[A study on the features and influences of first physiology translation Ti Yong Shizhang].

In 1884, Kong Qinggao translated Huxley's Lessons in Elementary Physiology into a Chinese version, namely Ti Yong Shizhang. The book, with John Kerr Proofreading, turns out to be the first modern physiologic textbookin Chinese. Even so, this translation has long been ignored by researchers in the history of physiology and with no systematical introduction.The Chinese version was basically true to the western original featuring comprehensive knowledge and profound theories, with only a few pieces of content deleted and minimal order adjusted. The printing of 85 illustrations was as much refined as the original ones. The newly coined physiological terms in Chinese version had a certain impact at the time. As the first physiologic textbook to cultivate the earliest modern physicians, its copies were spread in the intellectual community. Conclusively, Ti Yong Shizhang played a significant role in the spread of Western physiology in China.

Division and Specialization of the Western European Physiology in the 19th Century / 의사학

The 19th century has been thought to be the turning point that the experimental method bean to take strong root as the core to solve many physiological subjects, and discipline of physiology got firmly fixed as the specialized one in the western Europe. Authors found of physiology got firmly fixed as the specialized one in the western Europe. Authors found the following characteristics in the process of the division and specialization of the 19th century western physiology. 1) It was the process of its separation from the discipline of anatomy that was necessary in the development of physiology as the independent, specialized division. Newly grown ideas, that there were working functions specialized study, were the important background and basis of the development of physiology as the specialized discipline. 2) It was not until the force and influence of the metaphysical concept on the living things(vitalism) grew weak that physiology could become the specialized discipline. The new materialistic concept about living things made it possible for the researchers of that time to apply the physico-chemical method in the study of physiological problems. 3) Institutionalization of the physiological research and education accelerated its development and specialization. The followings appeared in the mid-19th century: specialized professorship, division as the separated subject in the undergraduated medical school curriculum, laboratory settings for the purpose of physiological study, establishment of independent academic societies and publication of their own journals. Two main factors, namely, both the settlement of the new physiological thought and method of the very scientific nature and the institutionalization within the academic and medical societies exerted influences on each other in the ground of the 19th century western Europe. Through that process, the discipline of physiology took root deep as the independent specialized division in the societies of science and medicine.

Study on the Transition of Intestinal Parasites in Korea from 1913 to 1989 / 의사학

This study was performed to review the transition of infection rate and major factor in decreasing pattern of intestinal parasites infection in Korea. The results of this review study are as follows: 1) The first study on the intenstinal parasites of Korean was performed by Muta(1913): he reported egg positive rate of A.lumbricodies 80%; that of T.trichiura 93%; that of Hookworm 65%. 2) After then the egg positive rates of A.lumbriciodes among Korean people has been higher thant 80% until and after Korean war. Owing to the biannual mass chemotherapy for 20 years be K.A.P.E.(Korea Association for Parasite Eradication), a decreasing pattern was recognized after 1960's. 3) The nationwide egg positive rate of A.lumbricodies was estimated by M.H.S.A.(Ministry of Health and Social Affairs) and K.A.P.E.(1971, 1976, 1981, 1986) to be 54.89%, 41.0%, 13.0%, 2.1%. 4) The causal agents in decreasing pattern of intestinal parasites in Korea are multifactorial such as mass chemotherapy, environmental sanitation, public education, improvement in socio-economic status, development in antihelminths, increase in use of chemical fertilizer, acceleration in national industrialization and so forth. 5) The infection rate of Korea is still higher than that of Japan and Taiwan but lower than any other countries in Southeast Asia. Nevertheless it is apparent that the present situation is not satisfactory and in this sense more effective and efficient control program is desirable.