Daidzin improves neurobehavioral outcome in rat model of traumatic brain injury.

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is associated with the etiology of multiple neurological disorders, including neurodegeneration, leading to various cognitive deficits. Daidzin (obtained from kudzu root and soybean leaves) is known for its neuroprotective effects through multiple mechanisms. This study aimed to investigate the pharmacological effects of Daidzin on sensory, and biochemical parameters, cognitive functions, anxiety, and depressive-like behaviors in the TBI rat model. Rats were divided into four groups (Control, TBI, TBI + Ibuprofen (30 mg/kg), and TBI + Daidzin (5 mg/kg)). Rats were subjected to TBI by dropping a 200 g rod from a height of 26 cm, resulting in an impact force of 0.51 J on the exposed crania. Ibuprofen (30 mg/kg) was used as a positive control reference/standard drug and Daidzin (5 mg/kg) as the test drug. Neurological severity score (NSS) assessment was done to determine the intactness of sensory and motor responses. Brain tissue edema and acetylcholine levels were determined in the cortex and hippocampus. Cognitive functions such as hippocampus-dependent memory, novel object recognition, exploration, depressive and anxiety-like behaviors were measured. Treatment with Daidzin improved NSS, reduced hippocampal and cortical edema, and improved levels of acetylcholine in TBI-induced rats. Furthermore, Daidzin treatment improved hippocampus-dependent memory, exploration behavior, and novel object recognition while reducing depressive and anxiety-like behavior. Our study revealed that Daidzin has a therapeutic potential comparable to Ibuprofen and can offer neuroprotection and enhanced cognitive and behavioral outcomes in rats after TBI.

The advantages of artificial intelligence-based gait assessment in detecting, predicting, and managing Parkinson's disease.

Background: Parkinson's disease is a neurological disorder that can cause gait disturbance, leading to mobility issues and falls. Early diagnosis and prediction of freeze episodes are essential for mitigating symptoms and monitoring the disease. Objective: This review aims to evaluate the use of artificial intelligence (AI)-based gait evaluation in diagnosing and managing Parkinson's disease, and to explore the potential benefits of this technology for clinical decision-making and treatment support. Methods: A thorough review of published literature was conducted to identify studies, articles, and research related to AI-based gait evaluation in Parkinson's disease. Results: AI-based gait evaluation has shown promise in preventing freeze episodes, improving diagnosis, and increasing motor independence in patients with Parkinson's disease. Its advantages include higher diagnostic accuracy, continuous monitoring, and personalized therapeutic interventions. Conclusion: AI-based gait evaluation systems hold great promise for managing Parkinson's disease and improving patient outcomes. They offer the potential to transform clinical decision-making and inform personalized therapies, but further research is needed to determine their effectiveness and refine their use.

A New Software for Quantifying Motor Deficit After Stroke: A Case-Control Feasibility Pilot Study.

Introduction: The degree of disability after stroke needs to be objectively measured to implement adequate rehabilitation programs. Here, we evaluate the feasibility of a custom-built software to assess motor status after stroke. Methods: This is a prospective, case-control pilot study comparing stroke patients with healthy volunteers. A workout evaluation that included trunk and upper limb movement was captured with Kinect® and kinematic metrics were extracted with Akira®. Trunk and joint angles were analyzed and compared between cases and controls. Patients were evaluated within the first week from stroke onset using the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS), Fulg-Meyer Assessment (FMA), and modified Rankin Scale (mRS) scales; the relationship with kinematic measurements was explored. Results: Thirty-seven patients and 33 controls were evaluated. Median (IQR) NIHSS of cases was 2 (0-4). The kinematic metrics that showed better discriminatory capacity were body sway during walking (less in cases than in controls, p = 0.01) and the drift in the forearm-trunk angle during shoulder abduction in supination (greater in cases than in controls, p = 0.01). The body sway during walking was moderately correlated with NIHSS score (Rho = -0.39; p = 0.01) but better correlated with mRS score (Rho = -0.52; p < 0.001) and was associated with the absence of disability (mRS 0-1) (OR = 0.64; p = 0.02). The drift in the forearm-trunk angle in supination was associated with the presence of disability (mRS >1) (OR = 1.27; p = 0.04). Conclusion: We present a new software that detects even mild motor impairment in stroke patients underestimated by clinical scales but with an impact on patient functionality.

Structured Observation of Motor Performance in Infants: Level and quality associated with later motor development.

AIM: The aim of this study was to investigate the level of motor development and the quality of motor performance during the first 10 months in relation to the Bayley Scales of Infant Development-third edition (Bayley-III) motor index at 2.5 years. METHODS: Children born very preterm from a population-based study (n = 113) were assessed with the Structured Observation of Motor Performance in Infants (SOMP-I) at 2, 4, 6 and 10 months corrected age and the Bayley-III motor index at 2.5 years corrected age (n = 98). Logistic regressions were performed to investigate the independent association of each SOMP-I domain to Bayley-III motor index. RESULTS: There were significant associations between the SOMP-I-scores and Bayley-III motor index per every assessment age. At 4 months, both level and quality were independently associated with a later motor outcome, OR for level was 1.26 (95% CI = 1.08-1.50, P = .002) and for quality, 0.75 (95% CI = 0.63-0.90, P = .002). Quality was independently associated with the Bayley-III motor index at 6 and 10 months: OR 0.080 (95% CI = 0.67-0.95 P = .010) and 0.79 (95% CI = 0.64-0.97, P = .026). CONCLUSION: Both SOMP-I domains, level and quality, are markers to identify motor problems early. Quality became more important with age.

The Frail'BESTest. An Adaptation of the "Balance Evaluation System Test" for Frail Older Adults. Description, Internal Consistency and Inter-Rater Reliability.

INTRODUCTION: The Balance Evaluation System Test (BESTest) and the Mini-BESTest were developed to assess the complementary systems that contribute to balance function. These tests include functional tasks involving several high-level exercises to assess the balance function, which may be even more difficult in case of frailty. The Frail'BESTest has been developed to make it possible to include frail older adults in systemic assessment. In this first paper, the objective is to present the Frail'BESTest and to describe the usefulness and complementarity of each system and to test the inter-rater reliability of the score measurements in two health centers. METHODS: In the first center, 192 frail and non-frail older patients were enrolled to test I) the contribution of each system, II) internal consistency, and III) the threshold and ceiling effects. The scores of 32 patients from center 1 and 32 patients recruited in another center (center 2) were used to measure the inter-rater reliability of the measurements by means of Kendall's tau coefficients. RESULTS: The internal consistency was moderate to good for five systems and limited for "biomechanical constraints". The distribution of the Frail'BESTest was more centered than that of the Tinetti and Mini-Motor tests. The Kendall's tau showed strong concordance in center 1 for all systems and only for 4 on 6 systems in center 2. DISCUSSION: Completing a systemic evaluation, the therapist may prioritize the patient's needs identifying the most challenging systems. This paper presents the Frail'BESTest and confirms the psychometric properties at a first step level.

An Instrumented Assessment of a Rhythmic Finger Task among Children with Motor Coordination Difficulties.

BACKGROUND: Coordination is crucial for motor function, yet objective clinical evaluations are limited. We therefore developed and tested the reliability and validity of a low-cost sensorized evaluation of a rhythmic finger task. METHODS: Children with coordination difficulties (n = 24) and typically developing children (n = 24) aged from 5 to 7 years performed the Sensorized Finger Sequencing Test (SFST), a finger sequencing test that records the correct sequence, total time, and the standard deviation (SD) of touch time. Additionally, motor performance tests and parents' reports were applied in order to test the reliability and validity of the SFST. RESULTS: The study group had significantly greater thumb-finger test scores-total time in the dominant hand (p = 0.035) and the SD of the touch time in both dominant (p = 0.036) and non-dominant (p = 0.032) hands. Motor performance tests were not correlated with the SFST. Test-retest reliability in 10 healthy children was found for the SD of touch time in the dominant hand (r = 0.87, p = 0.003). CONCLUSIONS: The SFST was successful in assessing the movement pattern variability reported in children with motor difficulties. This exploratory study indicates that the low-cost SFST could be utilized as an objective measure for the assessment of proprioception components, which currently are overlooked by standardized motor performance assessments.

Relative and Absolute Reliability of a Motor Assessment System Using KINECT® Camera.

(1) Background: Virtual reality is currently useful in different clinical specialties as a diagnostic and therapeutic tool. In this study, we analyzed the relative and absolute reliability of the motor evaluation with the Kinect camera, a markerless motion system. (2) Methods: Observational study in healthy people, whose inclusion criteria were: healthy people, age 18 to 40 years old without pathologies or injuries in osteoarticular structures or ligamentous muscle and pharmacological treatment with influence on motor skills. Fifty-two subjects were evaluated. (3) Results: The results of the relative reliability were favorable in variables such as the amplitude of passage of the right leg (ICC (Intraclass Correlation Coefficient) = 0.95 ± 0.03), the step width of the left leg (ICC = 0.92 ± 0.04) or balance of the left leg (ICC = 0.90 ± 0.05). Moderate values were found for other variables. The absolute reliability, measured by the coefficient of variation, was favorable in most of the variables. (4) Conclusions: The results reflect a favorable intraclass correlation in the evaluation of the variation and asymmetry of movements of the upper limbs, the balance of both legs, the side step width and the evaluation of the sitting and standing positions. The reliability of the evaluation of the variation of movements and the asymmetry of the lower limbs must be further improved.

Apkinson: the smartphone application for telemonitoring Parkinson's patients through speech, gait and hands movement.

Aim: This paper introduces Apkinson, a mobile application for motor evaluation and monitoring of Parkinson's disease patients. Materials & methods: The App is based on previously reported methods, for instance, the evaluation of articulation and pronunciation in speech, regularity and freezing of gait in walking, and tapping accuracy in hand movement. Results: Preliminary experiments indicate that most of the measurements are suitable to discriminate patients and controls. Significance is evaluated through statistical tests. Conclusion: Although the reported results correspond to preliminary experiments, we think that Apkinson is a very useful App that can help patients, caregivers and clinicians, in performing a more accurate monitoring of the disease progression. Additionally, the mobile App can be a personal health assistant.

Test de desarrollo motor aplicados en Chile entre el período 2014-2018: una revisión sistemática / Motor development tests applied in Chile between the period 2014-2018: a systematic review

El desarrollo motor es un proceso continuo y multidimensional del ciclo vital del ser humano. Para el profesor de educación física se hace esencial buscar instrumentos que permitan medir el desarrollo motor para una intervención intencionada que permita alcanzar un desarrollo apropiado a la edad de cada estudiante. El objetivo de este estudio es identificar los test de desarrollo motor aplicados en Chile entre 2014-2018. Se realizó una revisión sistemática de artículos científicos que aplicaron test de desarrollo motor, entre los años 2014-2018. La búsqueda de artículos se realizó en las bases de datos "Ebsco", "Dialnet" y "Scielo". Las palabras claves en la búsqueda fueron, desarrollo motor y test desarrollo motor, en los idiomas español, inglés y portugués. Se obtuvo un total de 9 artículos que cumplieron los criterios de inclusión. Los resultados mostraron que se han utilizado 4 test de desarrollo motor en el periodo declarado. En conclusión, el test más utilizado en Chile es el TGMD-2 el cual es ampliamente recomendado y validado en el contexto chileno; y cuyo propósito se basa en la identificación de los niveles de ejecución (bajo o superior) del desarrollo motor grueso en los niños según la edad cronológica

Motor development is a continuous and multidimensional process of the human being life cycle. For the physical education teacher it is essential to look for instruments that allow measuring the motor development for an intentional intervention that allows achieving an appropriate development at the age of each student. The objective of this study is to identify the motor development test applied in Chile between 2014-2018. A systematic review of scientific articles that applied motor development tests was carried out between 2014-2018. The search for articles was carried out in the "Ebsco", "Dialnet" and "Scielo" databases. The keywords in the search were; motor development and motor development test, in the Spanish, English and Portuguese languages. Nine articles were obtained that met the inclusion criteria. The results showed that four motor development tests have been used in the declared period. In conclusion, the most used test in Chile is TGMD-2 which is widely recommended and validated in the Chilean context; and whose purpose is based on the identification of the performance levels (lower or higher) of gross motor development in children according to chronological age

Inter and Intra Operator Reliability of Motor and Palpation Evaluation in Fascial Manipulation in individuals with coxarthrosis.

OBJECTIVE: An inter and intra rater reliability (INTERR and INTRAR) study was designed. METHODS: 71 subjects, with primary hip coxarthrosis, were included and randomly divided in a study group (SG= 36) and a control group (CG= 35) to assess the efficacy of the Fascial Manipulation® (FM®) method. The primary objective was the assessment of INTERR and INTRAR about movement verification (MV) and palpation verification (PV) of FM® performed by two physiotherapists (PtA and PtB). The secondary objective was evaluate the efficacy of FM® through MV, PV and pain score. Pain was assessed using the Numeric Rating Scale (NRS). SG received three weekly sessions of FM® byPtA. PtB re-evaluated all the subjects at the end of the study. RESULTS: Results of the INTERR analysis showed for SG: MV (ICC= 0.92, k= 72.7%); PV (ICC= 0.91, k= 75.7%). For CG : MV (ICC= 0.95, k= 84.2%); PV (ICC= 0.90, k= 75%). Results of the INTRAR analysis for SG reported: MV (ICC= 0.82, k= 74,8%); PV (ICC= 0.60, k= 46.8%); for CG: MV (ICC= 0.93, k= 78.7%); PV (ICC= 0.84, k= 53.3%). Statistical significance were reported in NRS (p = 0.001), MV (p = 0.0003) and PV (p < 0.0001) with better results for SG using "Intention To Treat" method. DISCUSSION: This study demonstrates that FM® assessment procedures have a high reliability even if applied by practitioners with basic experience. Furthermore FM® treatment can improve pain and ROM in individuals with primary coxarthrosis.

Actigraphic measurement of the upper limbs movements in acute stroke patients.

BACKGROUND: Stroke units provide patients with a multiparametric monitoring of vital functions, while no instruments are actually available for a continuous monitoring of patients motor performance. Our aim was to develop an actigraphic index able both to identify the paretic limb and continuously monitor the motor performance of stroke patients in the stroke unit environment. METHODS: Twenty consecutive acute stroke patients (mean age 69.2 years SD 10.1, 8 males and 12 females) and 17 bed-restrained patients (mean age 70.5 years SD 7.3, 7 males and 10 females) hospitalized for orthopedic diseases of the lower limbs, but not experiencing neurological symptoms, were enrolled. This last group represented our control group. The motor activity of arms was recorded for 24 h using two programmable actigraphic systems showing off as wrist-worn watches. The firmware segmented the acquisition in epochs of 1 minute and for each epoch calculates two motor activity indices: MAe1 (Epoch-related Motor Activity index) and MAe2 (Epoch-related Motor Activity index 2). MAe1 is defined as the standard deviation of the acceleration module and MAe2 as the module of the standard deviation of acceleration components. To describe the 24 h motor performance of each limb, we calculated the mean value of MAe1 and MAe2 (respectively MA1_24h and MA2_24h). Then we obtained two Asymmetry Rate Indices: AR1_24h and AR2_24h to show the motor activity prevalence. AR1_24h refers to the asymmetry index between the values of MAe1 of both arms and AR2_24h to MAe2 values. The stroke patients were clinically evaluated by NIHSS at the beginning (NIHSST0) and at the end (NIHSST1) of the 24 h actigraphic recordings. RESULTS: Both MA1_24h and MA2_24h indices were smaller in the paretic than in the unaffected arm (respectively p = 0.004 and p = 0.004). AR2_24h showed a better capability (95% of paretic arms correctly identified, Phi Coefficient: 0.903) to discriminate the laterality of the clinical deficit than AR1_24h (85% of paretic arms correctly identified, Phi Coefficient: 0,698). We also found that AR1_24h did not differ between the two groups of patients while AR2_24h was greater in stroke patients than in controls and positively correlated with NIHSS total scores (r: 0.714, p < 0.001 for NIHSS, IC95%: 0.42-0.90) and with the sub-score relative to the paretic upper limb (r: 0.812, p < 0.001, IC95%: 0.62-0.96). CONCLUSIONS: Our data show that actigraphic monitoring of upper limbs can detect the laterality of the motor deficit and measure the clinical severity. These findings suggest that the above described actigraphic system could implement the existing multiparametric monitoring in stroke units.

Eficacia en el diagnóstico y tratamiento del síndrome de Brown / Efficacy of the diagnosis and treatment of Brown syndrome

RESUMEN Objetivo: Identificar las características clínicas y los criterios quirúrgicos en el síndrome de Brown. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo retrospectivo a 15 pacientes con el diagnóstico de síndrome de Brown, quienes acudieron a la Consulta de Visión Binocular del Hospital Infantil Sur "Dr. Antonio María Béguez César". Se incluyeron los niños con edades entre 2 a 7 años, con el diagnóstico definido de síndrome de Brown; se realizó exploración motora y sensorial completa y se evaluó el ojo afectado, el tipo de síndrome de Brown que tenía el paciente, las características clínicas y los criterios quirúrgicos tenidos en cuenta para resolver una conducta adecuada. Resultados: En la muestra estudiada el 66,5 por ciento de los pacientes tuvo afectado el ojo derecho con un síndrome de Brown leve; el 73 por ciento estuvo en ortotropía y el 73,3 por ciento no fue quirúrgico. Conclusión: Los pacientes con síndrome de Brown leve que permanecen en ortotropía, sin tortícolis y sin depresión en aducción, no requieren intervención quirúrgica(AU)

ABSTRACT Objective: Identify the clinical characteristics of and surgical criteria for Brown syndrome. Methods: A retrospective descriptive study was conducted of 15 patients diagnosed with Brown syndrome attending the binocular vision service at Dr. Antonio María Béguez César South University Children's Hospital. The sample included children aged 2-7 years with a definite diagnosis of Brown syndrome. Complete motor and sensory exploration was done, and evaluation was performed of the affected eye, Brown syndrome type, clinical characteristics and surgical criteria considered to select the appropriate management. Results: 66.5 percent of the study sample had their right eye affected by mild Brown syndrome, 73 percent were orthotropic, and 73.3 percent were not surgical cases. Conclusion: Patients with mild Brown syndrome who remained orthotropic, without torticollis or adduction depression, did not require surgical intervention(AU)

Tradução e adaptação do examen géronto-psychomoteur para o português do Brasil / Translation and adaptation of the examen géronto-psychomoteur to brazilian portuguese

O objetivo do presente estudo foi traduzir o original francês do Examen Géronto-Psychomoteur (EGP) para o português do Brasil e adaptar para uso com idosos brasileiros. A proposta busca suprir a ausência de um instrumento multidisciplinar para avaliação funcional do idoso brasileiro. O EGP é um teste que avalia funções motoras e cognitivas, que são habilidades fundamentais para a manutenção da saúde no envelhecimento. Parâmetros internacionalmente aceitos foram adotados em três etapas: Tradução - duas traduções independentes, síntese, tradução reversa; Comitê de especialistas - cinco juízes avaliaram a equivalência conceitual, semântica e cultural, assim como a clareza da tradução; Pré-teste - foram avaliados 35 voluntários com idade média de 68,66 ± 6,22 anos. O processo de tradução apresentou um documento único na língua portuguesa utilizada no Brasil, que obteve índices de validade de conteúdo quase perfeitos para equivalência e clareza entre 0,86 e 1. Também foi calculado o coeficiente de concordância kappa de Cohen, que apontou uma forte concordância entre as avaliações dos juízes, com valores entre 0,85 e 0,96. O tempo médio de aplicação foi de 52,36 ± 7,48 minutos e a média dos escores dos participantes foi de 91,35 ± 9,85. Os parâmetros obtidos da versão brasileira do EGP mostraramse satisfatórios, indicando que o processo de adaptação do instrumento foi adequado e robusto, o que possibilita a continuidade dos estudos das propriedades psicométricas para validação do Exame Geronto Psicomotor para população idosa brasileira. (AU)

The objective of the present study was to translate the French original of the GérontoPsychomoteur Exam (EGP) into Brazilian Portuguese and adapt it for use with Brazilian elderly. It is a test that assesses motor and cognitive functions, which are fundamental skills for maintaining health in aging. International parameters were adopted in three stages, Translation: two independent translations, synthesis, reverse translation; Expert Committee: Five judges evaluated the conceptual, semantic and cultural equivalence, as well as the clarity of the translation; Pre-test: 35 volunteers with a mean age of 68.66 ± 6.22 years were evaluated. The translation process presented a unique instrument in the Portuguese language used in Brazil, which obtained almost perfect content validity indexes for equivalence and clarity between 0.86 and 1. Cohen's kappa coefficient of agreement was also calculated, which pointed to a strong agreement between the judges' evaluations, with values between 0.85 and 0.96. The mean time of application was 52.36 ± 7.48 minutes and the mean of the participants' scores was 91.35 ± 9.85. The parameters obtained from the Brazilian version of the EGP were satisfactory, indicating that the adaptation process of the instrument was adequate and robust, which allows the continuity of the psychometric properties studies to validate the Geronto Psychomotor Examination for the Brazilian elderly people. (AU)

Quantitative Measurements of Motor Function in Alzheimer's Disease, Frontotemporal Dementia, and Dementia with Lewy Bodies: A Proof-of-Concept Study.

BACKGROUND: This study examines the efficacy of using quantitative measurements of motor dysfunction, compared to clinical ratings, in Alzheimer's disease (AD), frontotemporal dementia (FTD), and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB). METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, 49 patients with a diagnosis of AD (n = 17), FTD (n = 19), or DLB (n = 13) were included and underwent cognitive testing, clinical motor evaluation, and quantitative motor tests: pronation/supination hand tapping, grasping and lifting, and finger and foot tapping. RESULTS: Our results revealed significantly higher Q-Motor values in pronation/supination and in grip lift force assessment in AD, FTD, and DLB compared to healthy controls (HC). Q-Motor values detected significant differences between AD and HC, while clinical ratings did not. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that quantitative measurements provide more objective and sensitive measurements of motor dysfunction in dementia.

Evaluation of pediatric upper extremity peripheral nerve injuries.

INTRODUCTION: The evaluation of motor and sensory function of the upper extremity after a peripheral nerve injury is critical to diagnose the location and extent of nerve injury as well as document functional recovery in children. PURPOSE: The purpose of this paper is to describe an approach to the evaluation of the pediatric upper extremity peripheral nerve injuries through a critical review of currently used tests of sensory and motor function. METHODS: Outcome studies on pediatric upper extremity peripheral nerve injuries in the Medline database were reviewed. RESULTS: The evaluation of the outcome in children less than 10 years of age with an upper extremity peripheral nerve injury includes careful observation of preferred prehension patterns, examination of muscle atrophy and sudomotor function, provocative tests, manual muscle testing and tests of sensory threshold and tactile gnosis. CONCLUSION: The evaluation of outcome in children with upper extremity peripheral nerve injuries warrants a unique approach.

Non-motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease A review from the past.

Although Parkinson's disease (PD) has been classically defined as a motor disorder, a range of non-motor symptoms (NMS) including cognitive, mood, autonomic and sleep disturbances occur with the passage of time. Although it seems that the non-motor aspect of PD is a recent observation, classic authors (James Parkinson, Charcot, Gowers, Oppenheim and Wilson) had described many NMS including pain, fatigue, bladder dysfunction, cognitive decline and delusion. In this review we have collated the classic literature of NMS in PD.

Contribuição de diferentes conteúdos das aulas de educação física no ensino fundamental I para o desenvolvimento das habilidades motoras fundamentais / Contribution of different contents of physical education classes in elementary school I for the development of basic motor skills

INTRODUÇÃO E OBJETIVO: Este estudo investigou a contribuição das aulas de educação física (EF) no ensino fundamental I para o desenvolvimento de habilidades motoras fundamentais de crianças de duas escolas públicas da mesma região da cidade de São Paulo, e se a prática de esportes radicais, além das aulas de EF, poderia diferenciar tal desenvolvimento. MÉTODOS: Dezenove crianças (9,5 ± 0,3 anos) que tiveram semanalmente duas aulas de EF formaram o grupo controle (GC) e 22 crianças (9,6 ± 0,5 anos) que tiveram semanalmente duas aulas de EF e três aulas de esportes radicais formaram o grupo experimental (GE). Todas as crianças foram filmadas realizando as habilidades motoras dos subtestes locomotor e controle de objetos do Test of Gross Motor Development (TGMD-2). As filmagens foram analisadas posteriormente e escores brutos foram atribuídos de acordo com a qualidade do movimento observado, e idade motora equivalente também foi estimada para os dois subtestes. RESULTADOS: Os resultados indicaram que as crianças do GE apresentaram escores brutos maiores que as crianças do GC no subteste locomotor e os dois grupos apresentaram escores brutos similares no subteste controle de objetos. Ainda, as crianças do GE apresentaram idade motora equivalente maior que a idade cronológica no subteste locomotor enquanto que as crianças do GC não apresentaram diferença entre as duas idades, e os dois grupos não apresentaram diferenças entre idade motora equivalente e idade cronológica no subteste controle de objetos. CONCLUSÃO: Com base nos resultados, concluímos que aulas de EF nos quatro primeiros anos do ensino fundamental I contribuíram adequadamente para o desenvolvimento de habilidades motoras fundamentais, uma vez que os dois grupos não apresentaram idade motora equivalente inferior à idade cronológica; e que aulas de esportes radicais contribuíram ainda mais para o desenvolvimento de habilidades locomotoras.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE: This study investigated the contribution of physical education (PE) classes in elementary school I for the development of basic motor skills of children from two public schools in the same neighborhood of São Paulo city, and if the practice of extreme sports besides the PE classes could differently contribute to the development of those skills. METHODS: Nineteen children (9.5 ± 0.3 years) who had two weekly PE classes composed the control group (CG) and 22 children (9.6 ± 0.5 years) who had two weekly PE classes and three extreme sports classes composed the experimental group (EG). All children were videotaped while performing locomotor and object control motor skill subtests from the Test of Gross Motor Development (TGMD-2). The videos were analyzed and raw scores were obtained according to the quality of the observed movement, and equivalent motor age was also estimated for both subtests. RESULTS: The results indicated that the EG presented higher raw scores compared to CG in the locomotor subtest and both groups presented similar scores in the object control subtest. Moreover, EG presented higher equivalent motor age in the locomotor subtest compared to CG and neither group presented differences between equivalent motor age and chronological age in the object control subtest. CONCLUSION: Based on these results we conclude that PE classes in elementary school appropriately contributed to the development of basic motor skills, since neither group presented difference between equivalent motor age and chronological age, and that extreme sports classes contributed even more for the development of locomotor skills.