Oral Candidiasis of Tobacco Smokers: A Literature Review.

The mouth is a vital point of entry into the human body, the health of the mouth entails mental, physical as well as social well-being. Studying diseases, microbiota and environmental conditions of the mouth is important to maintain oral health and all body. The smoke of tobacco cigarettes is one of the worst habits that affect the health of the mouth and the body. Therefore, this review has been conducted to study the effect of smoking on the balance of the oral microbiota and the opportunistic organisms, one of the most important of them <i>Candida</i>. Although a few studies have found that cigarette smoking does not influence carriage by <i>Candida</i> significantly. However, most of the studies had results completely contrary to that, smoking cigarettes affect <i>Candida</i> pathogenic characteristics such as a transition from yeast to hyphal form, biofilm formation and, virulence-related gene expressions. Tobacco is not only an inducer of the transition process but it considers an excellent medium for this process. Furthermore, smoking was significantly associated with <i>Candida</i> pathogenicity in patients with clinically suspected oral leukoplakia and smoking worsens oral candidiasis and dampens epithelial cell defense response. Nicotine significantly altered the composition and proportion of yeast cells, as well as the extracellular polysaccharide amounts which increase biofilm matrix and thickness which could promote oral candidiasis. Smoking has the potential to alter the oral condition and cause severe oxidative stress, thereby damaging the epithelial barrier of the mouth. These oxidative molecules during smoking activate epithelial cells proteins called oxidative stress-sensing proteins. If some of these proteins induced, widely thought to have anti-inflammatory properties, inhibit the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines and are linked to inflammation and oxidative stress is thought to be a possible therapeutic objective and a crucial regulator for smoking-related oral diseases and mouth candidiasis for instance leukoplakia. Also, it is transported into the cell nucleus in the existence of additional electrophilic chemicals to activate antioxidant enzyme gene expression. Therefore, smoking cigarettes destroys oral health and consequently destroys the health of the whole body.

Insuficiência renal crônica: análise qualitativa sobre saúde bucal / Chronic kidney insufficiency: qualitative analysis on mouth health

Objetivou-se avaliar a autopercepção de doentes renais crônicos sobre saúde bucal e analisar os fatores envolvidos no tratamento da insuficiência renal. Trata-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa, com o emprego da técnica de grupo focal. Foram realizados dois grupos focais com uma amostra de 12 doentes renais crônicos, com a participação de pesquisador/moderador, observador e seis participantes em cada grupo e um roteiro com questões norteadoras. Os discursos foram gravados e transcritos, os conteúdos textuais foram processados no software IRAMUTEQ e analisados pela técnica de classificação hierárquica descendente (CHD) e análise de conteúdo. Seis categorias emergiram da análise multivariada pela CHD: (1) Sofrimento; (2) Expectativa; (3) Acesso ao Tratamento; (4) Serviços de Saúde; (5) Valorização; (6) Funções da Boca. A análise qualitativa demonstrou que apesar do grande sofrimento relatado pelos doentes renais crônicos, há uma autopercepção positiva e que pode ser verificada nas categorias elencadas. A análise interpretativa do corpus textual sugere ausência de assistência odontológica e alguns fatores envolvidos neste processo de iniquidade

Self-perception by chronic kidney patients on mouth health is evaluated and the factors involved in the treatment of kidney insufficiency are analyzed. Qualitative research with focal group technique was applied to two groups with a sample of 12 chronic kidney patients, with the participation of researcher/moderator, observer and six participants of each group and a list of questions. Discourses were recorded and transcribed, textual contents were processed by IRAMUTEQ and analyzed by descendent hierarchized classification technique (CHD) and content analysis. Six categories emerged from the multivariate CHD analysis: (1) suffering; (2) expectations; (3) access to treatment; (4) health services; (5) valorization; (6) mouth functions. Qualitative analysis revealed that, in spite of great suffering by chronic kidney patients, a positive self-perception is perceived and may be verified in the listed categories. The interpretative analysis of the textual corpus suggests an absence of dentistry assistance and other factors involved in the iniquity process

Conhecimento de pais/cuidadores sobre saúde bucal na infância / Parents´ and caretakers´ knowledge on mouth health in childhood

A informação acerca da importância dos aspectos nutricionais, higiênicos e outros relativos aos cuidados básicos de saúde bucal tende a resultar em uma redução da doença cárie. Objetivou-se avaliar o conhecimento de pais/cuidadores sobre saúde bucal na infância. Estudo quantitativo, transversal comparativo, realizado no período de outubro/2015 a março/2016 em uma unidade de atenção primária à saúde. A amostra de 62 pais/cuidadores foi dividida em dois grupos: com puericultura odontológica e sem puericultura odontológica. O instrumento de coleta de dados consistiu de formulário com perguntas fechadas. Maior adesão e frequência diária de escovação dentária, maior número de crianças com primeira consulta ao dentista, menor consumo diário de açúcar e doces e maior consumo de verduras e suco sem açúcar foram achados do grupo com puericultura odontológica. Pais/cuidadores que receberam orientações do cirurgião-dentista sobre cuidados em saúde bucal demonstraram maior conhecimento e melhores práticas relativos a este tema quando comparados àqueles que não receberam.

Information on nutritional, hygiene and other health-related data on mouth health decreases caries. Knowledge of parents and caretakers on mouth health of children is discussed by a quantitative, transversal and comparative study undertaken between October 2015 and March 2016 at a basic health unit. Sample comprising 62 parents/ caretakers was divided into two groups: with and without dentistry care. Data were collected by a form with closed questions. The group with dentistry care showed a greater adhesion and daily teeth brushing, a greater number of children in their first visit to the dentist, low daily intake of sugar and sweets, greater uptake of vegetables and sugar-less juice. Parents and caretakers who received guidelines by the dentist on mouth health were better informed and practiced the given instructions, when compared with the group without any dentistry directions.

Influencia de la salud bucal durante el embarazo en la salud del futuro bebé / The influence of mouth health in the future newborn during pregnancy

Fundamento: El embarazo se relaciona con una mayor incidencia de caries y gingivitis. Objetivo: Profundizar en el conocimiento sobre la influencia de estas afecciones bucales en la salud del futuro bebé. Conclusiones: El embarazo genera adaptaciones en la fisiología femenina las cuales pueden repercutir en la salud bucal de la gestante. Las afecciones bucales más frecuentes son la caries dental y la gingivitis, estas si no son tratadas a tiempo pueden afectar la salud del futuro bebé.

Background: pregnancy is related to a high incidence of caries and gingivitis Objective: to deepen in the knowledge of influence of these mouth affections in the health of the future newborn Conclusions: Pregnancy generates adaptations in female physiology which can influence in the mouth health of the pregnant woman. The most frequent mouth affections are known as dental caries and gingivitis. If they are not treated on time, they can affect the future of the newborn.

Orofacial injuries in sports and use of mouthguards among university students

Aim: To evaluate the prevalence of orofacial injuries during practice of sports and the use of mouthguards by university students in the southern region of Brazil. Methods: In this cross sectionalstudy, 700 undergraduates from the University of West Santa Catarina, Brazil, filled out a questionnaire with multiple-choice questions addressing social and economic status, education level of parents, orofacial injuries from sport practice, knowledge, importance and use of mouthguards. The collected data were entered into the EpiData 3.2 program, and were analyzed by descriptive statistics and the chi-square test using STATA 8.0 statistical software package with a significance level set at 5%. Results: Out of the total number of students surveyed, 37.02%claimed to have already sustained some kind of orofacial injury. Out of these, only 9.90% sought dental assistance after trauma. The most common injuries were: bleeding 54.55%, swelling23.72%, and dental fractures 16.21%. Among the interviewees, 19.24% had already used mouth guard and 44.89% considered its use as important. Conclusions: The prevalence oforofacial injuries during sport activities was high in the studied sample and only few of the interviewed university students used individual protection measures to avoid these injuries.

Implantação e avaliação de um Programa de Educação e de Motivação do paciente para o retorno ao consultório odontológico / Implementation and evaluation of an educational and motivational program of patients for their return to the dental office

A implantação de um programa de educação e motivação do paciente para o retorno, no serviço odontológico da Universidade Federal de São Carlos, foi avaliada, por meio da análise do nível de conhecimento dos pacientes, da observação da cooperação com o retorno antes e após o programa e da verificação da periodicidade de retorno praticada. Para isso foram selecionados 100 pacientes, funcionários e docentes da Universidade Federal de São Carlos. No programa aplicado, a educação e motivação do paciente foram realizadas antes, durante e após o tratamento preventivo-restaurador, utilizando-se da orientação direta associada a recursos audiovisuais, com recomendações da necessidade de retorno semestral. Para a análise do nível de conhecimento dos pacientes, foi aplicado um questionário em quatro fases, antes do programa, imediatamente após o final da aplicação inicial, no primeiro retorno e após a sua conclusão. A obtenção de dados para a observação da cooperação com o retorno pré e pós-programa e para a verificaçao da periodicidade praticada pelos pacinetes no pós-programa, constou de um exame criterioso das fichas clínicas de todos os pacientes participantes, avaliando-se o retorno destes em dois períodos: de 1º de janeiro de 1996 a 30 de junho de 1997, e de 1º de agosto de 1997 a 31 de janeiro de 1999, totalizando 36 meses de observações. Os resultados obtidos permitiram concluir que a implantaçao do programa educativo foi realizada com sucesso, uma vez que houve melhora considerável no nível de conhecimeto dos pacientes: o nível A passou de 12% antes do programa para 89% após o mesmo; o nível B diminuiu de 76% para 11%, e o nível C caiu de 12% para zero; a cooperação completa de retorno aumentou de 7% no pré-programa de 85% no pós-programa; e apenas 15% dos pacientes não desenvolveram aa periodicidade recomendada

The implementation of an educational and motivational program of patients for their return, at the dental service of the Federal University of São Carlos was evaluated, through the analysis of the knowledge level of the patient, the observation of the compliance with return before and after the program and the periodical return. 100 patients were selected among teachers and employees from the Federal University of São Carlos. This program applied to the education and motivation was realized before, during and after the preventive-restoring treatment, with the use of direct orientation through audiovisual resources containing recommendations about the need of a semi-annual return. For the analysis of the knowledge level of the patients a questionnaire was applied in four stages: before the program, right after the end of the begin application, at the first return and after the its conclusion. The data for the observation of the patient's compliance with the return before and after the program and the periodicity practiced by the patients after the program was obtained through a sensible examination of the clinical files of the patients during two periods: from January 1, 1997 to june 0, 1997 and from August 1, 1997 to January 31, 1999. totaling 36 months of observation. Through the obtained result it would be conclude that the implementation of the educational program was successful considering that the knowledge level of the patients increase significantly: level A increase from 12% before the program to 89% after the program, level B dropped from 76% to 11% and level C dropped from 12% to 0%; the complete compliance of the return increase from 7% before the program to 85% after the program and 15% of the patients didn't develop the recommended periodicity of return