Divergence in Glyphosate Susceptibility between Steinchisma laxum Populations Involves a Pro106Ser Mutation.

The characterization of the mechanisms conferring resistance to herbicides in weeds is essential for developing effective management programs. This study was focused on characterizing the resistance level and the main mechanisms that confer resistance to glyphosate in a resistant (R) Steinchisma laxum population collected in a Colombian rice field in 2020. The R population exhibited 11.2 times higher resistance compared to a susceptible (S) population. Non-target site resistance (NTSR) mechanisms that reduced absorption and impaired translocation and glyphosate metabolism were not involved in the resistance to glyphosate in the R population. Evaluating the target site resistance mechanisms by means of enzymatic activity assays and EPSPS (5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase) gene sequencing, the mutation Pro106Ser was found in R plants of S. laxum. These findings are crucial for managing the spread of S. laxum resistance in Colombia. To effectively control S. laxum in the future, it is imperative that farmers use herbicides with different mechanisms of action in addition to glyphosate and adopt Integrate Management Programs to control weeds in rice fields of the central valleys of Colombia.

Glyphosate hormesis attenuates water deficit stress in safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) by modulating physiological and biochemical mediators.

Changes in photosynthetic machinery can induce physiological and biochemical damage in plants. Low doses of glyphosate have been shown to exert a positive effect in mitigating the deleterious effects of water deficit in plants. Here, the physiological and biochemical mechanisms of safflower plants (Carthamus tinctorius L.) were studied under conditions of water deficit mediated by the attenuating effect of low-dose glyphosate. The plants were divided into two groups of water regimes in soil, without water deficit (-10 kPa) and with water deficit (-70 kPa), and were exposed to different concentrations of glyphosate (0, 1.8, 3.6, 7.2, 18, 36, 72, 180, 360, and 720 g a.e. ha-1). Evident protective responses at the physiological and biochemical levels were obtained after applying low doses of glyphosate to plants under water deficit, with a limiting dose for the occurrence of hormesis (LDS) = 72 g a.e. ha-1. The water deficit in plants resulted in hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) accumulation and consequently lipid peroxidation (LPO) associated with the accumulation of shikimic acid and glyphosate in plants, which triggered an increase in the activity of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) that act by dismuting the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), maintaining, and/or increasing the maximum quantum efficiency of photosystem II (Fv/Fm), effective quantum yield of photosystem II (ΦPSII), electron transport rate (ETR), photochemical extinction coefficient (qP), and non-photochemical extinction coefficient (NPQ). APX appears to be the main enzyme involved in eliminating H2O2. Low doses of glyphosate act as water deficit ameliorators, allowing the plant to maintain/increase metabolism at physiological and biochemical levels by activating antioxidant enzymes in the dismutation of ROS in safflower plants.

Could Glyphosate and Glyphosate-Based Herbicides Be Associated With Increased Thyroid Diseases Worldwide?

The increased incidence of thyroid diseases raises a series of questions about what the main predisposing factors are nowadays. If dietary restriction of iodine was once a major global health concern, today, the processes of industrialization of food and high exposure to a wide variety of environmental chemicals may be affecting, directly or indirectly, thyroid function. The homeostasis of hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis is finely regulated through the negative feedback mechanism exerted by thyroid hormones. Allostatic mechanisms are triggered to adjust the physiology of HPT axis in chronic conditions. Glyphosate and glyphosate-based herbicides are pesticides with controversial endocrine disrupting activities and only few studies have approached their effects on HPT axis and thyroid function. However, glyphosate has an electrophilic and nucleophilic zwitterion chemical structure that may affect the mechanisms involved in iodide oxidation and organification, as well as the oxidative phosphorylation in the ATP synthesis. Thus, in this review, we aimed to: (1) discuss the critical points in the regulation of HPT axis and thyroid hormones levels balance, which may be susceptible to the toxic action of glyphosate and glyphosate-based herbicides, correlating the molecular mechanisms involved in glyphosate toxicity described in the literature that may, directly or indirectly, be associated to the higher incidence of thyroid diseases; and (2) present the literature regarding glyphosate toxicity in HPT axis.

Glyphosate hormesis mitigates the effect of water deficit in safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.).

BACKGROUND: The current climate change scenario may affect water availability in the soil, impacting the agricultural sector. Planting of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) has increased because of its potential for cultivation under drought conditions during the off-season in Brazil and its high potential for use in biofuel production. There are several reports about the potential of low doses of glyphosate to promote plant growth and development (hormesis). Despite the concept of glyphosate hormesis being well established, little is known about any mitigating effect on plants under water deficit conditions. The hypothesis raised is that low doses of glyphosate promote water stress tolerance during the growth and reproductive phases of C. tinctorius exposed to different water regimes. RESULTS: In regimes with and without water deficiency, growth of plants treated with low doses of glyphosate increased, reaching a maximum stimulus amplitude of ~ 131% of control. However, plants under water deficit required lower doses to achieve maximum growth and development. They maintained photosynthetic rates at the level of well-watered plants because they had reduced stomatal conductance and transpiration. Gains in plant height and leaf area were the same as for controls. CONCLUSIONS: Low doses of glyphosate can act as mitigators of water deficit in C. tinctorius, allowing plants to maintain their metabolism, reaching levels close to those of plants without water stress, as observed for plant height and leaf area. Our findings indicate that there are even greater implications for understanding glyphosate hormesis in plants under drought conditions, given the current climate change scenario. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.

Simultaneous and direct determination of glyphosate and AMPA in water samples from the hydroponic cultivation of eucalyptus seedlings using HPLC-ICP-MS/MS.

Glyphosate is the main herbicide currently used in the world due to wide applicability and efficiency in controlling weeds in many crops. However, its overuse may lead to undesirable impacts on the environment and to human health in the long run. This present study aimed to optimize and validate solid phase extraction (SPE) using an anionic resin for the simultaneous and direct determination of glyphosate and aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA) in water samples using high-performance liquid chromatography combined with inductively coupled plasma with triple quadrupole mass spectrometer (HPLC-ICP-MS/MS). The results showed that recovery percentage and relative standard deviation were 103.9 ± 7.9 and 99.40 ± 9.9% for glyphosate and AMPA, respectively. The validation certified that the method was precise, accurate, linear, and selective, with a limit of quantification of 1.09 and 0.29 µg L-1 for glyphosate and AMPA, respectively. The optimized methodology reached the concentration factor of 250 times and was successfully applied to analyze water samples from hydroponic cultivation of the eucalyptus seedlings. The results showed that the exudation process occurs at glyphosate doses starting from 2 L ha-1.

Glifosato e manganês na concentração de nutrientes foliar e características agronômicas da soja / Glyphosate and manganese affecting foliar nutrient concentration and agronomic characteristics of soybean

Objetivou-se estudar os efeitos da aplicação de glifosato e manganês (Mn) em estádios de desenvolvimento na nutrição e características agronômicas da cultura da soja, no município de Selvíria-MS, Brasil, na safra 2012/13, utilizando-se a variedade de soja BRS Valiosa RR em um Latossolo Vermelho Distrófico, de textura argilosa. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados com quatro repetições, distribuídos em esquema fatorial 6x2, sendo: seis doses de aplicação de glifosato (a-0g i.a. ha-1, b-aplicação de 720 g i.a. ha-1no estádio V3, c-1440 g i.a. ha-1 totalmente em V3, d- aplicação de 1440g i.a. ha-1 parcelado em duas aplicações de 720+720g i.a. ha-1 em V3 e V7, e -1440 g i.a. ha-1 totalmente em V7, e f -aplicação de 2160g i.a. ha-1 parcelado em duas aplicações de 720+1440 g i.a. ha-1 em V3e V7; com ou sem aplicação de Mn (0g ha-1e350g ha-1), no estádio V5. A aplicação foliar de Mn e de glifosato não influenciou as concentrações dos macro e micronutrientes foliar da cultura da soja. O glifosato nas doses de 720+1440 g i.a. ha-1, aplicado nos estádios V3 e V7, associado a adubação foliar com 350 g ha-1 de Mn no estádio V5, reduz a altura de inserção da primeira vagem, porém aumenta o número de grão por vagem. A produtividade de grãos de soja foi reduzida com a aplicação de glifosato na dose de 720+1440 g i.a. ha-1, nos estádios V3 e V7, independentemente da aplicação foliar com Mn.(AU)

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of glyphosate and manganese (Mn) application at developmental stages in the nutrition and agronomic characteristics of soybean crop, in the municipality of Selvíria-MS, Brazil, in the 2012/13 harvest, using the soybean variety BRS Valiosa RR in an Oxisol, with a clayey texture. The experimental design was a randomized block with four replications in a 6x2 factorial scheme, being: Six glyphosate application rates (0 g a.i. ha-1, application of 720 g a.i. ha-1in V3 stage, 1440 g a.i. ha-1V3, 720+720 g a.i. ha-1V3 and V7, 1440 g a.i. ha-1in V7, and application of 720+1440 g a.i. ha-1V3 and V7; with or without tMn application ( 0 g ha-1and 350 g ha-1) in V5 stage. Foliar applications of Mn and glyphosate did not influenced the leaf concentrations of macro and micronutrients in soybean. Glyphosate at doses of 720+1440 g a.i. ha-1, applied in stages V3 and V7, associated with foliar fertilization with 350 g ha-1 Mn in the V5 stage, reduces the first pod height, but increases the number grain per pod. Soybean yield was reduced with glyphosate application at a dose of 720+1440 g ai ha-1in V3 and V7 stages, regardless of Mn leaf application.(AU)

Glifosato e manganês na concentração de nutrientes foliar e características agronômicas da soja / Glyphosate and manganese affecting foliar nutrient concentration and agronomic characteristics of soybean

Objetivou-se estudar os efeitos da aplicação de glifosato e manganês (Mn) em estádios de desenvolvimento na nutrição e características agronômicas da cultura da soja, no município de Selvíria-MS, Brasil, na safra 2012/13, utilizando-se a variedade de soja BRS Valiosa RR em um Latossolo Vermelho Distrófico, de textura argilosa. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados com quatro repetições, distribuídos em esquema fatorial 6x2, sendo: seis doses de aplicação de glifosato (a-0g i.a. ha-1, b-aplicação de 720 g i.a. ha-1no estádio V3, c-1440 g i.a. ha-1 totalmente em V3, d- aplicação de 1440g i.a. ha-1 parcelado em duas aplicações de 720+720g i.a. ha-1 em V3 e V7, e -1440 g i.a. ha-1 totalmente em V7, e f -aplicação de 2160g i.a. ha-1 parcelado em duas aplicações de 720+1440 g i.a. ha-1 em V3e V7; com ou sem aplicação de Mn (0g ha-1e350g ha-1), no estádio V5. A aplicação foliar de Mn e de glifosato não influenciou as concentrações dos macro e micronutrientes foliar da cultura da soja. O glifosato nas doses de 720+1440 g i.a. ha-1, aplicado nos estádios V3 e V7, associado a adubação foliar com 350 g ha-1 de Mn no estádio V5, reduz a altura de inserção da primeira vagem, porém aumenta o número de grão por vagem. A produtividade de grãos de soja foi reduzida com a aplicação de glifosato na dose de 720+1440 g i.a. ha-1, nos estádios V3 e V7, independentemente da aplicação foliar com Mn.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of glyphosate and manganese (Mn) application at developmental stages in the nutrition and agronomic characteristics of soybean crop, in the municipality of Selvíria-MS, Brazil, in the 2012/13 harvest, using the soybean variety BRS Valiosa RR in an Oxisol, with a clayey texture. The experimental design was a randomized block with four replications in a 6x2 factorial scheme, being: Six glyphosate application rates (0 g a.i. ha-1, application of 720 g a.i. ha-1in V3 stage, 1440 g a.i. ha-1V3, 720+720 g a.i. ha-1V3 and V7, 1440 g a.i. ha-1in V7, and application of 720+1440 g a.i. ha-1V3 and V7; with or without tMn application ( 0 g ha-1and 350 g ha-1) in V5 stage. Foliar applications of Mn and glyphosate did not influenced the leaf concentrations of macro and micronutrients in soybean. Glyphosate at doses of 720+1440 g a.i. ha-1, applied in stages V3 and V7, associated with foliar fertilization with 350 g ha-1 Mn in the V5 stage, reduces the first pod height, but increases the number grain per pod. Soybean yield was reduced with glyphosate application at a dose of 720+1440 g ai ha-1in V3 and V7 stages, regardless of Mn leaf application.

Differential dry mass accumulation in eucalypt and pine exposed to glyphosate / Acúmulo diferencial de massa seca em eucalipto e pinus expostos a glyphosate

The weed control onto planting line by using glyphosate is commonly used in forestry areas of eucalyptus and pine; however it can expose the crop of interest to herbicide drift and cause impact on the initial growth of plantlets. The objective was to evaluate comparatively the dry mass of eucalyptus and pine plants exposed to doses of glyphosate and to verify the occurrence of hormesis. In early transplanted plants, glyphosate herbicide was sprayed at doses varying from 0 up to 720 g ae ha-1, and the dry mass of stem, leaves, and shoot were evaluated at 30 days after spraying. Pine showed less susceptibility for dry mass of stem (occurring hormesis), while eucalyptus showed less susceptibility for dry mass of leaves (occurring hormesis). Hormesis occurred in pine and eucalyptus shoots at doses of 8 g ae ha-1 (4.1%) and 11 g ae ha-1 (4.8%), respectively; the dose required to reduce shoot dry mass by 50% was 75 g ae ha-1 and 108 ae ha-1, and the reduction of shoot dry mass was 57% and 69% (with plant death) when plants were exposed to glyphosate at 720 g ae ha-1, respectively for pine and eucalyptus. Pine is more susceptible to glyphosate than eucalyptus.

O controle de plantas daninhas na linha de plantio com o uso de glyphosate é comum em áreas de florestamento de eucalipto e pinus, mas pode expor a cultura de interesse à deriva do herbicida e causar impacto sobre o crescimento inicial das mudas. O objetivo foi avaliar, comparativamente, a massa seca de plantas de pinus e eucalipto sob doses de glyphosate e verificar a ocorrência de hormese. Em plantas recém transplantadas, o herbicida glyphosate foi aplicado em doses variando de 0 a 720 g e.a. ha-1 e foi avaliada a massa seca do caule, das folhas e da parte aérea aos 30 dias após a aplicação. Pinus apresentou menor susceptibilidade para massa seca do caule (com ocorrência de hormese), enquanto eucalipto, para massa seca de folhas (com ocorrência de hormese). Pinus e eucalipto, respectivamente, apresentaram hormese de 4,1% e 4,8% para massa seca da parte aérea em doses de 8 g e.a. ha-1 e 11 g e.a. ha-1; a dose requerida para reduzir a massa seca em 50% foi de 75 g e.a. ha-1 e 108 g e.a. ha-1 e a redução da massa seca foi de 57% e 69% (com morte das plantas) quando expostas a dose de 720 g e.a. ha-1, respectivamente para pinus e eucalipto. Pinus é mais susceptível ao glyphosate que eucalipto.

Differential dry mass accumulation in eucalypt and pine exposed to glyphosate / Acúmulo diferencial de massa seca em eucalipto e pinus expostos a glyphosate

The weed control onto planting line by using glyphosate is commonly used in forestry areas of eucalyptus and pine; however it can expose the crop of interest to herbicide drift and cause impact on the initial growth of plantlets. The objective was to evaluate comparatively the dry mass of eucalyptus and pine plants exposed to doses of glyphosate and to verify the occurrence of hormesis. In early transplanted plants, glyphosate herbicide was sprayed at doses varying from 0 up to 720 g ae ha-1, and the dry mass of stem, leaves, and shoot were evaluated at 30 days after spraying. Pine showed less susceptibility for dry mass of stem (occurring hormesis), while eucalyptus showed less susceptibility for dry mass of leaves (occurring hormesis). Hormesis occurred in pine and eucalyptus shoots at doses of 8 g ae ha-1 (4.1%) and 11 g ae ha-1 (4.8%), respectively; the dose required to reduce shoot dry mass by 50% was 75 g ae ha-1 and 108 ae ha-1, and the reduction of shoot dry mass was 57% and 69% (with plant death) when plants were exposed to glyphosate at 720 g ae ha-1, respectively for pine and eucalyptus. Pine is more susceptible to glyphosate than eucalyptus.(AU)

O controle de plantas daninhas na linha de plantio com o uso de glyphosate é comum em áreas de florestamento de eucalipto e pinus, mas pode expor a cultura de interesse à deriva do herbicida e causar impacto sobre o crescimento inicial das mudas. O objetivo foi avaliar, comparativamente, a massa seca de plantas de pinus e eucalipto sob doses de glyphosate e verificar a ocorrência de hormese. Em plantas recém transplantadas, o herbicida glyphosate foi aplicado em doses variando de 0 a 720 g e.a. ha-1 e foi avaliada a massa seca do caule, das folhas e da parte aérea aos 30 dias após a aplicação. Pinus apresentou menor susceptibilidade para massa seca do caule (com ocorrência de hormese), enquanto eucalipto, para massa seca de folhas (com ocorrência de hormese). Pinus e eucalipto, respectivamente, apresentaram hormese de 4,1% e 4,8% para massa seca da parte aérea em doses de 8 g e.a. ha-1 e 11 g e.a. ha-1; a dose requerida para reduzir a massa seca em 50% foi de 75 g e.a. ha-1 e 108 g e.a. ha-1 e a redução da massa seca foi de 57% e 69% (com morte das plantas) quando expostas a dose de 720 g e.a. ha-1, respectivamente para pinus e eucalipto. Pinus é mais susceptível ao glyphosate que eucalipto.(AU)