Fatores que influenciam na interação mãe-filho-ambiente no processo de amamentação: estudo transversal / Factors influencing mother-child-environment interaction in the breastfeeding process: a cross-sectional study / Factores que influyen en la interacción madre-hijo-entorno en el proceso de lactancia materna: un estudio transversal

Objetivo: analisar os fatores que influenciam na interação mãe-filho-ambiente no processo de amamentação. Métodos: trata-se de estudo transversal realizado na Rede de Atenção Básica de Saúde de um município do interior do Maranhão, Brasil, com mães de crianças até um ano de idade em processo de amamentação. A coleta de dados foi realizada na Unidade Básica de Saúde ou domicílio, entre abril e julho de 2021, utilizando a Escala Interativa de Amamentação (EINA). Utilizaram-se testes t de Studente ANOVA a um fator, com p-valor < 0,05. Resultados: a média do total de pontuação na escala foi de 210,75 (Desvio Padrão - DP ±16,95), indicando adequada interação entre mãe-filho-ambiente no processo de amamentação. Ter maior escolaridade (ensino superior completo), ser casada e desejar amamentar apresentaram associação com a interação mãe-filho-ambiente no processo de amamentação. Conclusões: maior escolaridade, ser casada e desejar amamentar estão associadas à maior interação mãe-filho-ambiente no processo de amamentação. Quanto maior a vontade de amamentar, maior será a interação mãe-filho-ambiente no processo de amamentação. Estes achados permitem planejar estratégias para melhorar a identificação de binômios com maiores riscos de desmame precoce; e desenvolver ações específicas para o cuidado frente aos preditores que interferem no processo de amamentação.

Objective: analyze the factors that influence the mother-child-environment interaction in the breastfeeding process. Methods: this is a cross-sectional study carried out in the Primary Health Care Network of a municipality in the interior of Maranhão, Brazil, with mothers of children up to one year old who were breastfeeding. Data was collected at the Basic Health Unit or in their households, between April and July 2021, using the Interactive Breastfeeding Scale (EINA, as per its acronym in Portuguese). Student's t and one-way ANOVA tests were used, with a p-value < 0.05. Results: the average total score on the scale was 210.75 (Standard Deviation - SD ± 16.95), indicating adequate interaction between mother-child-environment in the breastfeeding process. Having a higher level of education (complete higher education), being married and wanting to breastfeed were associated with mother-child-environment interaction in the breastfeeding process. Conclusions: higher levels of education, being married and wanting to breastfeed are associated with greater mother-child interaction in the breastfeeding process. The greater the desire to breastfeed, the greater the mother-child-environment interaction in the breastfeeding process. These findings make it possible to plan strategies to improve the identification of pairs at greater risk of early weaning, and to develop specific actions for caring for the predictors that interfere with the breastfeeding process.

Objetivo: analizar los factores que influyen en la interacción madre-hijo-entorno en el proceso de lactancia materna. Métodos: Se trata de un estudio transversal realizado en la Red de Atención Primaria de Salud de un municipio del interior de Maranhão, Brasil, con madres de niños de hasta un año que estaban amamantando. Los datos fueron recolectados en la Unidad Básica de Salud o en el domicilio, entre abril y julio de 2021, utilizando la Escala Interactiva de Lactancia Materna (EINA, por sus siglas en portugués). Se utilizaron pruebas t de Student y ANOVA unidireccional, con un valor p < 0,05. Resultados: la puntuación media total de la escala fue de 210,75 (desviación estándar - DE ± 16,95), lo que indica una interacción adecuada entre madre-hijo-entorno en el proceso de lactancia. Tener un mayor nivel de educación (educación superior completa), estar casada y querer amamantar se asociaron con la interacción madre-hijo-ambiente en el proceso de lactancia. Conclusiones: mayores niveles de educación, estar casada y querer amamantar se asocian a una mayor interacción madre-hijo-entorno en el proceso de lactancia. Cuanto mayor es el deseo de amamantar, mayor es la interacción madre-hijo-entorno en el proceso de lactancia. Estos hallazgos permiten planificar estrategias para mejorar la identificación de las parejas con mayor riesgo de destete precoz y desarrollar acciones específicas para el cuidado de los predictores que interfieren en el proceso de lactancia.

Relationships between mothers and children in families formed by shared biological motherhood.

STUDY QUESTION: Does shared biological motherhood, in which a woman gives birth to the genetic child of her female partner, result in more positive mother-child relationships than donor insemination, in which only one mother is biologically related to the child? SUMMARY ANSWER: Mothers in both family types showed high levels of bonding with their children and viewed their relationship with their child positively. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY: There is some evidence of feelings of inequality regarding their relationship with their child between biological and non-biological mothers in lesbian mother families formed by donor insemination, with a qualitative longitudinal study showing a tendency for children to form stronger bonds with their biological than their non-biological mother. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION: Thirty lesbian mother families created through shared biological motherhood were compared with 30 lesbian mother families formed by donor-IVF. All families had two mothers who both participated in the study, and the children were aged from infancy up to 8 years old. Data collection took place over 20 months beginning in December 2019. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS: Each mother in the family was interviewed separately using the Parent Development Interview (PDI), a reliable and valid measure of the nature of the parent's emotional bond with their child. The interviews were transcribed verbatim and coded separately by one of two trained researchers who were unaware of the child's family type. The interview produces 13 variables that relate to the parent's representations of themselves as a parent, 5 variables that relate to the parent's representations of the child, and a global variable that assesses the extent to which the parent can reflect on the child and their relationship. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE: Families formed through shared biological parenthood did not differ from families created by donor-IVF in terms of the quality of mothers' relationships with their children as assessed by the PDI. Neither were differences identified between birth mothers and non-birth mothers across the entire sample, or between gestational and genetic mothers within the families formed by shared biological parenthood. Multivariate analyses were conducted to minimize the role of chance. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION: Ideally, larger samples of families and a narrower age range of children would have been studied, but this was not possible as we were reliant on the small number of families formed through shared biological motherhood in the UK when the study began. To maintain the anonymity of the families, it was not possible to request information from the clinic that may have shed light on differences between those who responded to the request to participate and those who did not. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS: The findings show that shared biological motherhood is a positive option for lesbian couples who wish to have a more equal biological relationship to their children. One type of biological connection does not appear to have a greater influence on the quality of parent-child relationships than the other. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S): This study was funded by the Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC) grant ES/S001611/1. KA is Director, and NM is Medical Director, of the London Women's Clinic. The remaining authors have no conflicts of interest to declare. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: N/A.

Experiência do processo de desmame materno entre primíparas: estudo qualitativo / Experience of the maternal weaning process among primiparous women: qualitative study / Experiencia del proceso de destete materno entre las primíparas: estudio cualitativo

RESUMO Objetivo: compreender a experiência do processo de desmame para as mães primíparas de um município do interior do Ceará, Brasil. Método: estudo descritivo e qualitativo, realizado com oito mulheres, mediante entrevistas semiestruturadas. Coleta de dados de agosto de 2022 a março de 2023, na Atenção Primária à Saúde, adotando-se a análise de conteúdo de Bardin. Resultados: emergiram três categorias temáticas: motivos para a mãe decidir sobre o desmame; estratégias empregadas pela mãe para realizar o desmame; e consequências do desmame para a mãe e a criança. As percepções maternas sobre a motivação do desmame relacionaram aspectos comportamentais da criança e necessidades maternas. Variadas estratégias foram classificadas em desmame gradual ou abrupto, que geraram mudanças no comportamento das crianças e sentimentos contraditórios nas mães. Considerações finais: o desmame é vivenciado de forma desagradável, gerando sofrimento. Desvela-se a desassistência por profissionais e a necessidade de ampliação de estudos.

ABSTRACT Objective: To understand the experience of the weaning process for primiparous mothers in a municipality in the interior of Ceará, Brazil. Method: Using semi-structured interviews, a descriptive, qualitative study was conducted with eight women. Data collection from August 2022 to March 2023 in Primary Health Care, using Bardin's content analysis. Results: three thematic categories emerged: reasons for the mother's decision to wean, strategies employed by the mother to wean, and the consequences of weaning for the mother and child. Maternal perceptions of the motivation for weaning were related to behavioral aspects of the child and maternal needs. Various strategies were classified as gradual or abrupt weaning, which generated changes in the children's behavior and contradictory feelings in the mothers. Final considerations: weaning is experienced unpleasantly, generating suffering. It reveals the lack of professional assistance and the need to expand studies.

RESUMEN Objetivo: conocer la experiencia del proceso de destete de las madres primíparas en un municipio del interior de Ceará, Brasil. Método: estudio descriptivo y cualitativo realizado con ocho mujeres, mediante entrevistas semiestructuradas. Recogida de datos de agosto de 2022 a marzo de 2023, en Atención Primaria, utilizando el análisis de contenido de Bardin. Resultados: surgieron tres categorías temáticas: motivos de la decisión materna de destetar; estrategias empleadas por la madre para llevar a cabo el destete; y consecuencias del destete para la madre y el niño. Las percepciones maternas de la motivación para el destete estaban relacionadas con aspectos conductuales del niño y con las necesidades maternas. Se clasificaron diversas estrategias como destete gradual o brusco, que provocaron cambios en el comportamiento de los niños y sentimientos contradictorios en las madres. Consideraciones finales: el destete se vive de forma desagradable, generando sufrimiento. Esto revela la falta de ayuda de los profesionales y la necesidad de ampliar los estudios.

Parenting in the Context of Intimate Partner Violence: Understanding Mothers' Perceptions.

Despite existing research, which has focused on the impacts of intimate partner violence (IPV) on mothers and their children, there is a paucity of research specifically examining mothers' perceptions of parenting in the context of IPV. This qualitative study explored parenting capacity and meaning making among a purposive sample of 16 female survivors of IPV who experienced IPV during both childhood and adulthood and had at least one school-aged child. Participants completed semi-structured in-person interviews during which they were asked a series of questions about their experiences with IPV and their parenting practices. Analysis revealed that parenting capacity could be categorized by two capacities: relational and operational. Based on these descriptive accounts of the experiences of parenting in contexts of IPV, a preliminary model suggesting a Dual-Part Model of Parenting (relational and operational capacity) is presented to aid in understanding the complexity and nuance of how parenting capacity may be impacted by IPV exposure throughout the lifespan. Strengths-based approaches to supporting survivors in parenting are explored, and future implications for strengths-based approaches to clinical practice with IPV survivors as well as improved research practices and social policies that emphasize an intersectionality approach are discussed.

Percepciones sobre la lactancia materna y características sociodemográficas de un grupo de madres adolescentes colombianas / Perceptions about breastfeeding and sociodemographic characteristics of a group of Colombian adolescent mothers

La baja adherencia a la lactancia materna en los primeros seis meses de vida del bebé es un gran problema en Colombia. Investigar las percepciones de las madres adolescentes es esencial para el incentivo a la lactancia materna exclusiva. Así, el objetivo de este estudio fue conocer las percepciones sobre la lactancia materna y describir las características sociodemográficas de madres adolescentes lactantes que participan en el Programa de Crecimiento y Desarrollo de la Corporación Hospital San Juan de Dios UniRemington en Colombia. Se trata de un estudio observacional cualitativo transversal realizado entre 2020 y 2021 mediante entrevistas semiestructuradas. Estas se realizaron según un guión de preguntas abiertas a madres adolescentes que amamantan a bebés menores de 2 años, utilizando grabadora de audio, diarios de campo y datos sociodemográficos obtenidos de registros hospitalarios. La muestra y resultados se basearon en la saturación de datos, según las narrativas organizados en temas a partir del análisis temático junto con repeticiones de observaciones y descripciones de datos sociodemográficos. De las diez jóvenes, el 70% tenía un bajo nivel de escolarización y su percepción de la lactancia estaba relacionada con su conocimiento de los beneficios de la lactancia para la nutrición del bebé y el vínculo madre-hijo, pero con muchas dificultades esta realidad se ha convertido en una utopía. Hubo una díada de alegría y dolor en las vivencias. Se concluyó que las percepciones estaban relacionadas con la falta de apoyo médico y familiar para madres adolescentes. Se sugieren más estudios en diferentes poblaciones maternas.

Low adherence to breastfeeding in the first six months of a baby's life is a major problem in Colombia. Investigating the perceptions of adolescent mothers is essential to encourage exclusive breastfeeding. Thus, the objective of this study was to learn about the perceptions of breastfeeding and to describe the sociodemographic characteristics of breastfeeding adolescent mothers who participated in the Growth and Development Program of the Hospital San Juan de Dios UniRemington Corporation in Colombia. This is a cross-sectional qualitative observational study conducted between 2020 and 2021 using semi-structured interviews. These were carried out according to a script of open-ended questions to teenage mothers who were breastfeeding babies under 2 years of age, using tape recorders and field diaries and sociodemographic data obtained from hospital registers. The sample and results were based on data saturation according to narratives organized into themes from the thematic analysis together with repetitions of observations and descriptions of sociodemographic data. Of the ten young women, 70% had a low level of schooling and their perception of breastfeeding was related to their knowledge of the benefits of breastfeeding for baby nutrition and mother-child bond, but with many difficulties this reality has become a utopia. There was a dyad of joy and pain in the experiences. It was concluded that the perceptions were related to the lack of medical and family support for adolescent mothers. Further studies in different maternal populations are suggested.

Parenting Practices, Maternal Depression and Behavior Problems: Associations, Prediction and Moderation / Práticas Parentais, Depressão Materna e Problemas Comportamentais: Associações, Predição e Moderação / Prácticas de Crianza, Depresión Materna y Problemas de Conducta: Asociaciones, Predicción y Moderación

Abstract There are gaps in the ways in which maternal depression, educational practices and children's behavior problems are associated. The objective was to verify: (a) associations between maternal depression, parenting practices and behavior problems in this sample; (b) the isolated and combined predictive effect of maternal depression and both positive and negative parenting practices on behavior problems; and (c) the possible moderating effect of positive parenting practices in the relation between maternal depression and behavior problems. Participants were 101 biological mothers who responded to validated self-report instruments. Data were treated by univariate and multivariate regression analyses, and moderation analyses were conducted. Associations were found between negative parenting, current maternal depression and behavior problems. And the moderation of positive practices in reducing the negative impact of depression on children's behaviors was identified. Teaching positive practices is suggested to minimize risk factors for behavioral problems.

Resumo Constituem lacunas os modos como se associam depressão materna, práticas educativas e problemas comportamentais infantis. O objetivo do estudo foi verificar: (a) associações entre depressão materna, práticas parentais e problemas de comportamento nesta amostra; (b) efeito preditivo isolado e combinado da depressão materna e das práticas parentais positivas e negativas para os problemas de comportamento; e (c) possível efeito moderador das práticas positivas para a relação entre depressão materna e problemas de comportamento. Participaram 101 mães biológicas de crianças que responderam a instrumentos de autorrelato validados. Os dados foram tratados por análises de regressão uni e multivariada, sendo conduzidas análises de moderação. Verificaram-se associações entre parentalidade negativa, depressão materna e problemas comportamentais; com moderação das práticas positivas na redução do impacto negativo da depressão. Sugere-se o ensino de práticas positivas para minimizar fatores de risco para problemas comportamentais.

Resumen Las formas en que se asocian depresión materna, prácticas educativas y problemas de conducta de niños son lagunas. El objetivo fue verificar: (a) asociaciones entre depresión materna, prácticas de los padres y problemas de conducta en esta muestra; (b) efecto predictivo aislado y combinado de depresión materna y prácticas parentales positivas y negativas para los problemas de conducta; y (c) posible efecto moderador de las prácticas positivas para la relación entre la depresión materna y los problemas de conducta. Participaron 101 madres biológicas de niños que respondieron a instrumentos de autoinforme validados. Los datos fueron tratados mediante análisis de regresión univariante y multivariante, realizándose análisis de moderación. Se verificaron asociaciones entre prácticas educativas negativas, depresión materna y problemas de conducta; con moderación de prácticas positivas para reducir el impacto negativo de la depresión. Se sugiere enseñar prácticas positivas para minimizar los factores de riesgo para problemas de conducta.

Compartilhar experiências ou prescrever orientações?: um estudo a partir de blogs sobre maternidade / Sharing experiences or prescribing guidelines?: a study from mom blogs / ¿Compartir experiencias o prescribir pautas?: un estudio de blogs sobre

Atualmente, muitas mães têm utilizado o ambiente digital, a exemplo dos blogs, como ferramenta de compartilhamento de experiências sobre a maternidade. No presente estudo, buscamos analisar as temáticas das postagens, bem como em que medida apresentam uma função prescritiva ou informativa, para além da função de compartilhamento de experiências. No caso das postagens com função prescritiva ou informativa, o presente estudo buscou também verificar o embasamento explícito dessas postagens. Foi realizada uma análise de frequência de 845 postagens dos 10 blogs brasileiros sobre maternidade mais acessados. As principais temáticas abordadas estão relacionadas a preocupações quanto ao desenvolvimento infantil, gestação e parto, práticas parentais e exigências da maternidade. Com exceção das postagens envolvendo a última temática, a maioria tinha função prescritiva ou informativa. Os resultados deste estudo confirmam que os conteúdos que circulam nesses blogs se apoiam em discursos construídos no campo da saúde, essencialmente prescritivos, sobre como agir como mãe

Currently, many mothers have used the digital environment, such as blogs, as a tool for sharing motherhood experiences. This study analyzed mom blogs posts' themes, as well as whether they are prescriptive or informative in addition to sharing experiences. We also verifi ed the explicit basis of the prescriptive and informative posts. A frequency analysis of 845 posts from the 10 most accessed Brazilian mom blogs was performed. The results showed that the most frequent themes are related to concerns about child development, pregnancy and childbirth, parenting practices and motherhood demands. Most mom blog posts analyzed had a prescriptive or informative function, except for the motherhood demands theme. Results confi rm that the content circulating in these blogs is based on the health sciences knowledge, which is essentially prescriptive on how to act as a mother

Actualmente, muchas madres han utilizado los blogs como herramienta para compartir experiencias de maternidad. Este estudio analizó los temas de las publicaciones de los blogs de mamás, así como si son prescriptivos o informativos además de compartir experiencias. También verificamos la base explícita de las publicaciones prescriptivas e informativas. Se realizó un análisis de frecuencia de 845 publicaciones de los 10 blogs de mamás brasileñas más visitados. Los temas más frecuentes están relacionados con las preocupaciones sobre el desarrollo infantil, el embarazo y el parto, las prácticas de crianza y las exigencias de la maternidad. La mayoría de las publicaciones analizadas tenían una función prescriptiva o informativa, a excepción del tema de las exigencias de la maternidad. Los resultados confirman que el contenido que circula en estos blogs se basa en el conocimiento de las ciencias de la salud, que es esencialmente prescriptivo sobre cómo actuar como madre

Technologically-assisted communication attenuates inter-brain synchrony.

The transition to technologically-assisted communication has permeated all facets of human social life; yet, its impact on the social brain is still unknown and the effects may be particularly intense during periods of developmental transitions. Applying a two-brain perspective, the current preregistered study utilized hyperscanning EEG to measure brain-to-brain synchrony in 62 mother-child pairs at the transition to adolescence (child age; M = 12.26, range 10-14) during live face-to-face interaction versus technologically-assisted remote communication. The live interaction elicited 9 significant cross-brain links between densely inter-connected frontal and temporal areas in the beta range [14-30 Hz]. Mother's right frontal region connected with the child's right and left frontal, temporal, and central regions, suggesting its regulatory role in organizing the two-brain dynamics. In contrast, the remote interaction elicited only 1 significant cross-brain-cross-hemisphere link, attenuating the robust right-to-right-brain connectivity during live social moments that communicates socio-affective signals. Furthermore, while the level of social behavior was comparable between the two interactions, brain-behavior associations emerged only during the live exchange. Mother-child right temporal-temporal synchrony linked with moments of shared gaze and the degree of child engagement and empathic behavior correlated with right frontal-frontal synchrony. Our findings indicate that human co-presence is underpinned by specific neurobiological processes that should be studied in depth. Much further research is needed to tease apart whether the "Zoom fatigue" experienced during technological communication may stem, in part, from overload on more limited inter-brain connections and to address the potential cost of social technology for brain maturation, particularly among youth.

Percepções de mães nutrizes ao vivenciarem a prematuridade na unidade de terapia intensiva neonatal / Nursing mothers' perceptions when experiencing prematurity in the neonatal intensive care unit / Percepciones de madres lactantes ante la prematuridad en una unidad de cuidados intensivos neonatales

RESUMO Objetivo: compreender as percepções de mães nutrizes ao vivenciarem a internação de seus prematuros em unidade de terapia intensiva em um hospital público do Distrito Federal, Brasil. Método: investigação qualitativa envolvendo 11 mães nutrizes e 24 prontuários das genitoras e seus neonatos, incluindo dois gemelares. Os dados foram coletados entre setembro de 2019 e abril de 2020. Analisaram-se os dados quantitativos por meio da estatística descritiva e os qualitativos a partir da análise de conteúdo. Resultados: emergiram três categorias que envolveram a rotina hospitalar, o impacto psicossocial e familiar. Evidenciaram-se medo de complicações e da morte, insegurança, angústia, e mudanças na rotina social e familiar. Os mecanismos de apoio envolveram atendimentos psicológicos, visitas ao bebê, apoio familiar, e interação com a equipe. Conclusão: os achados contribuem para a assistência materna e neonatal ao disponibilizar aos profissionais e gestores a compreensão de aspectos da subjetividade humana que podem influenciar no cuidado.

ABSTRACT Objective: to understand the nursing mothers' perception when experiencing the hospitalization of their premature neonates in an intensive care unit of a public hospital from Distrito Federal, Brazil. Method: a qualitative research study involving 11 nursing mothers and 24 medical records of those women and their neonates, including two twins. The data were collected between September 2019 and April 2020. The quantitative and qualitative data data were analyzed by means of descriptive statistics and through content analysis, respectively. Results: three categories emerged, which involved the hospital routine and the psychosocial and family impacts. Fear of complications and death, insecurity, anguish and changes in the social and family routine were evidenced. The support mechanisms involved psychological appointments, visits to the infant, family support and interaction with the team. Conclusion: the findings contribute to maternal and neonatal care by providing professionals and managers with an understanding of aspects inherent to human subjectivity that can exert an influence on care.

RESUMEN Objetivo: comprender las percepciones de las madres lactantes al vivir la internación de sus recién nacidos prematuros en una unidad de cuidados intensivos de un hospital público del Distrito Federal, Brasil. Método: investigación cualitativa que implicó la participación de 11 madres lactantes y consultas a 24 historias clínicas de dichas mujeres y de sus recién nacidos, incluyendo dos gemelos. Los datos se recolectaron entre septiembre de 2019 y abril de 2020. Los datos cuantitativos y cualitativos se analizaron por medio de estadística descriptiva y análisis de contenido, respectivamente. Resultados: surgieron tres categorías, relacionadas con la rutina hospitalaria y con el impacto psicosocial y familiar. Se hizo evidente la presencia de miedo a complicaciones y a la muerte, inseguridad, angustia y cambios en la rutina social y familiar. Los mecanismos de apoyo fueron consultas psicológicas, visitas al recién nacido, apoyo familiar e interacción con el equipo. Conclusión: los hallazgos contribuyen a la asistencia materna y neonatal porque permiten que los profesionales y administradores comprendan aspectos de la subjetividad humana que pueden influenciar la atención.

SOMEWHERE OVER THE RAINBOW: NARRATIVES OF RAINBOW CHILDREN’S MOTHERS / Somewhere over the rainbow: narrativas de mães de crianças arco-íris / Somewhere over the rainbow: narrativas de madres de niños arcoiris

RESUMO Visando a investigar a experiência emocional de mães que tiveram uma criança "arco-íris" após terem experienciado uma perda gestacional/neonatal, foram entrevistadas quatro mães de crianças arco-íris de até três anos de idade. As entrevistas foram mediadas por uma narrativa interativa e, após cada encontro, uma narrativa transferencial foi redigida pela entrevistadora. O material foi analisado psicanaliticamente, segundo a Teoria dos Campos. Observou-se que as participantes, atravessadas por um enlutamento complexo, culpabilizaram-se pela perda e por terem seguido adiante no cuidado materno com os filhos arco-íris, oscilando entre a superproteção e o afastamento. Nota-se a importância de uma intervenção junto a esse coletivo, que geralmente só é foco de atenção (quando o é) durante a gestação/puerpério subsequente à perda gestacional/neonatal.

ABSTRACT Aiming to investigate the emotional experience of mothers who had a "rainbow" child after experiencing a gestational/neonatal loss, four mothers of rainbow children up to three years old were interviewed. The interviews were mediated by an interactive narrative. After each meeting, a transferential narrative was written by the interviewer. The material was analyzed psychoanalytically, according to the Theory of Fields. It was observed that the participants blamed themselves for the loss and for having carried on with the maternal care of the rainbow children, oscillating between overprotection and withdrawal. We have noticed the importance of intervention within this group, which is usually the focus of attention (when it is) only during the pregnancy/puerperium following the gestational/neonatal loss.

RESUMEN Con el objetivo de investigar la experiencia emocional de madres que tuvieron un hijo "arcoiris" después de experimentar la pérdida gestacional/neonatal, se entrevistó a cuatro madres de niños arcoiris de hasta tres años de edad. Las entrevistas fueron mediadas por una narrativa interactiva. Después de cada encuentro, la entrevistadora redactó una narrativa transferencial. El material fue analizado psicoanalíticamente, según la Teoría de Campos. Se observó que las participantes se culpaban por la pérdida y por haber seguido adelante con los niños arcoíris, oscilando entre la sobreprotección y el retraimiento. Se señala la importancia de una intervención junto a este colectivo, a la que normalmente se dirige (cuando se lo hace) sólo durante el embarazo/puerperio tras la pérdida gestacional/neonatal.

Percepciones de madres sobre vivencias de la maternidad y el cuidado del bebé / Perceptions of Mothers about Maternity Experiences and Baby Care

Introducción: La llegada de un hijo es un momento notable, sobre todo en la vida de las mujeres, quienes experimentan grandes cambios en su cuerpo y mente durante el período gestacional, que está rodeado de expectativas sobre el bebé. Objetivo: Comprender las experiencias y percepciones de las madres sobre vivencias de la maternidad y el cuidado del bebé en los primeros días de vida. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo, con abordaje cualitativo, realizado por medio de entrevistas, con 13 madres atendidas por los grupos de cuidado infantil de una Unidad Básica de Salud, en el sur de Brasil, entre los meses de julio y agosto de 2019. Las declaraciones fueron grabadas, transcritas y sometidas a un análisis de contenido, modalidad temática. Resultados: Se notó que los sentimientos de miedo e inseguridad estaban presentes en la vida diaria de las entrevistadas, interfiriendo en el cuidado del bebé. Las redes de apoyo social fueron identificadas como factores de suma importancia en el puerperio. La prematuridad, las dificultades para amamantar y la falta de ayuda son temas que generaban frustración en las madres, mientras que la atención prenatal y de cuidado infantil se consideraban como aspectos facilitadores del cuidado. Conclusión: Aunque las madres son orientadas en el cuidado prenatal sobre temas relacionados con el recién nacido, muchas aún tienen dificultades para cuidar a su hijo, pero, estas dificultades se ven agravadas por la falta de asistencia adecuada(AU)

Introduction: The arrival of a child is a remarkable moment, especially in the lives of women, who experience great changes in their body and mind during the gestational period, in turn surrounded by expectations about the baby. Objective: To understand the experiences and perceptions of mothers concerning motherhood and baby care in the first days of life. Methods: Descriptive study, with qualitative approach, carried out through interviews, with thirteen mothers attended by the infant care groups of a basic health unit in southern Brazil, between July and August 2019. The statements were recorded, transcribed and submitted to content analysis, under the thematic modality. Results: Feelings of fear and insecurity were noted to be present in the daily life of the interviewees, thus interfering in baby care. Social support networks were identified as very important factors in the puerperium. Prematurity, breastfeeding difficulties and lack of help are issues that generated frustration in mothers, while prenatal and infant care were considered as facilitating aspects of care. Conclusion: Although mothers are oriented during prenatal care on issues related to the newborn, many still have difficulties in caring for their child; such difficulties are aggravated by the lack of adequate assistance(AU)

Semelhanças e diferenças intergeracionais entre mães e filhas trabalhadoras rurais: características sociodemográficas e reprodutivas / Similitudes y diferencias intergeneracionales entre madres e hijas obreras rurales: características socio demográficas y reproductivas / Intergenerational similarities and differences between rural working mothers and daughters: socio-demographic and reproductive characteristics

RESUMO Objetivo analisar as semelhanças e diferenças intergeracionais envolvendo características sociodemográficas e reprodutivas entre mães e filhas trabalhadoras rurais. Método estudo analítico e quantitativo desenvolvido em fevereiro de 2018 com 21 díades, mães e filhas trabalhadoras rurais, em idade reprodutiva cadastradas no Programa Chapéu de Palha Mulher − Pernambuco. Utilizou-se o questionário da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde para verificar as características sociodemográficas e reprodutivas. Resultados Mães e filhas não apresentaram diferenças estatísticas para estado conjugal (p = 1,00), grau de instrução (p = 0,053), cor/raça (p = 1,00), religião (p = 1,00), idade que começou a trabalhar (p = 0,433) e horas de trabalho por semana (p = 1,00), participação em grupo de planejamento familiar (p = 0,344), uso de método contraceptivo (p = 0,065), aborto espontâneo (p = 1,00) e parto cesáreo (p = 0,459). Conclusão e implicações para a prática Os resultados sugerem que ocorreu o processo de modelação em diversos aspectos, ou seja, a mãe serviu de figura de referência para as suas filhas na tomada de atitudes e comportamentos, o que necessita maior entendimento sobre relação intergeracional, inclusive entre profissionais de saúde para melhor qualificação na assistência, a exemplo, no cuidado reprodutivo.

RESUMEN Objetivo analizar las similitudes y diferencias intergeneracionales que involucran características sociodemográficas y reproductivas entre madres e hijas trabajadoras rurales. Método estudio analítico y cuantitativo desarrollado en febrero de 2018 con 21 díadas, en edad reproductiva, registradas en el Programa Chapéu de Palha Mulher - Pernambuco. Se utilizó el cuestionario de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud para verificar las características sociodemográficas y reproductivas. Resultados Madres e hijas no presentaron diferencias estadísticas para estado civil (p = 1,00), nivel educativo (p = 0,053), color/raza (p = 1,00), religión (p = 1,00), edad a la que trabaja (p = 0,433) y horas de trabajo a la semana (p = 1,00), participación en un grupo de planificación familiar (p = 0,344), uso de métodos anticonceptivos (p = 0,065), aborto espontáneo (p = 1,00) y parto por cesárea (p = 0,459). Conclusión e implicaciones para la práctica Los resultados sugieren que el proceso de modelado se dio en varios aspectos, o sea, la madre sirvió como figura de referencia para sus hijas en la toma de actitudes y comportamientos, lo que exige una mayor comprensión de la relación intergeneracional, incluso entre los profesionales de la salud para una mejor calificación en asistencia, por ejemplo, en el cuidado reproductivo.

ABSTRACT Objective To analyze similarities and differences involving socio-demographic and reproductive characteristics between rural working mothers and daughters. Method An analytical and quantitative study was developed in February 2018 with 21 dyads, rural working mothers and daughters, of reproductive age registered in the Chapéu de Palha Mulher Program in Pernambuco State, Brazil. The National Health Survey questionnaire was adopted to verify socio-demographic and reproductive characteristics. Results Mothers and daughters did not show statistical differences for marital status (p = 1.00), education level (p = 0.053), skin color/race (p = 1.00), religion (p = 1.00), age when started working (p = 0.433) and working hours per week (p = 1.00), participation in a family planning group (p = 0.344), use of contraceptive methods (p = 0.065), miscarriage (p = 1.00), and cesarean childbirth (p = 0.459). Conclusion and implications for practice The results suggest that the modeling process took place in numerous aspects, meaning these mothers fulfilled a reference role for their daughters in decision-making and behaviors. It requires a greater understanding of intergenerational relationships, especially amongst health professionals, for them to provide a better qualification in assistance, such as in reproductive care.

Maternidade entre grades: a ruptura da convivência entre as mulheres presas e seus filhos / Maternity between bars: the rupture of coexistence between women prisoners and their children

O estudo teve como objetivo conhecer a experiência da maternidade no contexto prisional, especialmente, no que se refere ao vínculo mãe-filho(a) durante o cumprimento da pena de privação de liberdade. Participaram 15 mulheres presas em regime fechado. Foram realizadas 13 entrevistas semiestruturadas individuais e três grupos focais. A coleta de dados ocorreu em um presídio misto regional. Os dados foram transcritos e submetidos à análise de conteúdo. O vínculo mãe-filho, durante a prisão materna, depende de dois aspectos essenciais: vínculo estabelecido entre a mãe e o bebê nos primeiros meses de vida, e a continuidade da convivência por meio das visitas. No entanto, as visitas dos filhos são escassas ou não ocorrem, o que pode fragilizar a relação mãe-filho. Sugere-se a implementação de projetos que estimulem a frequência e a qualidade da interação durante as visitas.

The study aimed to know the experience of motherhood in the prison context, especially with regard to the mother-child bond during the time of imprisonment. Fifteen women inmates in a closed prison regime participated. Thirteen individual semi-structured interviews and three focus groups were conducted. Data collection took place in a regional mixed prison. The data were transcribed and submitted to content analysis. Data were transcribed and submitted to content analysis. The mother-child bond, during maternal imprisonment, depends on two essential aspects: the bond established between the mother and the baby in the first months of life, and the continuity of coexistence through visits. However, child visits are scarce or do not occur, which can weaken the mother-child relationship. It is suggested to implement projects that encourage the frequency and quality of interaction during visits.

Envolvimento, práticas parentais e jornada de trabalho de mães de crianças pré-escolares, / Engagement, parenting practices and work hours of mothers of preschool children

Resumo Este estudo buscou investigar as relações entre envolvimento, práticas parentais e jornada de trabalho de mães de pré-escolares por meio de uma pesquisa exploratória, quantitativa e transversal. Mães residentes no Sul do Brasil (171) responderam a quatro questionários. Por meio da análise dos resultados, constatou-se que as mães com jornada de trabalho integral e extensa tinham significativamente maior envolvimento com as crianças em comparação com mães que exerciam atividade remunerada parcial e às que não exerciam trabalho remunerado. No entanto, elas utilizaram significativamente mais punição, uso de práticas parentais menos democráticas e apresentaram menor suporte emocional. Discute-se as implicações da conciliação/conflitos dos papéis desempenhados pelas mães quando estão envolvidos os cuidados com as crianças e o trabalho remunerado.

Abstract This study aimed to investigate the relations among parental engagement, parenting practices and work hours of mothers of preschool children, through an exploratory, quantitative and cross-sectional study. Mothers living in the South of Brazil (171) answered to four surveys. The data analysis demonstrated that mothers whose work hours are full and extensive have major engagement with their children' activities towards those who perform partial paid activities or towards those who perform unpaid activities. Nevertheless, they use significantly more punishment, less democratic parenting practices and offer less emotional support. There is discussed the implications of how occurs the conciliation/conflicts of roles developed by the mothers when engaged in the care of their children and in paid activities.

Maternal Accuracy for Children's Fearful Distress in Toddlerhood and Kindergarten: Moderation of a Serial Indirect Effect by Toddler Fearful Temperament.

OBJECTIVE: Drawing on existing literature concerning the interrelations among toddler fearful temperament, maternal protective parenting, and maternal cognitions, the current study sought to test how mothers' abilities to predict their children's distress expressions and behaviors in future novel situations ("maternal accuracy"), may be maintained from toddlerhood to children's kindergarten year. DESIGN: A sample of 93 mother-child dyads completed laboratory assessments at child age 2 and were invited back for two laboratory visits during children's kindergarten year. Fearful temperament, age 2 maternal accuracy, and protective behavior were measured observationally at age 2, and children's social withdrawal and kindergarten maternal accuracy were measured observationally at the follow-up kindergarten visits. RESULTS: We tested a moderated serial mediation model. For highly fearful children only, maternal accuracy may be maintained because it relates to protective parenting, which predicts children's social withdrawal, which feeds back into maternal accuracy. CONCLUSIONS: Maternal accuracy may be maintained across early childhood through the interactions mothers have with their temperamentally fearful children. Given concurrent measurement of some of the variables, the role of maternal cognitions like maternal accuracy should be replicated and then further considered for inclusion in theories and studies of transactional influences between parents and children on development.

Household Chaos, Parental Responses to Emotion, and Child Emotion Regulation in Middle Childhood.

Parents' responses to children's negative emotional states play a key role in the socialization of emotion regulation skills in childhood. Much of the prior research on child ER has focused on early development using cross-sectional designs. The current study addresses these gaps by using a longitudinal design to examine individual differences of ER at two times points in middle childhood. We examined the development of children's ER by testing hypotheses about the interplay of parent response to emotions and household chaos in the prediction of individual differences in children's ER. Participants were the mothers of children at 6 and 9 years of age among 224 families in a socioeconomically diverse sample that was part of an ongoing longitudinal study. Mothers completed questionnaires regarding themselves, their children, and their home environment. Mothers' reports of better child ER at both time points were positively associated with mothers' more supportive responses and negatively associated with mothers' less non-supportive responses, as well as lower household chaos. Chaos statistically moderated the link between non-supportive parental responses to emotion and child ER, but only at 6 years of age. The strength of the link between child ER and non-supportive parental responses to emotions was strong only at lower levels of household chaos. At the beginning of middle childhood, family processes linking parent responses to child emotions and children's developing ER may not function at higher levels of household chaos.

Reported maternal childhood maltreatment experiences, amygdala activation and functional connectivity to infant cry.

Maternal childhood maltreatment experiences (CMEs) may influence responses to infants and affect child outcomes. We examined associations between CME and mothers' neural responses and functional connectivity to infant distress. We hypothesized that mothers with greater CME would exhibit higher amygdala reactivity and amygdala-supplementary motor area (SMA) functional connectivity to own infant's cries. Postpartum mothers (N = 57) assessed for CME completed an functional magnetic resonance imaging task with cry and white-noise stimuli. Amygdala region-of-interest and psychophysiological interaction analyses were performed. Our models tested associations of CME with activation and connectivity during task conditions (own/other and cry/noise). Exploratory analyses with parenting behaviors were performed. Mothers with higher CME exhibited higher amygdala activation to own baby's cries vs other stimuli (F1,392 = 6.9, P < 0.01, N = 57) and higher differential connectivity to cry vs noise between amygdala and SMA (F1,165 = 22.3, P < 0.001). Exploratory analyses revealed positive associations between both amygdala activation and connectivity and maternal non-intrusiveness (Ps < 0.05). Increased amygdala activation to own infant's cry and higher amygdala-SMA functional connectivity suggest motor responses to baby's distress. These findings were associated with less intrusive maternal behaviors. Follow-up studies might replicate these findings, add more granular parenting assessments and explore how cue processing leads to a motivated maternal approach in clinical populations.

Multiple Traumas, Maternal Depression, Mother-Child Relationship, Social Support, and Young Children's Behavioral Problems.

This study examined whether maternal depression, mother-child relationships, and maternal perceived social support mediate the associations between child's exposure to multiple traumatic events and behavioral problems. We recruited a representative sample of 904 Israeli (Jewish and Arab) mothers and their 2- to 6-year-old children. Data collection was conducted through structured face-to-face interviews with the mothers between July and November 2011. All measures were completed by the mothers. We used the child's and mother's exposure to political violence questionnaires, Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL), a short version of the Parental Acceptance-Rejection Questionnaire (PARQ), the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D), and the Medical Outcomes Study (MOS) Social Support Survey. The research study model was tested using path analysis. The model showed a very good fit to the data, suggesting that maternal rejection, maternal depression, and social support play an important role in child's behavioral problems in the context of multiple traumatic events. Higher levels of maternal rejection were significantly associated with greater children behavior problems. Maternal rejection mediated the associations between maternal depressive symptoms and child's behavioral problems. Maternal perceived social support mediated the associations between child's exposure to multiple traumatic events and child's behavioral problems; child's exposure to multiple traumatic events was associated with lower levels of maternal perceived social support. In turn, lower levels of perceived social support were associated with higher levels of behavioral problems. In conclusion, in accordance with the "social stress framework," social support has a mediation role in the association between exposure to traumatic events and child's behavioral problems. Thus, enhancing social support to mothers to young children in the context of multiple traumatic events is essential for children resiliency.

Validity of the social support assessment scale in mothers of hospitalized premature neonates / Validade da escala para avaliação do apoio social em mães de neonatos prematuros hospitalizados

Mothers staying with their premature babies, hospitalized in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit tend to have reduced contact with friends and family, so it is pertinent that the perceived social support be evaluated during this period. This study aims to verify the validity of the Scale to evaluate the perceived social support by mothers of hospitalized premature babies. It is composed by the following dimensions: affective support; material support; informational support; emotionalsupport; embracing support; and attentional support. It is a sectional analytical study. The participants were 218 mothers of premature babies hospitalized in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit. The social support Scale for mothers of hospitalized premature neonates demonstrates satisfactory psychometric quality, presenting evidence of criterion validity, internal consistency and internal structure.

As mães acompanhantes de bebês prematuros que estão hospitalizados em Unidades de Terapia Intensiva Neonatal tendem a ter reduzido o seu contato com amigos e familiares, por isso é pertinente que o apoio social percebido seja avaliado durante esse período. Este estudo tem como objetivo verificar evidências de validade da Escala para avaliação do apoio social percebido por mães de bebês prematuros hospitalizados, que é composta pelas dimensões: apoio afetivo; apoio material; apoio de informação; apoio emocional; apoio de acolhimento e apoio de atenção. Trata-se de um estudo seccional analítico do qual participaram 218 mães de bebês prematuros hospitalizados na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva Neonatal. A Escala para avaliação do apoio social em mães de neonatos prematuros hospitalizados demonstra qualidade psicométrica satisfatória, apresentando evidências de validade de critério, de consistência interna e de estrutura interna.