Mental health integrated care models in primary care and factors that contribute to their effective implementation: a scoping review.

BACKGROUND: In the state of Victoria, Australia, the 111-day lockdown due to the COVID-19 pandemic exacerbated the population's prevailing state of poor mental health. Of the 87% of Australians who visit their GP annually, 71% of health problems they discussed related to psychological issues. This review had two objectives: (1) To describe models of mental health integrated care within primary care settings that demonstrated improved mental health outcomes that were transferable to Australian settings, and (2) To outline the factors that contributed to the effective implementation of these models into routine practice. METHODS: A scoping review was undertaken to synthesise the evidence in order to inform practice, policymaking, and research. Data were obtained from PubMed, CINAHL and APA PsycINFO. RESULTS: Key elements of effective mental health integrated care models in primary care are: Co-location of mental health and substance abuse services in the primary care setting, presence of licensed mental health clinicians, a case management approach to patient care, ongoing depression monitoring for up to 24 months and other miscellaneous elements. Key factors that contributed to the effective implementation of mental health integrated care in routine practice are the willingness to accept and promote system change, integrated physical and mental clinical records, the presence of a care manager, adequate staff training, a healthy organisational culture, regular supervision and support, a standardised workflow plan and care pathways that included clear role boundaries and the use of outcome measures. The need to develop sustainable funding mechanisms has also been emphasized. CONCLUSION: Integrated mental health care models typically have a co-located mental health clinician who works closely with the GP and the rest of the primary care team. Implementing mental health integrated care models in Australia requires a 'whole of system' change. Lessons learned from the Mental Health Nurse Incentive Program could form the foundation on which this model is implemented in Australia.

Unidade local de saúde: Um modelo de integração vertical dos cuidados de saúde / Local health units: A vertical integration model of health care / Unidad local de salud: un modelo de integración vertical de los cuidados de salud

Resumo Enquadramento: As unidades locais de saúde (ULS) concretizam a integração de cuidados de natureza vertical, reunindo numa única entidade e com a mesma gestão, diferentes níveis de cuidados. Objetivos: Analisar o modelo organizacional das ULS e os potenciais ganhos económicos e em saúde. Metodologia: Estudo exploratório em que participaram cinco ULS que se localizam na zona norte e interior de Portugal. Os dados analisados incidiram sobre o acesso dos cidadãos aos cuidados de saúde, qualidade dos cuidados, eficiência produtiva e desempenho económico-financeiro, referentes ao período de 2015 a 2018. A fonte dos dados foi a Entidade Reguladora da Saúde (ERS) e a Administração Central do Sistema de Saúde (ACSS). Resultados: Pela análise dos dados da ACSS e da ERS parece haver evidência de que o modelo organizativo em ULS não traduz na prática ganhos económicos e em saúde. Conclusão: Na génese das ULS está o objetivo de criar uma melhor interligação dos diferentes níveis de cuidados, concluindo-se que este modelo de governação não aporta o valor acrescentado que teoricamente previa.

Abstract Background: The local health unit (Unidade Local de Saúde - ULS) model embodies the vertical integration of health care services, bringing together different levels of care within a single entity and under the same management. Objective: To analyze the ULS organizational model and its potential health and economic gains. Methodology: This is an exploratory study involving five ULSs located in Portugal's northern and inland areas. The data analyzed focused on citizens' access to health care, quality of care, productive efficiency, and economic and financial performance from 2015 to 2018. The Portuguese Health Regulation Authority (ERS) and the Central Administration of the Health System (ACSS) provided the data for analysis. Results: Considering the ACSS and ERS data analysis, there seems to be evidence that the ULS organizational model does not translate into economic and health gains. Conclusion: ULSs were created to allow a better interconnection between the different levels of care. However, this organizational management model does not provide the added value theoretically expected.

Resumen Marco contextual: Las unidades locales de salud (ULS) implementan la integración de los cuidados de carácter vertical reuniendo en una sola entidad y con la misma gestión diferentes niveles de cuidados. Objetivos: Analizar el modelo organizativo de las ULS y los posibles beneficios económicos y sanitarios. Metodología: Estudio exploratorio en el que participaron cinco ULS situadas en la zona del norte e interior de Portugal. Los datos analizados se centraron en el acceso de los ciudadanos a los cuidados de salud, la calidad de los cuidados, la eficiencia productiva y los resultados económico-financieros, para el período comprendido entre 2015 y 2018. La fuente de los datos fue la Entidad Reguladora de la Salud (ERS) y la Administración Central del Sistema de Salud (ACSS). Resultados: A través del análisis de los datos de la ACSS y de la ERS, parece que hay pruebas de que el modelo organizativo de las ULS no se traduce en la práctica en beneficios económicos y sanitarios. Conclusión: En la base de las ULS está el objetivo de crear una mejor interconexión entre los distintos niveles de cuidados, de lo que se concluye que este modelo de gobernanza no aporta el valor añadido que teóricamente prevé.

A framework for the oversight and local deployment of safe and high-quality prediction models.

Artificial intelligence/machine learning models are being rapidly developed and used in clinical practice. However, many models are deployed without a clear understanding of clinical or operational impact and frequently lack monitoring plans that can detect potential safety signals. There is a lack of consensus in establishing governance to deploy, pilot, and monitor algorithms within operational healthcare delivery workflows. Here, we describe a governance framework that combines current regulatory best practices and lifecycle management of predictive models being used for clinical care. Since January 2021, we have successfully added models to our governance portfolio and are currently managing 52 models.

Implementation of the Nursing Services Management Model in 16 hospitals / Implementación del Modelo de Gestión de Servicios de Enfermería en 16 hospitales / Implantação do Modelo de Gestão de Serviços de Enfermagem em 16 hospitais

ABSTRACT Objectives: to describe the main aspects and relevant results of the implementation of the Nursing Services Management Model in hospitals managed by social health organization, from 1998 to 2018. Methods: experience report of the model implemented in 16 hospitals in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. Results: the actions and monitoring of the implementation were based on protocols considering: management model and structure of the nursing service in hospitals; care process and main nursing care results; and people development. Final Considerations: the implementation of methods that ensure the well-being of nursing professionals is directly related to effective care, in which the practice is driven by quality and autonomy. Promoting a culture of care excellence, at different levels of management and care, has generated better expectations and motivation. It was found that the commitment of managers, by providing resources, resulted in improvements in the quality of nursing services.

RESUMEN Objetivos: describir los aspectos principales y los resultados relevantes de la implantación del Modelo de Administración de Servicios de Enfermería en hospitales administrados por una organización social de salud, de 1998 a 2018. Métodos: informe de experiencia del modelo implantado en 16 hospitales del estado de Sao Paulo, Brasil. Resultados: las acciones y el monitoreo de la implantación se basaron en protocolos considerándose: modelo de administración y estructura del servicio de enfermería de hospitales; proceso asistencial y resultados principales de la asistencia de enfermería; y desarrollo de personas. Consideraciones Finales: la implantación de métodos que garantizan el bienestar de profesionales de enfermería está directamente relacionada al cuidado eficaz, donde la práctica es movida por la calidad y la autonomía. Promover una cultura de excelencia asistencial, en diferentes niveles de gestión y atención, generó mejores expectativas y motivación. Se verificó que el compromiso de los encargados, al proporcionar recursos, resultó en mejoras en la calidad de los servicios de enfermería.

RESUMO Objetivos: descrever os principais aspectos e resultados relevantes da implantação do Modelo de Gestão de Serviços de Enfermagem em hospitais gerenciados por uma organização social de saúde, de 1998 a 2018. Métodos: relato de experiência do modelo implantado em 16 hospitais no estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Resultados: as ações e monitoramento da implantação basearam-se em protocolos considerando-se: modelo de gestão e estrutura do serviço de enfermagem dos hospitais; processo assistencial e principais resultados da assistência de enfermagem; e desenvolvimento de pessoas. Considerações Finais: a implantação de métodos que garantam o bemestar dos profissionais de enfermagem está diretamente relacionada ao cuidado eficaz, em que a prática é movida pela qualidade e autonomia. Promover cultura de excelência assistencial, em diferentes níveis da gestão e do cuidado, gerou melhores expectativas e motivação. Verificou-se que o comprometimento dos gestores, ao prover recursos, resultou em melhorias na qualidade dos serviços de enfermagem.

Evaluation of Nursing Service Management Model applied in hospitals managed by social health organization / Evaluación del Modelo de Gestión de Servicios de Enfermería aplicado en hospitales administrados por organización / Avaliação do Modelo de Gestão de Enfermagem em hospitais gerenciados por Organização Social de Saúde

ABSTRACT Objective: Evaluate the Hospital Nursing Service Management Model from the perspective of nurses from hospitals managed by social health organization, considering the type and dimensions of the model. Methods: This is an exploratory, cross-sectional study with a quantitative approach; census population. The evaluation was conducted in 15 hospitals based on the Index of Professional Nursing Governance, including the descriptive analysis of the k-means method and multiple linear regression to score the instrument. Data collection was performed online, stored in REDCap®. Results: Of 1,523 invited, 680 (44.6%) accepted and 518 (34.1%) completed the questionnaire. With a general average of 184.3 points, 12 hospitals indicated shared; and 3 (20%), traditional governance (average of 165.7 points). Conclusion: Managers presented a lower perception of shared governance with professionals without a management function. The type of function and time of activity at the institution influenced the results. The present model is hybrid, in the transition process from the traditional to corporate.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Evaluar Modelo de Gestión de Servicio de Enfermería Hospitalaria bajo la percepción de enfermeros de hospitales administrados por organización social de salud, considerándose el tipo y las dimensiones del modelo. Métodos: Estudio exploratorio, transversal, abordaje cuantitativo; censo de población. Evaluación realizada en 15 hospitales con base en el Index of Professional Nursing Governance, incluyendo análisis descriptivo método k-means y regresión linear múltiple para puntuación del instrumento. La recogida de datos pasó online, almacenados en REDCap®. Resultados: De los 1.523 convidados, 680 (44,6%) aceptaron y 518 (34,1%) completaron cuestionario. Con mediana general de 184,3 puntos, 12 hospitales indicaron gobernanza compartida; y 3 (20%), tradicional (mediana de 165,7 puntos). Conclusión: Los gestores presentaron percepción menor de gobernanza compartida que profesionales sin cargo de gerencia. Tipo de cargo y tiempo de trabajo en la institución influenciaron los resultados. El modelo actual es híbrido, en proceso de transición del tradicional para el corporativo.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar o Modelo de Gestão de Serviço de Enfermagem Hospitalar sob a percepção de enfermeiros de hospitais gerenciados por organização social de saúde, considerando-se o tipo e as dimensões do modelo. Métodos: Trata-se de estudo exploratório, transversal, abordagem quantitativa; população censitária. A avaliação foi realizada em 15 hospitais com base no Index of Professional Nursing Governance, incluindo análise descritiva método k-means e regressão linear múltipla para pontuação do instrumento. A coleta de dados ocorreu on-line, armazenados em REDCap®. Resultados: Dos 1.523 convidados, 680 (44,6%) aceitaram e 518 (34,1%) completaram questionário. Com média geral de 184,3 pontos, 12 hospitais indicaram governança compartilhada; e 3 (20%), tradicional (média de 165,7 pontos). Conclusão: Os gestores apresentaram percepção menor de governança compartilhada que profissionais sem cargo gerencial. Tipo de cargo e tempo de trabalho na instituição influenciaram os resultados. O modelo atual é hibrido, em processo de transição do tradicional para o corporativo.

Pathway Design for Acute Stroke Care in the Era of Endovascular Thrombectomy: A Critical Overview of Optimization Efforts.

The efficacy of intravenous thrombolysis and endovascular thrombectomy (EVT) for acute ischemic stroke is highly time dependent. Optimal organization of acute stroke care is therefore important to reduce treatment delays but has become more complex after the introduction of EVT as regular treatment for large vessel occlusions. There is no singular optimal organizational model that can be generalized to different geographic regions worldwide. Current dominant organizational models for EVT include the drip-and-ship- and mothership model. Guidelines recommend routing of suspected patients with stroke to the nearest intravenous thrombolysis capable facility; however, the choice of routing to a certain model should depend on regional stroke service organization and individual patient characteristics. In general, design approaches for organizing stroke care are required, in which 2 key strategies could be considered. The first entails the identification of interventions within existing organizational models for optimizing timely delivery of intravenous thrombolysis and/or EVT. This includes adaptive patient routing toward a comprehensive stroke center, which focuses particularly on prehospital triage tools; bringing intravenous thrombolysis or EVT to the location of the patient; and expediting services and processes along the stroke pathway. The second strategy is to develop analytical or simulation model-based approaches enabling the design and evaluation of organizational models before their implementation. Organizational models for acute stroke care need to take regional and patient characteristics into account and can most efficiently be assessed and optimized through the application of model-based approaches.

Application of multidisciplinary integrated management model in medical management of elderly patients / 中国基层医药

Objective To investigate the clinical efficacy of multidisciplinary integrated treatment and management model in the medical management of elderly patients.Methods 226 elderly patients treated in our hospital from October 2014 to December 2015 were randomly divided into observation group and control group,113 cases in each group.Patients in the control group were treated with traditional medical management model,while patients in the observation group were treated with multidisciplinary integrated treatment and management model.The therapeutic effect,hospital stay,incidence of complications,treatment satisfaction,MMSE score,FCA score and Tinetti score between the two groups were compared.Results The total effective rate (95.58%) in the observation group was significantly higher than that in the control group (79.65%) (χ2=13.21,P=0.000).The mortality rate in the observation group (1.77%) was significantly lower than 7.96% in the control group (χ2=4.68,P=0.004).The satisfaction rate of the observation group (92.04%) was significantly higher than 77.88% of the control group (χ2=8.86,P=0.003).The MMSE score[(25.17±4.43)points],FCA score[(77.35±8.35)points]and Tinetti score[(26.45±4.25)points]of the observation group were significantly higher than those in the control group[(20.13±3.07) points,(65.32±8.88) points and (21.03±3.30) points,t=-2.93,-3.11,-3.18;P=0.025,0.014,0.006].Conclusion Multidisciplinary integrated treatment management model can significantly increase the therapeutic effect,shorter hospital stay,reduce the incidence of complications,improve patients' satisfaction,and improve the quality of life,so it is a new type of efficient and rational therapeutic management model and worthy of clinical promoting.

Validation of an Organizational Management Model of Remote Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillator Monitoring Alerts.

BACKGROUND: Implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICDs) are a standard means of sudden cardiac death prevention. Compared with ambulatory visits, remote monitoring (RM) of ICD recipients has improved the quality of health care and spared its resources. Few studies have addressed the organization of RM. We optimized and validated our institutional model of RM organization for ICD recipients. METHODS AND RESULTS: This observational study of 562 ICD recipients compared 2 RM periods consisting of iterative, qualitative, and quantitative (1) device diagnostic evaluations by nurses and cardiologists; and (2) selected decisional trees. The main study end points were the professional interventions prompted by, and times allocated to, RM alerts. During the first period, 1134 alerts occurred in 427 patients (286 patient-year), of which 376 (33%) were submitted to cardiologists' reviews, compared with, 1522 alerts in 562 patients (458 patient-year), of which 273 (18%) were submitted to cardiologists' reviews during the second period (P<0.001). An intervention was prompted by 73 of 376 (19.4%) alerts in the first versus 77 of 273 (28.2%) in the second period (P=0.009). The mean time to manage an alert was 4 minutes 31 s in the first versus 2 minutes 10 s in the second period (P<0.001). The annual numbers of alert-related hospitalizations were 10.8 versus 8.1 per 100-patient-year (P=0.230), and annual numbers of alert-related visits were 9.8 and 6.1 per 100-patient-year (P=0.081), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: An optimized RM organization based on automated alerts and decisional trees enabled a focus on clinically relevant events and a decrease in the consumption of resources without compromising the quality of ICD recipients' care.

Inqueritos populacionais como instrumentos de gestao e os modelos de atencao a saude / Encuestas poblacionales como instrumentos de gestion y los modelos de atencion a la salud / Population surveys as management tools and health care models

O artigo faz uma breve sistematização dos modelos de atenção em saúde, enfatiza o papel do inquérito populacional como instrumento de gestão e analisa o caso específico da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde Bucal (SBBrasil 2010), ressaltando a sua contribuição no processo de consolidação de modelos de atenção compatíveis com os princípios do Sistema Único de Saúde. Ainda que no plano legal o Sistema Único de Saúde corresponda a um modelo de atenção em saúde, no plano concreto das políticas públicas e das ações, o sistema dá origem a um modelo que resulta não de textos jurídicos nem de formulações teóricas, mas da práxis dos agentes envolvidos. Considerando que a gestão do cotidiano em saúde é um espaço privilegiado e prioritário para a produção e consolidação dos modelos de atenção à saúde, é necessário estimular e apoiar o desenvolvimento de competências técnicas e operacionais diferentes daquelas necessárias à gerência dos cuidados relacionados às demandas individuais.

El artículo hace una breve sistematización de los modelos de atención en salud, enfatiza el papel de la encuesta poblacional como instrumento de gestión y analiza el caso específico de la Investigación Nacional de Salud Bucal (SBBrasil 2010), resaltando su contribución en el proceso de consolidación de modelos de atención compatibles con los principios del Sistema Brasileño de Salud. Aunque en el plano legal el Sistema de Salud corresponda con un modelo de atención en salud, en el plano concreto de las políticas y de las acciones, el sistema da lugar a un modelo que resulta no de textos jurídicos, ni de formulaciones teóricas, pero de la praxis de los agentes involucrados. Considerando que la gestión de lo cotidiano en salud es un espacio privilegiado y prioritario para la producción y consolidación de los modelos de atención a la salud, es necesario estimular y apoyar el desarrollo de competencias técnicas y operativas diferentes de aquellas necesarias para la gerencia de los cuidados relacionados con las demandas individuales.

The article briefly systematizes health care models, emphasizes the role of population surveys as a management tool and analyzes the specific case of the Brazilian Oral Health Survey (SBBrasil 2010) and its contribution to the consolidation process of health care models consistent with the principles of the Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS, Public Health Care System). While in legal terms SUS corresponds to a health care model, in actual practice the public policy planning and health action, the system gives rise to a care model which is not the result of legal texts or theoretical formulations, but rather the praxis of the personnel involved. Bearing in mind that the management of day-to-day health affairs is a privileged space for the production and consolidation of health care models, it is necessary to stimulate and support the development of technical and operational skills which are different from those required for the management of care related to individual demands.

O vínculo entre usuários e equipes em duas unidades de saúde da família em um município no estado do Rio de Janeiro / The link between users and staff in two family health units in a city of the state of Rio de Janeiro

Um dos pilares da Estratégia Saúde da Família é o estabelecimento de vínculos, criação de laços de compromisso e co-responsabilidade entre profissionais de saúde e a população. O vínculo refere um relacionamento estreito de confiança. O principal objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar o vínculo entre usuários e equipes em duas unidades de Saúde da Família, com diferentes modelos de estrutura e organização, em um Município do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. O procedimento metodológico constituiu-se de uma abordagem qualitativa, estudo tipo exploratório-descritivo, com analise de conteúdo temática. Os temas do estudo, identificados como indicadores de vínculo, organizados no roteiro de entrevistas, apresentou as principais categorias de análise: - Serviço de saúde que a família busca; profissional de saúde que procura quando se sente mal; conhecimento dos profissionais da equipe da Estratégia Saúde da Família; dificuldades para atendimentos na Estratégia; satisfação com atendimento que recebe na Estratégia Saúde da Família; participação em atividades coletivas nas Unidades de Saúde da Família. Identificamos nas duas Unidades várias fragilidades, referentes ao vínculo entre os usuários e as equipes de saúde da família. Em relação à Unidade mista, que funciona com um centro de especialidades médicas, podemos destacar que a procura inicial por profissionais especialistas em uma Unidade de Saúde da Família, para atendimento das demandas de saúde, aponta uma maior dificuldade para formação de vínculo.

One of the pillars of the Family Health Strategy is the establishment of links, creating bonds of commitment and co-responsibility between health professionals and the public. This bond refers to a close relationship of trust. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the link between users and staff in two Family Health units, with different structural and organizational models, in a municipality in the State of Rio de Janeiro. The methodological procedure consisted of a qualitative approach, an exploratory descriptive study, using thematic analysis of content. The topics of the study, identified as indicators of bonds, arranged in the interview scripts, presented the main categories of analysis: - The health service that the family seeks; the health professional consulted when feeling ill; professional staff knowledge within the Family Health Strategy; problems with being attended within the Strategy; satisfaction with the care received in the Family Health Strategy; participation in collective activities in the Family Health Units. We identified several weaknesses in the two units, concerning the link between users and family health teams. Regarding the mixed Clinic that operates with a core of medical specialties, we note that the initial outreach for professional specialists in a Family Health Unit, to meet health needs, indicates a major difficulty in forming links.

Atenção domiciliar como mudança do modelo tecnoassistencial / Home care as change of the technical-assistance model

OBJETIVO: Analisar práticas de atenção domiciliar de serviços ambulatoriais e hospitalares e sua constituição como rede substitutiva de cuidado em saúde. PROCEDIMENTOS METODOLÓGICOS: Estudo qualitativo que analisou, com base na metodologia de caso traçador, quatro serviços ambulatoriais de atenção domiciliar da Secretaria Municipal de Saúde e um serviço de um hospital filantrópico do município de Belo Horizonte, MG, entre 2005 e 2007. Foram realizadas entrevistas com gestores e equipes dos serviços de atenção domiciliar, análise de documentos e acompanhamento de casos com entrevistas a pacientes e cuidadores. A análise foi orientada pelas categorias analíticas integração da atenção domiciliar na rede de saúde e modelo tecnoassistencial. ANÁLISE DOS RESULTADOS: A implantação da atenção domiciliar foi precedida por decisão político-institucional tanto com orientação racionalizadora, buscando a diminuição de custos, quanto com vistas à reordenação tecnoassistencial das redes de cuidados. Essas duas orientações encontram-se em disputa e constituem dificuldades para conciliação dos interesses dos diversos atores envolvidos na rede e na criação de espaços compartilhados de gestão. Pôde-se identificar a inovação tecnológica e a autonomia das famílias na implementação dos projetos de cuidado. As equipes mostraram-se coesas, construindo no cotidiano do trabalho novas formas de integrar os diferentes olhares para transformação das práticas em saúde. Foram observados desafios na proposta de integrar os diferentes serviços de caráter substitutivo do cuidado ao limitar a capacidade da atenção domiciliar de mudar o modelo tecnoassistencial. CONCLUSÕES: A atenção domiciliar possui potencial para constituição de uma rede substitutiva ao produzir novos modos de cuidar que atravessam os projetos dos usuários, dos familiares, da rede social e dos trabalhadores da atenção domiciliar. A atenção domiciliar como modalidade substitutiva de atenção à saúde requer...

OBJECTIVE: To analyze home care practices of outpatient and hospital services and their constitution as a substitute healthcare network. METHODOLOGICAL PROCEDURES: A qualitative study was carried out using tracer methodology to analyze four outpatient home care services from the Municipal Health Department and one service from a philanthropic hospital in the municipality of Belo Horizonte, Southeastern Brazil, between 2005 and 2007. The following procedures were carried out: interviews with the home care services' managers and teams, analysis of documents and follow-up of cases, holding interviews with patients and caregivers. The analysis was guided by the analytical categories home care integration into the healthcare network and technical-assistance model. RESULTS: Home care implementation was preceded by a political-institutional decision, both with a rationalizing orientation, intending to promote cost reduction, and also with the aim of carrying out the technical-assistance rearrangement of the healthcare networks. These two types of orientation were found to be in conflict, which implies difficulties for conciliating interests of the different players involved in the network, and also the creation of shared management spaces. It was possible to identify technological innovation and families' autonomy in the implementation of the healthcare projects. The teams proved to be cohesive, constructing, in the daily routine, new forms of integrating different perspectives so as to transform the healthcare practices. Challenges were observed in the proposal of integrating the different substitutive healthcare services, as the home care services' capacity to change the technical-assistance model is limited. CONCLUSIONS: Home care has potential for constituting a substitutive network by producing new care modalities that cross the projects of users, family members, social network, and home care professionals. Home care as a substitute healthcare...

Mapas analíticos: una mirada sobre la organización y sus procesos de trabajo / Analytical maps: a look upon the organization and its processes of work

El centro de la discusión que este texto intenta enfrentar es el desafío de un método. Se busca una mirada analítica sobre las organizaciones de salud, que tienen un modo de producción dependiente del "trabajo vivo en acto"; lo que por sí solo aporta una alta complejidad a la escena, pues este trabajo vivo, al ser operado en acto en los procesos de trabajo, contiene una gran potencia instituyente para formar redes, con alta capacidad de subjetivación. Les proponemos a los colectivos de trabajadores la siguiente construcción cartográfica: a) los "mapas de conflictos", b) los "mapas de actos inusitados", c) los "mapas de actos inútiles"; y a partir de estos mapas se procede a la discusión, análisis y autoanálisis de los procesos vividos en situación de trabajo. A través de esta experiencia se comprobó la eficacia de los "mapas analíticos" como herramientas cartográficas. Aplicadas sobre los procesos de trabajo, captaron los movimientos continuos y discontinuos del trabajo vivo en su dinámica, revelando además los afectos y las manifestaciones deseantes en la producción de la realidad. Estos mapas cumplieron la función de las "lentes" del cartógrafo para visualizar el proceso de trabajo y la producción de la realidad en su micropolítica.

The center of the discussion that this paper tries to face is the challenge of a method. An analytical look is searched for about the health organizations that have a mode of production depending on the "alive work in action", which in its own, provides a high complexity to the scene, since this alive work, while being operated in action in the work processes, contains a great power to form networks with a high capacity of subjectivity. We suggest the unions of workers build the cartography: a) the "maps of conflicts", b) the "maps of unusual acts", c) the "maps of useless acts", and from these maps, we may proceed with the discussion, analysis and self-analysis of the processes lived in the work situation. Through this experience, it was proved the efficiency of the "analytical maps" as cartographic tools. Applied to the work processes, we captured the continuous and non-continuous movements of the alive work in its dynamics, also revealing the affection and manifestations of desire in the production of the reality. These maps had the function of the "lens" of the cartographer to visualize the work process and the production of reality in its micropolicy.

Construção do conhecimento e do fazer enfermagem e os modelos assistenciais / Health care models and the building of nursing knowledge and practice

Artigo de reflexão que enfoca as origens e as principais características dos modelos clínico e epidemiológico, seus nexos com os modelos assistenciais vigentes no sis- ]tema de saúde brasileiro, e a construção do conhecimento da enfermagem nesse contexto. Nessa perspectiva, as autoras propõem um repensar acerca do saber/fazer da enfermagem, apontando possibilidades de expansão do seu campo de atuação, bem como dos limites e desafios a serem vencidos pelos profissionais da área.

This is a reflective paper focused on the origins and main characteristics of the epidemiological and clinical models, their connections with the health care models currently adopted in Brazil,and the construction of Nursing knowledge in this context. From this perspective, the authors propose a re-thinking of Nursing knowledge and practice, pointing out possibilities for expanding the Nursing field, as well asthe boundaries and challenges to be overcome by the area professionals.

El presente artículo de reflexión enfoca los orígenes y las principales características de los modelos clínico y epidemiológico, sus nexos con los modelos asistenciales vigentes en el sistema de salud brasileño, y la construcción del conocimiento de laenfermería en ese contexto. Bajo esa perspectiva, las autoras proponen un repensar acerca del saber/hacer de la enfermería, apuntando posibilidades deexpansión de su campo de actuación, así como de los límites y desafíos a ser vencidos por los profesionales del área.

Organization of the Saudi health system

Using existing data, we reviewed the organizational structure of the Saudi Arabian health system: its demography and history, principal health indicators, organization and management, type and distribution of facilities, financial base, and the impact on it of the Haj. We noted duplication of services, inadequate coordination between some health industry sectors, and the need for a more extensive and rational health centre network with improved information systems and data collection. We also noted scope for a greater role for the private health sector and increased cooperation between it and the public sector to improve health service delivery and population health

Model designing of population health-targeted national health delivery system / 第二军医大学学报

Objective:To reveal the behavior characteristics of health delivery system(HDS) and the dynamical mechanism by which HDS promoting population health,so as to provide theoretical and methodological evidences for the decision-making of national macro health system.Methods: The macro model of HDS was constructed by using the theory of complex system and the method of system dynamics.Results: The principle of "high coverage and reasonable quality" was put forward as developmental strategy of national health service.The improvement of population health was taken as the system objective of HDS;meanwhile,HDS was community-centered and city-country integrative.The macro model of HDS was constructed based on the above objectives.Conclusion: Modeling based on system dynamics is effective to reveal the complexity of health delivery system.The HDS complex system model constructed in this article can be used to analyze and interpret the behavior characteristics of HDS and the dynamic mechanism by which HDS promoting population health.