Inspiratory muscle endurance is similarly reduced in the early and late stages of chronic Chagas heart disease.

OBJECTIVE: Inspiratory muscle strength (IMS) appears to be reduced in subjects with chronic Chagas heart disease (CHD), especially in the presence of heart failure (HF). However, only one study about IMS and inspiratory muscle endurance (IME) in those with CHD without heart failure is available. This study aimed to compare IMS and IME in subjects with CHD in the presence and absence of HF. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study in which 30 CHD adult patients were divided into CHD-CC group (initial phase of CHD, without HF; n = 15) and CHD-HF group (advanced phase of CHD, with HF; n = 15). We assessed IMS by maximum inspiratory pressure (MIP) and IME by incremental (Pthmax) and constant load (TLim) tests. Reduced IMS and IME were considered by predicted MIP values <70% and Pthmax/MIP <75%, respectively. RESULTS: Inspiratory muscle weakness (IMW) was more frequent in CHD-HF than in CHD-CC (46.7% vs. 13.3%; p = 0.05), and both groups had high frequencies of reduced IME (93.3% CHD-CC vs. 100.0% CHD-HF; p = 0.95). Age-adjusted logistic regression analysis using HF as a dependent variable showed that HF was associated with an increased chance of IMW compared with the CHD-CC group (OR = 7.47; p = 0.03; 95% CI 1.20-46.19). CONCLUSION: This study suggests that, in patients with CHD, HF is associated with IMW, and that reduction of IME is already present in the initial phase, similar to the advanced phase with HF.

The placebo effect of a pink non-caloric, artificially sweetened solution on strength endurance performance and psychological responses in trained individuals.

Background: The pink color enhances the perceived sweetness, increasing the individuals' expectation of the presence of sugar/carbohydrate in a beverage. Hence, it is plausible to speculate that providing a pink solution during exercise could induce an ergogenic benefit through a potential placebo effect. Aim: We examined whether ingesting a pink non-caloric, artificially sweetened solution can improve endurance strength exercise performance and psychological responses. Methods: Eighteen strength-trained individuals (34 ± 7 y; 1.74 ± 0.06 m; 79.86 ± 10.91 kg) completed three experimental trials in a randomized, single-blind, crossover counterbalanced fashion. In each trial, participants performed a 5-set strength endurance test at 70% of the one-repetition maximum in the bench press exercise, interspersed by 2 min. Before each set, participants ingested either a pink (PINK) or a transparent (TRANSP) non-caloric, artificially sweetened solution. A session without ingestion (CON) was also completed. Total number of repetitions and psychological responses such as motivation, emotional arousal, affect, and ratings of perceived exertion were obtained throughout the exercise protocol. Results: Total repetitions improved in PINK (60 ± 12 reps) compared to TRANSP (p = 0.03; 56 ± 10 reps; ES = 0.22; ±3.8%) and CON (p = 0.01; 56 ± 9 reps; ES = 0.33; ±6.6%), but no difference occurred between TRANSP and CON (p = 0.84; ES = 0.12; ±2.4%). Comparable responses were observed in motivation, emotional arousal, affect, and ratings of perceived exertion in PINK, TRANSP, and CON trials (all, p > 0.05), despite the greater total physical work performed in PINK trial. Conclusion: Ingesting a pink non-caloric, artificially sweetened solution improved strength endurance performance with comparable psychological responses. These results have implications for future nutritional studies and performance assessments in real-world sports scenarios.

Treadmill exercise post dry needling improves heel rise in patients recovering from surgical ankle fracture: A randomised controlled trial.

INTRODUCTION: Little is known about the effectiveness of the dry needling technique (DNT) plus exercise on motor function in musculoskeletal diseases. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of treadmill exercise immediately after DNT on pain, range of motion (ROM) and bilateral heel rise test in patients recovering from surgical ankle fracture. METHOD: A randomised, parallel-group, controlled trial was conducted on patients recovering from surgical ankle fracture. Patients received the DNT intervention for the triceps surae muscle. Then, participants were randomly assigned to the experimental (DNT plus incline treadmill for 20 min) or control group (DNT plus rest for 20 min). Baseline and immediate post-intervention assessments included: visual analogue scale (VAS), maximal ankle dorsiflexion ROM and bilateral heel rise test. RESULTS: A total of 20 patients recovering from surgical ankle fracture were included. Eleven patients were assigned to the experimental group (mean age 46 ± 12.6 years, 2/9 men/women) and nine to the control group (mean age 52 ± 13.4 years, 2/7 men/women). Two-way ANOVA showed a significant time × group interaction for bilateral heel rise test (F = 5.514, p = 0.030, ηp2 = 0.235). Both groups increased the number of repetitions (p < 0.001), however, the experimental group showed a significant difference compared to control group (mean difference: 2.73 repetitions; p = 0.030). There was no time × group interaction in VAS and ROM (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION: Our results indicate that treadmill exercise after dry needling improves plantar flexors motor function more than rest after dry needling in patients with surgical ankle fracture.

The improvement of cardiorespiratory fitness in healthy women after a 12-week Classical Pilates training / A melhoria da aptidão cardiorrespiratória em mulheres saudáveis depois de 12 semanas de treinamento no Pilates Clássico

Aims: to evaluate the effects of 12 weeks of Pilates training (Classical Method) on cardiorespiratory fitness and heart rate responses of healthy sedentary women. Method: fifteen women (average age 29±4) performed 12 weeks of Pilates training for 60 minutes, three times per week (Pilates Group). Thirteen women (average age 29±5) as controls maintained their routine activities (Control Group). The exercises' introduction was by the degree of difficulty with changes in the plane of movements; smaller base of support; spinal rotations and extensions; use of abdominal muscles in prone position. Heart rate was monitored and recorded during all sessions using a heart frequency meter. Results: ANOVA analysis results revealed significant difference in Pilates Group (p < 0.05) between pre and post measures of VO2peak (+13%), fat percentage (- 3.3%), free fat mass (+ 2.8 kg), and muscular endurance in the abdominal area (+61%), lower limbs (+75%) and upper limbs (+68%). The percent of Maximum Heart Rate achieved in the 6th (79.25%) and 12th (79.86%) weeks of training increased from the first week (73.4%). Physical fitness in Control Group remained unchanged. Conclusion: twelve weeks of Pilates training positively affected overall physical fitness in previously sedentary healthy women. Furthermore, the increase in VO2peak and achieved Maximum Heart Rate was significant even with no specific aerobic training.

Objetivos: avaliar os efeitos de 12 semanas de treinamento de Pilates (Método Clássico) sobre o condicionamento cardiorrespiratório e respostas da frequência cardíaca de mulheres sedentárias saudáveis. Métodos: quinze mulheres realizaram 12 semanas de treinamento de Pilates durante 60 minutos, três vezes por semana (Grupo Pilates), com média de idade 29±4 anos. Treze mulheres com idade compatível com os controles mantiveram suas atividades rotineiras (Grupo Controle), com média de idade de 29±5 anos. A introdução dos exercícios foi pelo grau de dificuldade com mudança nos planos de movimento; menor base de suporte; rotação e extensão da coluna; e ativação da musculatura abdominal em posição de decúbito ventral. A frequência cardíaca foi monitorada e gravada durante todas as sessões usando um frequencímetro. Resultados: Os resultados da ANOVA revelaram diferença significativa no Grupo Pilates (p < 0,05) entre medidas pré e pós de VO2pico (+13%), percentual de gordura (- 3,3%), massa gorda livre (+ 2,8 kg), e resistência muscular da área abdominal (+61%), membros inferiores (+75%) e dos membros superiores (+68%). O percentual de Frequência Cardíaca Máxima alcançado na sexta (79,25%) e na décima primeira (79,86%) semanas de treinamento aumentou a partir da primeira semana (73,4%). A aptidão física do Grupo Controle permaneceu inalterada. Conclusão: doze semanas de treinamento de Pilates afetaram positivamente o condicionamento físico geral em mulheres saudáveis anteriormente sedentárias. Além disso, o aumento do VO2pico e da Frequência Cardíaca Máxima foi significativo mesmo sem treinamento aeróbico específico.

Effect of 12 Weeks of Resistance Training on Motor Coordination and Dynamic Balance of Older Woman.

Resistance training (RT) is considered a viable strategy to enhance the autonomy and functionality of older populations. We randomized 49 older women (64.2 ± 3.8) into one of two groups: an intervention group (IG) (n = 29) that performed regimented RT or a nontraining control group (CG) (n = 20). The RT protocol was carried out three times a week for both the upper and lower limbs over a 12-week study period. A 30-second arm flexion test was used to test upper limb endurance and a 30-second chair stand test was used to analyze lower limb endurance. Dynamic balance was tested by a Y balance test normalized by leg length. A Soda Pop test was employed to analyze coordination. Results showed significant improvements in IG versus CG in both upper limb (19.50 ± 1.52 vs. 11.40 ± 2.87, p = 0.001) and lower limb muscular endurance (14.90 ± 3.10 vs. 26.56 ± 3.17, p = 0.001). Moreover, the training group showed superior improvements in anterior and posterolateral balance compared to CG (63.9% ± 3.1% to 70.2 ± 2.1 and 88.1 ± 3.9 to 94.2 ± 2.7 with p = 0.001, respectively). There were no significant differences in coordination outcomes between groups. In conclusion, we demonstrate that RT is effective in developing muscular endurance and dynamic balance in postmenopausal women, but does not influence muscular coordination in the measures studied. Study registered in the Brazilian Registry Clinical Trials Registry (No. RBR-7MZ2KR).

Chronic Influence of Inspiratory Muscle Training at Different Intensities on the Serum Metabolome.

This study investigated the chronic effect of inspiratory muscle training (IMT) on the human serum metabolome in healthy male recreational cyclists. Using a randomized, parallel group design, twenty-eight participants were randomized to three IMT groups: low intensity (LI, n = 7); moderate intensity (MI, n = 10); and high intensity (HI, n = 11). The IMT was performed for 11 weeks. Another group of participants under the same conditions, who did not perform the IMT but participated in all procedures, was included as controls (CG, n = 6). Blood samples were collected one week before and after 11 weeks of IMT and analyzed for metabolite shifts using 1H NMR. Statistical analysis included a 4 (group) × 2 (time) repeated measures ANOVA using the general linear model (GLM), and multivariate principal component analysis (PCA). Untargeted metabolomics analysis of serum samples identified 22 metabolites, including amino acids, lipids, and tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates. Metabolites shifts did not differ between groups, indicating that IMT at three intensity levels did not alter the serum metabolome relative to the control group. These results reveal novel insights into the metabolic effects of the IMT and are consistent with the results from other studies showing negligible chronic alterations in the serum metabolome in response to physical training.

Perceived physical exertion is a good indicator of neuromuscular fatigue for the core muscles.

Although several studies have assessed core training, specific prescription recommendations remain lacking. The purpose of the present study was to determine the association between the rate of perceived exertion (RPE) and neuromuscular fatigue of the core muscles during the prone bridging endurance test. Fifteen healthy and moderately active subjects participated. Neuromuscular fatigue was assessed with surface electromyography on the rectus abdominis (RA), external oblique, internal oblique, and lumbar erector spinae. Participants rated the RPE (Borg CR 10) every 5 s. The time to failure was 123.7 ±â€¯58.1 s. From the midpoint of the time to failure, the RPE significantly increased (p < 0.05). The RA muscle showed increased neuromuscular fatigue during the second half of the time to failure (p < 0.05). The other core muscles showed increased neuromuscular fatigue during the last 30% of the time to failure (p < 0.05). The RA muscle showed a strong correlation between neuromuscular fatigue and the RPE (R2 0.85). The other core muscles showed a moderate correlation between neuromuscular fatigue and RPE (R2 0.50-0.69). The measured RPE and neuromuscular fatigue were closely linked for the RA muscle and moderately linked for the other core muscles during the prone bridging endurance test.

Is forward head posture relevant to cervical muscles performance and neck pain? A case-control study.

BACKGROUND: Forward head posture (FHP) and muscular dysfunction are likely contributing factors to chronic neck pain (CNP) but there are inconsistent findings on the relevance of these factors to clinical CNP characteristics. OBJECTIVE: To compare FHP, cervical muscles size and endurance between CNP and asymptomatic participants and to investigate their association with pain and disability and relative involvement of deep/superficial and flexor/extensor muscles. METHODS: Thirty-two patients with CNP and 35 asymptomatic participants were included in this case-control study. FHP in standing, extensor and flexor muscles endurance and dimensions were assessed using digital photography, clinical tests and ultrasonographic imaging, respectively. The visual analog scale and neck disability index were also used to evaluate CNP patients' clinical characteristics. RESULTS: Deep flexor (mean difference=0.06, 95% CI=0.02-0.11) and extensor muscles size (mean difference=0.07, 95% CI=0.01-0.12) were found to be significantly smaller in CNP patients. CNP patients also demonstrated lower levels of flexor (mean difference=14.68, 95% CI=3.65-25.72) and global extensor endurance capacity. FHP was neither different between the groups nor correlated with any of the dependent variables. Neither FHP nor endurance was correlated with pain/disability. Extensor endurance in both groups and flexor endurance in the asymptomatic group showed significant correlations with muscles size. CONCLUSIONS: FHP was found neither different between groups nor correlated with muscle performance or CNP clinical characteristics. While cervical endurance was found lower in CNP patients, it did not show any association with pain/disability. The muscular size-endurance relationship seems to become more complex in the presence of NP. While deep muscles seem to be differentially affected in the presence of CNP, the alterations do not seem to be uniform in the flexor and extensor groups.

Identificação de equipamentos e procedimentos utilizados por fisioterapeutas brasileiros para testes de endurance muscular inspiratória / Identificación de equipos y procedimientos utilizados por fisioterapeutas brasileños para pruebas de endurance muscular inspiratoria / Identification of equipment and procedures used by Brazilian physical therapists for inspiratory muscle endurance tests

RESUMO A avaliação da função dos músculos inspiratórios por meio do teste de endurance muscular inspiratória (EMI), definida como a capacidade de sustentação dessa tarefa ao longo do tempo, atualmente apresenta ampla variedade de instrumentos e procedimentos para sua mensuração. Este estudo teve como objetivo identificar os diferentes equipamentos, procedimentos e forma de avaliação dos testes de EMI entre fisioterapeutas brasileiros. É um estudo transversal realizado por meio de questionário enviado por correio eletrônico individualmente a cada participante. Cento e treze fisioterapeutas de diferentes regiões do país, grande parte com atuação conjunta na clínica e na docência (52,1%), responderam realizar poucas vezes a medida de EMI (48,7%). O manovacuômetro aneroide foi o aparelho mais utilizado por 42,5% dos profissionais. O clipe nasal e o bocal tubular de plástico rígido ou papel foram os acessórios mais utilizados durante o teste, correspondendo a 51,8% e 33%, respectivamente. O teste de ventilação voluntária máxima foi o mais utilizado para avaliação da endurance inspiratória, relatado por 23% dos respondentes. O teste de carga constante para avaliação da endurance foi adotado por 51,2% dos fisioterapeutas, sendo que 54,9% associaram comandos verbais à demonstração para explicação do teste. A interpretação dos valores aferidos era feita através de valores de referência por 25,7% dos entrevistados. Identificou-se que os fisioterapeutas brasileiros entrevistados não apresentaram a mesma conduta para os testes de EMI. No entanto os equipamentos, procedimentos e a forma de avaliação são utilizados com base nas diretrizes sobre o tema e de acordo com a disponibilidade de recursos do serviço.

RESUMEN La evaluación de la función de los músculos inspiratorios a través del entrenamiento muscular inspiratorio (EMI), definida como la capacidad de sustentación de esta tarea a lo largo del tiempo, actualmente presenta una amplia variedad de instrumentos y procedimientos para su medición. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo identificar los diferentes equipos, procedimientos y forma de evaluación de las pruebas de EMI entre fisioterapeutas brasileños. Es un estudio transversal realizado por medio de un cuestionario enviado por correo electrónico a cada participante. Ciento trece fisioterapeutas de diferentes regiones del país, que en gran parte actúan a la vez en la clínica y en la enseñanza (52,1%), dijeron realizar pocas veces la medida de EMI (48,7%). El manovacuómetro aneroide fue el aparato más utilizado por el 42,5% de los profesionales. El clip nasal y la boquilla tubular de plástico rígido o papel fueron los accesorios más utilizados durante la prueba, correspondiendo al 51,8% y al 33%, respectivamente. La prueba de ventilación voluntaria máxima fue la más utilizada para la evaluación de la resistencia respiratoria, reportada por el 23% de los entrevistados. La prueba de carga constante para la evaluación de la resistencia se adoptó por el 51,2% de los fisioterapeutas, siendo que el 54,9% asoció comandos verbales a la demostración para la explicación de la prueba. La interpretación de los valores evaluados se hacía a través de valores de referencia por el 25,7% de los entrevistados. Se identificó que los fisioterapeutas brasileños entrevistados no presentaron la misma conducta para las pruebas de EMI. Sin embargo, los equipos, procedimientos y la forma de evaluación se utilizan con base en las directrices sobre el tema y de acuerdo con la disponibilidad de recursos del servicio.

ABSTRACT The assessment of inspiratory muscles through the inspiratory muscle endurance test (IME), defined as the ability to support this task over time, currently presents wide range of instruments and procedures for its measurement. This study aimed to identify the different equipment, procedures and assessments of IME tests among Brazilian physical therapists. It is a cross-sectional study carried out through a questionnaire sent individually by electronic mail to each participant. One hundred and thirteen physical therapists from different regions of the country, many practicing in the clinic and in the teaching field (52.1%), said they measured IME a few times (48.7%). The aneroid manovacuometer was used by 42.5% of the professionals. The nose clip and the hard plastic or paper tubular incentive spirometer were the most used accessories during the test, corresponding to 51.8% and 33%, respectively. The maximum voluntary ventilation test was used to assess the inspiratory endurance, reported by 23% of the respondents. The constant load test for endurance assessment was adopted by 51.2% of the physical therapists, and 54.9% associated verbal commands with the demonstration for the test application. The interpretation of the measured values was made with reference values by 25.7% of respondents. We identified that Brazilian physical therapists interviewed did not show the same conduct for IME tests. However, the equipment, procedures and assessment form are used based on the guidelines on the subject and according to the availability of resources of the service.

Reproducibility of inspiratory muscle endurance testing using PowerBreathe for COPD patients.

BACKGROUND: Assessing the strength and endurance of respiratory muscles is fundamental for characterizing respiratory muscle dysfunction. Although a variety of tests are used to evaluate respiratory muscle endurance, not all of them are applicable in clinical practice. Assessments can be made using a practical device called PowerBreathe®, but its reproducibility has not been tested in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients. AIM: To verify the reproducibility of the inspiratory muscle endurance test using a manometer and PowerBreathe® in COPD patients. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was used. In total, 19 moderate-severe COPD patients, male and female, aged 50 to 80 years took part in the research. This evaluation consisted of 2 tests: an incremental test and a constant one held on the same day and repeated after 48 hr. The incremental test started with 10-cm H2 O, adding 10-cm H2 O every 2 min and taking 1 min of rest before increasing the load. The highest load that could be sustained for at least 1 min was considered the sustained maximum inspiratory pressure (SMIP) value. The constant test was performed at an intensity of 80% of the SMIP and the maximum time limit was 30 min. RESULTS: In the incremental test, there was a significant increase in the SMIP compared to the test-retest (61 ± 24/64.7 ± 23.8; p = .015); the value of the relative reproducibility was 0.96, the standard error of the absolute measurement was 4.7 (95% confidence interval 9.2), and the minimum detectable difference was 10.9. In the Bland-Altman analysis, the mean error was 4.2 (confidence interval -7.6 to 16.1). The constant test was not reproducible. CONCLUSION: It was observed that the incremental test was reproducible to evaluate inspiratory muscle endurance in COPD patients. Furthermore, 2 tests needed to be carried out due to the learning effect.

Oxidative stress and skeletal muscle dysfunction are present in healthy smokers

Chronic exposure to cigarette smoke seems to be related to an increase of pro-inflammatory cytokines, oxidative stress and changes in muscular and physical performances of healthy smokers. However, these parameters have not yet been evaluated simultaneously in previous studies. The participants of this study were healthy males divided into two groups: smokers (n=20) and non-smokers (n=20). Inflammation was evaluated by measuring plasma levels of the cytokines IL-10, IL-6 e TNF-α, and of the soluble receptors sTNFR1 and sTNFR2. Oxidative stress was evaluated by determination of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) plasma levels, total antioxidant capacity of plasma and erythrocytes activity of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase. Muscular performance was evaluated by measuring the peak torque of knee flexors and extensors, and by determining the total work of the knee extensors. Physical performance was assessed by measuring the peak oxygen uptake (VO2 peak), the maximum heart rate (HRmax) and the walking distance in the shuttle walking test. Smokers showed an increase in the levels of the sTNFR1 and TBARS and a decrease in the total antioxidant capacity of plasma, in the catalase activity and in the total work (P<0.05). IL-6, IL-10, sTNFR2, SOD, peak torque, VO2 peak, HRmax and walking distance were similar between groups. Smokers presented increased oxidative stress and skeletal muscle dysfunction, demonstrating that the changes in molecular and muscular parameters occur simultaneously in healthy smokers.

Efeito de diferentes intervalos de recuperação entre as séries sobre o desempenho muscular no exercício leg-press em idosas não treinadas / Effects of different rest intervals between sets on muscle performance in the leg press exercise in untrained elderly women

OBJETIVO: Verificar a influência de dois diferentes intervalos de recuperação (IR) entre as séries no exercício leg-press sobre o número e sustentabilidade das repetições e no volume total, em idosas não treinadas. MÉTODOS: Onze idosas (66,5 ± 5,0 anos; 59,2 ± 9,1kg; 146,4 ± 34,9cm) foram submetidas a duas sessões experimentais de exercícios com pesos com intensidade de 15 repetições máximas. Cada sessão experimental foi composta por três séries realizadas até a fadiga muscular utilizando IR de um (IR-1) ou três minutos (IR-3). As sessões experimentais foram separadas por, no mínimo, 48 horas. Todas as participantes realizaram ambos os protocolos e um delineamento cross-over balanceado foi utilizado para determinar a ordem das sessões experimentais. RESULTADOS: Para ambos os IR entre as séries, reduções significativas (P < 0,05) no número e na sustentabilidade das repetições foram observadas da primeira para a segunda e terceira séries e da segunda para a terceira séries. Diferenças significativas (P < 0,05) entre os IR foram observadas nas duas séries finais. O volume total da sessão realizada com IR-3 foi estatisticamente superior (20,4%; P < 0,05) quando comparada a sessão IR-1. CONCLUSÃO: O número e a sustentabilidade das repetições e o volume total de treino de idosas não treinadas são influenciados pelo IR empregado entre as séries. Maiores IR devem ser utilizados quando a finalidade for otimizar o volume de treino por meio da sustentabilidade das repetições. Em contrapartida, menores IR devem ser utilizados quando a meta for obter maiores níveis de fadiga muscular.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the influence of two different rest intervals (RI) between sets in the leg-press exercise on the number and sustainability of repetitions and total volume in untrained elderly women. METHODS: Eleven untrained elderly women (66.5 ± 5.0 years; 59.2 ± 9.1 kg; 146.4 ± 34.9 cm) were submitted to two experimental sessions of resistance exercise with intensity of 15 maximum repetitions. Each experimental session consisted of three sets performed until muscle fatigue with an RI of one (RI-1) or 3 minutes (RI-3). The experimental sessions were separated by at least 48 hours. All participants performed both protocols and a balanced cross-over outlining was used to determine the experimental sessions order. RESULTS: For both RI between sets, significant reduction (P < 0.05) in the number and sustainability of repetitions was observed from the first to the second and third sets, and the second to the third sets. Significant differences (P < 0.05) between the RI were observed in the two final sets. The total volume of the session with RI-3 was statistically higher (20.4%, P < 0.05) when compared with RI-1 session. CONCLUSION: The number and sustainability of repetitions and the total volume of training in untrained elderly women are influenced by the RI employed between sets. Longer RI should be used when the training goal is to increase training volume through the sustainability of repetitions. Conversely, a shorter RI should be used when the goal is to obtain higher levels of muscle fatigue.

Reproducibilidad de las pruebas Arm Curly Chair Stand para evaluar resistencia muscular en población adulta mayor / Reliability of Arm Curl and Chair Stand tests for assessing muscular endurance in older people / Reprodutibilidade dos testes de Arm Curl e Chair Stand para avaliar resistência muscular em idosos

Objetivo: evaluar la reproducibilidad prueba-reprueba y el nivel de acuerdo entre mediciones de las pruebas 30 seg (30-s) Arm Curl y 30-s Chair Stand en una muestra de adultos mayores de Bucaramanga. Materiales y métodos: se realizó un estudio de evaluación de tecnologías diagnósticas. Ambas pruebas fueron administradas en dos oportunidades por el mismo evaluador a 111 adultos mayores de 59 años (70,4 ± 7,3), con un intervalo de 4 a 8 días. En el análisis se determinó la reproducibilidad prueba-reprueba mediante el coeficiente de correlación intraclase, CCI= 2,1 con sus respectivos intervalos de confianza de 95% (IC 95%). El nivel de acuerdo se estableció mediante el método de Bland y Altman. Resultados: la reproducibilidad prueba-reprueba para el 30-s Arm Curl test fue muy buena, con un CCI= 0,88 y para el 30-s Chair Stand test fue buena, con un CCI= 0,78. Así, el acuerdo fue muy bueno para las dos pruebas de resistencia muscular. Los IC 95% estuvieron entre -3,8 y 3,2 repeticiones para la prueba 30-s Chair Stand y entre -3,1 y 2,8 repeticiones para la prueba 30-s Arm Curl. Conclusión: las pruebas 30-s Arm Curl y 30-s Chair Stand tienen buena reproducibilidad y nivel de acuerdo para evaluar resistencia muscular en adultos mayores funcionalmente independientes.

Objective: to assess the test-retest reliability and level of agreement between measures of the 30 second (30-s) Arm Curl and 30-s Chair Stand test in a sample of older adults from Bucaramanga. Materials and methods: a study of evaluation of diagnostic technology was done. Both tests were administered by the same evaluator to 111 adults older than 59 year-old (70,4 ± 7,3), on two occasions, with an interval of time between measures of 4 to 8 days. In the analysis, test-retest reliability was determined using the Intraclass Correlation Coefficient ICC= 2,1 with their confidence interval 95% (CI 95%) respective. The agreement level was established by the Bland and Altman method. Results: the test-retest reproducibility of the 30-s Arm Curl test was very good ICC= 0,88 and to the Chair Stand test was good ICC= 0,78. The agreement was very good for both tests of muscle endurance. The CI 95% were between -3,8 and 3,2 stands to 30-s Chair Stand test and between -3,1 and 2,8 curls to 30-s Arm Curl test. Conclusion: the 30-s Arm Curl and 30-s Chair Stand test have good reliability and agreement to assess muscle endurance in older adults functionally independent.

Objetivo: avaliar a reprodutibilidade teste-reteste e nível de concordância entre as medidas de testes 30 second (30-s) Arm Curl e 30-s Chair Stand em uma amostra de idosos de Bucaramanga. Materiais e métodos: se realizou um estudo de avaliação da tecnologia de diagnóstico. Ambos os testes foram administrados pelo mesmo avaliador a 111 adultos com mais de 59 anos de idade (70,4 ± 7,3), em duas ocasiões, com um intervalo de tempo entre as medidas de 4 a 8 dias. Na análise, se determinou a reprodutibilidade teste-reteste usando o Coeficiente de Correlação Intraclasse ICC= 2,1 com seus respectivos intervalos de confiança de 95% (IC 95%). O nível de concordância foi estabelecido pelo método de Bland e Altman. Resultados: a reprodutibilidade teste-reteste do 30-s Arm Curl teste era muito bom ICC= 0,88 e do 30-s Chair Stand teste foi boa ICC= 0,78. O acordo foi muito bom para ambos os testes de resistência muscular. Os IC 95% foram de -3,8 e 3,2 repetições para o 30-s Chair Stand teste e de -3,1 e 2,8 repetições para o 30-s Arm Curl teste. Conclusão: testes 30-s Arm Curl e 30-s Chair Stand possui boa reprodutibilidade e concordância para avaliar a resistência muscular em idosos funcionalmente independentes.

Effect of rest interval length on the volume completed during upper body resistance exercise.

The purpose of the current study was to compare the workout volume (sets x resistance x repetitions per set) completed during two upper body resistance exercise sessions that incorporated 1 minute versus 3 minute rest intervals between sets and exercises. Twelve trained men completed two experimental sessions that consisted of 5 upper body exercises (i.e. barbell bench press, incline barbell bench press, pec deck flye, barbell lying triceps extension, triceps pushdown) performed for three sets with an 8-RM load. The two experimental sessions differed only in the length of the rest interval between sets and exercises; one session with a 1-minute and the other session with a 3-minute rest interval. The results demonstrated that for each exercise, significantly greater workout volume was completed when resting 3 minutes between sets and exercises (p < 0.05). These results indicate that during a resistance exercise session, if sufficient time is available, resting 3 minutes between sets and exercises allows greater workout volume for the upper body exercises examined. Key pointsThe length of the rest interval between sets is an important variable when designing a resistance exercise program and may vary depending on the characteristic being emphasized (i.e. maximal strength, hypertrophy, localized muscular endurance, power).Although acknowledged, this variable is rarely monitored precisely in field settings.Previous studies that examined rest interval lengths from 1 to 5 minutes between sets for single exercises demonstrated significant differences in repetition performance and the exercise volume completed.There is a need for further research to compare the workout volume (sets x resistance x repetitions per set) completed over an entire resistance exercise session with different rest intervals between sets.The results of the current study indicate that during a resistance exercise session, if sufficient time is available, resting 3 minutes between sets and exercises allows greater workout volume for the upper body exercises examined.