 20 × 20 cm and the other 30 × 30 cm, both with a 0.25-mm net. The number of replicates taken was 6 for the smaller sampler and 3 for the bigger one, maintaining approximately the same total sampled area. The study was carried out in 12 headwater streams with different environmental conditions. Biological metrics were calculated for each size at each site and compared within each stream health category. A two-way analysis of similarities test was performed to compare the community structure assessed by each method at each stream. A normalized sampling effort was used to quantify the number of samples required to correctly sample each site. The data did not show a significant difference between the two sizes regarding the taxonomic recruitment and the community structure sampled at each stream, but differences were found between the two sizes in dominance values and in Shannon index scores for the natural sites. Furthermore, the smaller Surber was able to assess 70% of the estimated richness in all sites, which suggests that it is better to assess benthic macroinvertebrates than the larger Surber. Moreover, the smaller Surber is easier to transport in the field, reducing the effort of the technician, and takes less time to sort the material collected with it, which can reduce the sample processing effort, therefore reducing the cost of the project.

Niobium-Titanium-Based Photocatalysts: Its Potentials for Free Cyanide Oxidation in Residual Aqueous Effluent.

Organic compounds are employed as additives to increase the dissolution speed of gold, in concentrations around 1 g/L when using cyanidation, thereby forming a residual aqueous effluent with high amounts of free cyanides and organic compounds, which generate metallic complexes difficult to degrade. To increase the photodegradation efficiency, promising niobium and titanium porous materials are proposed as photocatalysts, due to their role in simultaneous oxidation and reduction reactions. In the process of cyanide oxidation, NbO5 0.3H2O was doped with titanium oxalate (IV) of 0.5, 1, and 1.5%; and HTiNbO5 were synthesized, from the mixture of NbO5 with TiO2 Degussa-P25, by coprecipitation, impregnation, and solid state. The determination of its elemental composition, morphological and textural properties were carried out by using various XRD techniques, Raman spectroscopy, SEM/EDS and acidity by pyridine. The experiments of photocatalytic oxidation of cyanide used one semibatch reactor with ultraviolet irradiation 125 W in a pH range of 9.5-12. The catalyst with the highest percentage of degradation was HTiNbO5 93.7%, which is attributed to the microstructure of the double layer and Lewis acidity sites, followed by NbTi-1% 92.9% and the Nb2O5.3H2O 82.4%, being the majority product cyanate, proposing its mechanism of reaction. Characterization experiments indicated Nb-O-Ti bridges that have been associated with the control of redox properties of the niobium species and Ti-O-Nb = O, which could be generating a greater number of e-H +pairs, increasing the photocatalytic activity. It is considered that the method of synthesis has a strong influence in changing the morphology of the particles such as porosity, specific surface and factors such as the acidity of niobium-based catalysts, which are important to achieving efficiency in degradation. Niobium-Titanium photocatalysts proved to be an excellent new breakthrough in Advanced Oxidation Technologies (AOT), to eliminate cyanide in wastewater from mining activities.

Aquatic Oligochaete Communities in Amazonian Streams, Saracá-Taquera National Forest, Pará, Brazil / Comunidade de oligoquetos aquáticos em riachos amazônicos, Floresta Nacional Saracá-Taquera, Pará, Brasil

Abstract: The aim of this study was to analyze aquatic oligochaete distribution in relation to water column physicochemical variables, structural environmental variation, and predominant substrates in the preserved Amazonian streams of the Saracá-Taquera National Forest (FLONA Saracá-Taquera), northwest Pará, Brazil. Oligochaetes are widely used as bioindicators for monitoring aquatic environments as they are very sensitive to pollution and environmental changes. Physicochemical and structural variables were measured from 100 stream segments in order to understand the distribution of oligochaetes in Amazonian streams. Biotic samples were collected using Surber samplers in three of the most predominant substrate types in each segment. PERMANOVA testing showed that there was a significant difference in the oligochaete community among some substrates, potentially caused by a difference in the abundance of the most common taxa. Canonical Correspondence Analysis showed that physical variables drive the distribution of oligochaetes in preserved Amazonian streams, as they determine the formation of different substrates along the stream, from the source to the mouth; favoring the presence of oligochaetes with more specific ecological needs in low-order streams, and the presence of oligochaetes capable of colonizing various types of substrates and deeper zones in high-order streams. These results suggest that water depth and channel width are the main drivers of aquatic oligochaete distribution along Amazonian streams, determining the formation of unstable and low-quality substrates and, consequently, the low colonization by oligochaetes in high-order streams; and more diverse and stable substrate formation in low-order streams, favoring the colonization by diverse taxa of aquatic oligochaetes in low-order Amazonian streams.

Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar a distribuição da comunidade de oligoquetos em relação às variáveis físico-químicas da coluna da água, variação estrutural do ambiente, e substratos predominantes em riachos amazônicos conservados na FLONA Saracá-Taquera, noroeste do Pará, Brasil. Oligochaetes são amplamente utilizados como bioindicadores para monitoramento de ambientes aquáticos, pois são muito sensíveis à poluição e às mudanças ambientais. Variáveis físico-químicas e estruturais de 100 trechos de riachos foram mensuradas para entender a distribuição de oligoquetos em riachos amazônicos. Amostras bióticas foram coletadas com amostrador Surber em três dos tipos de substratos mais predominantes em cada trecho. A PERMANOVA mostrou que há uma diferença significativa da comunidade de oligoquetos entre alguns substratos, possivelmente baseada nas diferenças no número do táxon mais comum. A Análise de Correspondência Canônica mostrou que as variáveis físicas controlam a distribuição da comunidade de oligoquetos em riachos amazônicos preservados, porque estas variáveis determinam a formação dos diferentes substratos ao longo do riacho, desde a nascente até a foz, favorecendo a presença de oligoquetos com necessidades ecológicas mais específicas em riachos de baixa ordem, e oligoquetos capazes de colonizar diferentes tipos de substrato e zonas mais profundas em riachos de ordem maior. Os resultados deste trabalho sugerem que a profundidade da água e a largura do canal são as variáveis que controlam a distribuição da comunidade de oligoquetos em riachos amazônicos, determinando a formação de substratos instáveis e de baixa qualidade, e consequentemente baixa colonização de oligoquetos, em riachos de ordem maior; e formação de substratos mais diversificados, mais estáveis e de qualidade em riachos de baixa ordem, favorecendo a colonização de diversos taxa de oligoquetos aquáticos em riachos amazônicos de baixa ordem.

Spatial variability and geochemistry of rare earth elements in soils from the largest uranium-phosphate deposit of Brazil.

The Itataia uranium-phosphate deposit is the largest uranium reserve in Brazil. Rare earth elements (REEs) are commonly associated with phosphate deposits; however, there are no studies on the concentrations of REEs in soils of the Itataia deposit region. Thus, the objective of the research was to evaluate the concentration and spatial variability of REEs in topsoils of Itataia phosphate deposit region. In addition, the influence of soil properties on the geochemistry of REEs was investigated. Results showed that relatively high mean concentrations (mg kg-1) of heavy REEs (Gd 6.01; Tb 1.25; Ho 1.15; Er 4.05; Tm 0.64; Yb 4.61; Lu 0.65) were found in surface soils samples. Soil properties showed weak influence on the geochemical behavior of REEs in soils, except for the clay content. On the other hand, parent material characteristics, such as P and U, had strong influence on REEs concentrations. Spatial distribution patterns of REEs in soils are clearly associated with P and U contents. Therefore, geochemical surveys aiming at the delineation of ore-bearing zones in the region can benefit from our data. The results of this work reinforce the perspective for co-mining of P, U and REEs in this important P-U reserve.

Speciation and quantification of Hg in sediments contaminated by artisanal gold mining in the Gualaxo do Norte River, Minas Gerais, SE, Brazil.

The Iron Quadrangle in SE Brazil was, in the eighteenth century, one of the most important Au producing regions of Brazil. In this region, gold is produced, even today, by artisanal methods that use Hg to increase the extraction efficiency with no control of Hg release to water systems and the atmosphere. In this context, the Gualaxo do Norte River is of particular interest; its springs are located in the Doce River basin, an important Brazilian basin that supplies water for 3.5 million people. The main goal of this work was to quantify and speciate the Hg in the sediments of the Gualaxo do Norte River using a direct mercury analyzer and gas chromatography-pyrolysis-atomic fluorescence detection system. Statistical analyses consisted of principal component analysis, aiming to assess interactions among elements and species and to group the variables in factors affecting the properties of sediment. The results show that total Hg (THg) and methylmercury (CH3Hg+) concentrations in samples ranged from 209 to 1207 µg kg-1 and from 0.07 to 1.00 µg kg-1, respectively (methylation percentages from 0.01 to 0.27%). Thermal desorption analysis showed that mercury is mainly present in the oxidized form, and correlation analyses pointed to a relationship between THg and MnO, indicating that manganese can oxidize and/or adsorb Hg. Together, MO and CH3Hg+ are important parameters in the third principal component, indicating the influence of OM on the methylation process. This first investigation on Hg methylation in this small-scale gold mining area points to the possibility of Hg bioaccumulation and to the need of better understanding the biogeochemical cycle of Hg in this area. Samples were collected in 2012, prior to the 2015 Fundão Dam disaster. The results are also a record of the characteristics of the sediment prior to that event.

Metales pesados (Cd, Cu, V, Pb) en agua lluvia de la zona de mayor influencia de la mina de carbón en La Guajira, Colombia / Heavy metals (Cd, Cu, V, Pb) in rainwater in the most influence area of the coal mine in La Guajira, Colombia / Metais pesados (Cd, Cu, V, Pb) na água de chuva na área de influência da mina de carvão em La Guajira, Colômbia

Resumen Con el objetivo de medir la influencia que ejercen las actividades mineras de la explotación del carbón sobre la calidad del aire en las comunidades ubicadas en el área de influencia al norte de Colombia, se realizó una medición de los niveles de los metales pesados Cu, Cd, V y Pb en 21 muestras de agua lluvia. Este estudio se realizó por periodo de un año, mediante espectrometría de absorción atómica electrométrica. El promedio de las concentraciones de los metales fueron: Cu 23,47 ± 13,97 µg/L, Cd 4,72 ± 3,29 µg/L y V 11,25 ± 6,75 µg/L. Los resultados sugieren que la atmósfera no se encuentra contaminada por Pb, pero las actividades mineras (las excavaciones y voladuras, la combustión de combustibles fósiles, de crudos de petróleo y gasoil, las fuentes de tráfico vehicular, etc.) afectan significativamente la presencia y los niveles de los demás metales incluidos en el estudio. La contaminación en la zona influye en que el agua lluvia no cumpla con las normas de calidad, tanto a nivel nacional como internacional, ya que los parámetros de pH y Cd superan los límites permisibles y por tanto no es apta para el consumo humano.

Abstract To measure the influence of coal mining activities on air quality in northern Colombia, a first approach was made to assess pollution by measuring the levels of the heavy metals Cu, Cd, V, and Pb in 21 samples of rainfall over a one year period, by the electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry technique. The average concentrations of metals in the study area in wet precipitation were: Cu 23.47 ± 13.97 µg/L, Cd4.72 ± 3.29 µg/L y V 11.25 ± 6.75 µg/L. The results suggest that the atmosphere is not polluted by Pb, but mining activities (excavation and blasting, combustion of fossil fuels, crude oil and gas oil, and vehicular traffic sources) may significantly affect the presence and the levels of the other studied metals. Contamination in the area makes rain water infringe the quality standards, both nationally and internationally, since the parameters of pH and Cd exceed the permissible limits, therefore it is not suitable for human consumption.

Resumo A fim de medir a influência que exercem as atividades de mineração de carvão sobre a qualidade do ar nas comunidades localizadas na área de influência ao norte da Colômbia, foram medidos os níveis de metais pesados Cu, Cd, V e Pb em 21 amostras de água da chuva. Este estudo foi feito ao longo de um ano, mediante espectrometria de absorção atômica eletrométrica. As concentrações médias dos metais foram: Cu 23,47 ± 13,97 µg/L, Cd 4,72 ± 3,29 µg/L e V 11,25 ± 6,75 µg/L. Os resultados sugerem que a atmosfera não está contaminada por Pb, mas as atividades de mineração (escavação e detonação, a queima de combustíveis fósseis, petróleo bruto e diesel, e o tráfego de veículos) afetam significativamente a presença e os níveis dos outros metais incluídos no estudo. A poluição faz que a água da chuva não atenda aos padrões de qualidade, tanto a nível nacional como internacional, posto que os parâmetros de pH e Cd excedem os limites admissíveis e, portanto, fazem que à água seja imprópria para consumo humano.

Genotoxicity in adult residents in mineral coal region-a cross-sectional study.

The present study assessed the DNA damage in environmentally exposed volunteers living in seven municipalities in an industrial coal region, through the use of the comet assay with blood cells and the micronucleus test with buccal cells. Blood and buccal smears were collected from 320 male volunteers living in seven cities inserted in a coal region. They were ages of 18 and 50 years and also completed a questionnaire intended to identify factors associated with DNA damage through a Poisson regression analysis. The comet assay detected significant differences in DNA damage in volunteers from different municipalities, and neighboring cities (Pedras Altas, Aceguá, and Hulha Negra) had a higher level of DNA damage in relation to control city. Some of the risk factors associated with identified DNA lesions included residence time and life habits. On the other hand, the micronucleus test did not identify differences between the cities studied, but the regression analysis identified risk factors such as age and life habits (consumption of mate tea and low carbohydrates diet). We conclude that there are differences in the DNA damage of volunteers from different cities of the carboniferous region, but the presence of micronuclei in the oral mucosa does not differ between the same cities. Furthermore, we alert that some related factors may increase the risk of genotoxicity, such as residence location and time, and living and food habits. Finally, we suggest the need for continuous biomonitoring of the population, as well as for investing in health promotion in these vulnerable populations.

Caracterización química de material particulado PM10 en la atmósfera de La Guajira, Colombia / Chemical characterization of particulated atmospheric matter PM10 in Guajira, Colombia / Caracterização química do material particulado PM10 na atmosfera da Guajira, Colombia

Durante el año 2013, se realizó un estudio en La Guajira, Colombia, con el fin de determinar la fracción respirable y la fracción acuosa del material particulado PM10, producto de las actividades mineras de carbón a cielo abierto que ocupan casi 30% del territorio; también se evaluó su asociación a fuentes naturales y antropogénicas. La recolección de filtros se realizó por medio de un sistema de monitoreo conformado por catorce estaciones mediante equipos muestreadores de alto volumen PM10 (Thermo Scientific VFC-PM10 High Volume Air Sampler). Para el análisis, los filtros de cuarzo fueron sometidos a extracción acuosa en caliente y se determinaron los iones por espectrofotometría UV-VIS. Las concentraciones más altas corresponden a la especies SO4(2-) (0,25 μg/m³), Cl- (0,19 μg/m³), NH4+ (0,032 μg/m³), Na+ (1,98 μg/m³), Ca2+ (0,40 μg/m³) y Mg2+ (0,31 μg/m³). Los resultados indican que las principales fuentes responsables del material particulado corresponden al aerosol marino impulsado por las corrientes (Cl- y Na+) de origen natural, y las actividades agrícolas, pecuarias (NTHl+) y mineras (SO4(2-), Ca2+ y Mg2+) de origen antropogénico.

During 2013, a study in La Guajira, Colombia, was conducted to characterize both aqueous and respirable fractions of particulate matter PM10, result of coal mining activities that occupy nearly 30% ofthe territory, and to evaluate its association with natural and anthropogenic sources. Filters collection was carried out through a monitoring system that consists in fourteen stations, using a high volume sampling equipment PM10 (Thermo Scientific VFC-PM10 High Volume Air Sampler). The extraction was done with hot water and the analysis by UV-VIS spectrophotometry. The highest concentrations correspond to SO4(2-) (0.25 μg/ m³), Cl- (0.19 μg/m³), NH4+ (0.032 μg/m³), Na+ (1.98 μg/m³), Ca2+ (0.40 μg/m³) and Mg2+ (0.31 μg/m³). Results indicate that the main responsible sources of t e c emical content in particulate matter correspond to marine aerosol, impulsed by sea currents (Cl-and Na+) from natural origin, and agricultural activities, livestock (NH4+) and mining (SO4(2-), Ca2+ and Mg2+) from anthropo genic origin.

Foi realizado um estudo no ano 2013 na Guajira, Colômbia, com fim de determinar a fração respirável e a fração aquosa do material particulado PM10 produto da mineração de carvão a céu aberto que ocupa quase 30% do território; também foi avaliada sua associação com fontes naturais e antropogénicas. A coleta de filtros foi realizada por um sistema de monitorização composta por quatorze estações utilizando equipamento de amostragem de alto volume de PM10 (Thermo Scientific VFC-PM10 High Volume Air Sampler). Para a análise, os filtros de quartzo foram submetidas à extração aquosa a quente e foram determinados os íons por espectrofotometria UV-VIS. As concentrações mais elevadas correspondem às espécies SO4(2-) (0,25 μg/m³), Cl- (0,19 μg/m³), NH4+, (0,032 μg/m³), Na+ (1,98 μg/m³), Ca2+ (0,40 μg/m³) e Mg2+ (0,31 μg/m³). Os resultados indicam que as principais fontes responsáveis do material particulado de origem natural correspondem ao aerossol marin o conduzido pelas correntes oceânicas (Cl- e Na+), as atividades agrícolas, pecuárias (NH4+) e mineiras (SO4(2-), Ca2+ e Mg2+) de origem antropogénica.

Aves de um remanescente florestal do Quadrilátero Ferrífero, Minas Gerais / Birds of a forest remnant in the Iron Quadrangle of Minas Gerais, southeastern Brazil

O Quadrilátero Ferrífero (QF), localizado em Minas Gerais, é líder mundial na produção de minerais metálicos, principalmente minério de ferro. Essa atividade mineradora é responsável pela modificação da paisagem com impactos ainda pouco estudados sobre a biodiversidade regional. O presente trabalho apresenta a lista de aves de um remanescente florestal da região, a Reserva Particular do Patrimônio Natural Mata Samuel de Paula. A reserva possui 147 ha localizados em área de transição entre a Mata Atlântica e o Cerrado, no município de Nova Lima. Sua vegetação é composta por floresta estacional semidecídua secundária, fitofisionomias campestres de cerrado e campos ferruginosos. O levantamento foi feito por observação em transecções e captura com redes ao longo de um ano. Registraram-se 159 espécies de aves, das quais foram avaliados hábitat e freqüência de ocorrência, sazonalidade e situação de migração, endemismo e conservação. A riqueza foi estimada em 188 espécies. A lista apresenta quatro espécies ameaçadas de extinção, além de 28 espécies endêmicas da Mata Atlântica, três do Cerrado e uma dos topos de montanha do sudeste do Brasil. A análise de inventários de outras cinco Unidades de Conservação do QF mostrou mais 50 espécies endêmicas, além de outras 20 ameaçadas de extinção. Encontrou-se forte relação entre o número de espécies endêmicas da Mata Atlântica, área e longitude das reservas, por regressão múltipla (R² = 0,91; p = 0,03), e entre o número de espécies ameaçadas e a área das reservas, por regressão simples (R² = 0,84; p = 0,01). Constatou-se ainda que grande parte das espécies ameaçadas é encontrada somente nas maiores reservas. A preservação do QF está ameaçada por fortes interesses econômicos e, apesar da destruição de habitat oriunda da exploração de suas qualidades minerais e da urbanização, existe carência de estudos sobre sua biodiversidade, ferramentas básicas para o planejamento de um sistema de reservas eficiente.

The Iron Quadrangle (IQ) is a region of southeastern Brazil known for having good-quality mineral deposits of worldwide economic importance. The iron extraction process causes large scale landscape transformations with unknown impact on the local biodiversity. This paper presents a bird list of a remnant forest fragment in the IQ. The surveyed area named "Mata Samuel de Paula" is a 147 ha conservation unit located in a transitional area between two large biomes: the Atlantic Forest and the Cerrado. Its vegetation is a mix of second-growth semi-deciduous forest, scrublands, and ferruginous rocky fields. Bird censuses were carried out during a one year period using observational transects and mist-net captures. A total of 159 species were recorded and richness was estimated to be about 188 species. Information on habitat, frequency of occurrence and seasonality, migratory, endemic, and conservation status were also obtained for each species. Four species recorded are threatened; twenty-eight species are endemic to the Atlantic Forest, three to the Cerrado, and one to particular mountain tops in southeastern Brazil. An analysis of bird lists from five other protected areas in IQ suggests that additional 50 endemic and 21 threatened species may exist in the region. Multiple regression showed a strong relationship between number of Atlantic Forest endemic species, area and longitude of natural reserves, a result also suggested by comparing the number of threatened species with the area of the reserves through simple regression. Results also indicate that a number of the threatened species are restricted to bigger reserves. The IQ is a valuable region for avian conservation efforts, but faces significant disturbance pressures from highly antagonistic economic interests. Despite the enormous threats the region faces, there are still large gaps in the baseline information yielded by biodiversity surveys, which is a basic tool for implementing effective conservation plans.