Prophylactic splenic artery embolization using n-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate and coils prior to endoscopic necrosectomy in a patient with necrotizing pancreatitis: A case report.

We present a case of prophylactic endovascular embolization in a 51-year-old man with necrotizing pancreatitis (NP) before undergoing endoscopic necrosectomy (EN). Contrast-enhanced CT imaging revealed the presence of a walled-off necrosis (WON) surrounding the pancreas, with the splenic artery coursing through the cavity. The splenic artery was embolized using n-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate (NBCA) and coils to mitigate the risk of massive bleeding in EN. A newly developed polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)-coated microcatheter was used to inject NBCA, enabling embolization of a long segment of the splenic artery without adhering to the vessel wall. Coils were placed distal and proximal to the embolized segment to optimize control. Over 5 sessions of EN, no massive bleeding was encountered. This report demonstrates the benefits of utilizing PTFE-coated microcatheters for enhanced safety and maneuverability during embolization with NBCA. Furthermore, it highlights the importance of prophylactic embolization during EN for managing NP.

Differences and Advantages of Particles versus Liquid Material for Preoperative Intracranial Tumor Embolization: A Retrospective Multicenter Study.

Objectives: The superiority and usefulness of liquid material over particles for embolization have been a topic of debate due to differences in materials and techniques. This study aimed to identify the complications and outcomes associated with both embolization materials. Methods: This retrospective multicenter cohort study included 93 patients from an endovascular treatment registry, treated from January 1, 2018 to May 31, 2022. It included patients who underwent preoperative embolization for meningioma, solitary fibrous tumor/hemangiopericytoma, and hemangioblastoma. Data for patient characteristics, procedural factors, complications, and outcomes were collected from medical records. Results: A tortuous access route was the only factor independently associated with complications (p = 0.020). Although liquid material was more frequently used for embolization in relatively high-risk conditions, complication rates did not differ significantly between the groups (p = 0.999). In the liquid material group, the tip of the microcatheter could be guided closer to the tumor (p <0.001) using a distal access catheter and flow-guide microcatheters. The subgroup middle meningeal artery embolization had less operative bleeding in the liquid material group (p <0.001), whereas the particles group exhibited less intraoperative blood loss than the liquid material group (p = 0.006). Conclusion: The vascular tortuosity of the access route was only associated with complications in preoperative tumor embolization. Liquid material and particles showed no difference in complication rates. The use of particles in embolization may reduce intraoperative bleeding, but not in all cases can it be used safely. Therefore, a thorough understanding of the characteristics of both approaches and their relative advantages in clinical practice is essential to opt for the appropriate material according to the case.

Glue embolization of ruptured pseudoaneurysm secondary to reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome: An illustrative case.

BACKGROUND: Reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome (RCVS) is an increasingly recognized condition characterized by thunderclap headache with or without other neurological deficits and diffuse vasoconstriction of cerebral arteries. Altered cerebrovascular tone may produce hemorrhage or stroke. METHODS: A retrospective review of patients with RCVS at our institution (2000-2023) yielded one case of pseudoaneurysm secondary to RCVS. RESULTS: Diagnostic cerebral angiogram demonstrated diffuse multifocal segmental narrowing consistent with RCVS and a left M4 pseudoaneurysm in proximity to the cortical hemorrhage. The pseudoaneurysm was treated with branch vessel sacrifice using nBCA glue in a 1 : 3 ratio with ethiodized oil. After securing the source of hemorrhage, the patient received an intra-arterial infusion of Verapamil. CONCLUSION: This unique presentation of pseudoaneurysm secondary to RCVS in this patient highlights the impact of hemodynamic alteration as a possible source of bleeding and demonstrates a potential management strategy. Endovascular management with nBCA glue embolization successfully treated this lesion.

Refinement of nBCA embolization technique in treatment of metastatic spinal tumors: Case series and technical report.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Preoperative embolization of metastatic spinal tumors (MSTs) has proven advantageous in limiting intraoperative blood loss (IBL) during resection. N-butyl cyanoacrylate (nBCA) is a liquid embolic agent known for its rapid hemostatic effects. However, nBCA is associated with a higher risk of distal nontarget embolization. This study highlights the refinement of the embolization technique and assesses its efficacy in performing an initial distal segmental artery plug with concentrated nBCA followed by proximal diluted nBCA for MSTs. METHODS: A retrospective review of patients with MST (2018-2023) was performed. Patients who underwent preoperative nBCA endovascular embolization prior to tumor resection and spinal instrumentation were included. Baseline standard spinal angiography was performed. RESULTS: Sixteen patients (13 men, 3 women; 56.0 ± 12.4 years) met inclusion criteria. And 43.75% (7 of 16) had thoracic levels, 37.5% (6 of 16) lumbar, and 18.75% (3 of 16) sacral. The most common primary tumor was renal cell carcinoma (43.75%, 7 of 16). A total of 43 pedicles were embolized (median 3), resulting in complete/near complete obliteration of the tumor blush. Most pedicles (83.7%, 36 of 43) received a single dilute concentration of nBCA; however, 16.3% (7 of 43) received two separate concentrations of nBCA, a denser concentration distally into the segmental artery and a diluted concentration proximally into the tumor bed. Mean IBL was 1150 ± 1201 mL in 3 distal plug patients distal plug patients versus 1625 ± 681 mL in 12 other patients. There were no complications related to embolization. CONCLUSION: Performing a distal, concentrated nBCA plug during preoperative nBCA embolization of MSTs may increase tumor penetration and reduce IBL.

Therapeutic challenges in transcatheter arterial embolization for an enlarging subcutaneous hematoma in a patient with neurofibromatosis type 1: A case report.

A 60-year-old woman with a history of neurofibromatosis type 1, who was admitted with pulmonary hypertension, developed buttock pain and anemia, and contrast-enhanced computed tomography showed a large subcutaneous hematoma with minimal active extravasation. Angiography of the bilateral internal iliac arteries revealed diffuse, irregular blood vessels without extravasation. As the exact bleeding site could not be identified, the patient was managed conservatively. However, the patient's symptoms and anemia worsened the following day. Repeat angiography revealed two pseudoaneurysms in the right inferior gluteal artery, which were embolized using n-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate. Nonetheless, the patient's anemia further worsened the following day. Repeat contrast-enhanced CT revealed another site of extravasation in the enlarging hematoma, but no extravasation was observed on the subsequent angiography. Owing to the worsening anemia and enlarging hematoma, proximal embolization of the irregular bilateral inferior gluteal arteries was performed using gelatin sponge particles. The patient's anemia and symptoms improved. Vasculopathy associated with neurofibromatosis type 1 is rare, with an incidence of approximately 3%. In patients with neurofibromatosis type 1, the blood vessels become fragile because of tunica media thinning and elastic-lamina rupture. Histopathologically, neurofibromatosis type 1-associated vasculopathy is characterized by a mixture of normal and abnormal vessels. Abnormally fragile blood vessels may repeatedly rupture followed by physiological hemostasis, which may explain the diagnostic and therapeutic challenges during angiography in this case. In patients with neurofibromatosis type 1 with acute bleeding, irregular vessels without active extravasation on angiography may be indicated for embolization.

Efficacy and safety of treating acute haemoptysis using glue embolization: A retrospective observational study and comparison to the literature.

INTRODUCTION: A retrospective observational study of the short-term efficacy and safety of using glue embolization, namely n-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate (NBCA), in bronchial artery embolization (BAE) and comparison with the literature. The main aim of the study is to display the safety of this embolic material through standardization of interventional procedure for consideration of NBCA as a possible primary embolic agent in cases of BAE. METHODS: A total of 35 BAE was performed in 31 patients with acute haemoptysis after failure of bronchoscopic therapy using NBCA. The mean age was 56 years with 22 male patients. Pre-interventional bronchoscopy and computed tomographic angiography were performed. In 35 cases, embolization was performed exclusively with NBCA. One patient in combination with coils and one with particles and coils. The 1:4 NBCA-to-Lipiodol mixture was most commonly used. Post-interventional bronchoscopy was performed after 24 h. RESULTS: Technical success was possible in all cases. Clinical success was achieved in 94.3%. There was a mortality rate of 6.5% within 48 h. No other embolization related major complications were noticed. A minor complication of temporary ischaemia of the bronchial mucosa. No reperfusion of the embolized vessel, however with rebleeding in four patients from different primarily not embolized bronchial arteries. CONCLUSION: Despite previous concerns about its safety based on previous reports and in line with recent studies, we conclude that NBCA is a safe and effective embolic agent to perform BAE in cases of acute haemoptysis if performed according to a clear standard operating procedure as described with a possible superiority over embolic agents. Further blinded prospective comparative studies are necessary.

Percutaneous n-butyl cyanoacrylate embolization of cervical metastatic disease via an anterolateral approach.

Symptomatic vascular spinal metastases will benefit from pre-operative tumor embolization - percutaneous with or without adjunct endovascular embolization. However, when a transpedicular approach is not feasible, an anterolateral approach may be a viable alternative. The authors report a 57-year-old woman with prior C3-T1 instrumentation who presented with acute cord compression from a pathologic C5 vertebral body fracture related to metastatic renal cell carcinoma. The patient underwent CT-guided direct tumor embolization with 33% n-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate via an anterolateral approach, followed by C5-corpectomy and anterior cervical C4-C6 fusion and plating with minimal blood loss (est. 20 cc) and a stable neurological exam post-operatively. In patients with highly vascular cervical metastatic disease who lack a viable transpedicular approach for preoperative tumor embolization, a CT-guided anterolateral approach is a viable alternative.

Comparison of Renal Damage Following Renal Artery Embolization with Three Different Embolic Mixtures in Swine.

Purpose: Renal artery embolization is a minimally invasive and effective procedure for renal ablation, a complete necrosis of the renal parenchyma. This study aims to compare the extent of renal damage in swine following renal artery embolization with ethanol and N-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate, commonly used as embolic materials in renal ablation. Material and Methods: Three different embolic mixtures were prepared for renal artery embolization in swine: 33% ethanol-Lipiodol mixture (ethanol:Lipiodol = 1:2; Group A), 67% ethanol-Lipiodol mixture (ethanol:Lipiodol = 2:1; Group B), and 10% N-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate-Lipiodol mixture (N-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate:Lipiodol = 1:9; Group C). Three swine were assigned to each group and underwent embolization of the unilateral renal artery. Renal arteriography was performed before, immediately after, and two days after renal artery embolization. After two days, the kidneys were removed to determine the macroscopic necrosis rate and for histologic examination. Dark tissue regions were considered necrotic. Results: The macroscopic necrosis rate of the kidneys was 50.3%±7.4%, 100%±0%, and 100%±0% in Groups A, B, and C, respectively. The necrosis rates were higher in Groups B and C than in Group A. Histologically, the renal tubules were damaged in the necrotic areas. In addition, the glomeruli were damaged in Groups A and B but were preserved in Group C. Conclusions: Sixty-seven percent ethanol-Lipiodol mixture and 10% N-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate-Lipiodol mixture are effective embolic materials in renal artery embolization for renal ablation in swine. Also, ethanol caused partial glomerular necrosis, whereas N-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate preserved the glomeruli. Therefore, ethanol should be used for renal ablation.

Portal vein embolization with N-butyl-cyanoacrylate improves liver hypertrophy compared to microparticles - A Swedish multicenter cohort study.

Background: An adequate future liver remnant (FLR) is fundamental for major liver resections. To achieve sufficient FLR, portal vein embolization (PVE) may be used. The most effective material for PVE has yet to be determined. The aim of this study was to investigate the differences in FLR growth between n-butyl-cyanoacrylate glue (NBCA) and microparticles. Material/methodsa: retrospective study was performed at three Swedish hepatobiliary centers and included patients who underwent PVE 2013-2021. Electronic medical records were reviewed, and procedure-related data were collected. Data were analyzed with respect to embolizing material. Results: A total of 265 patients were included: 160 in the NBCA group and 105 in the microparticle group. The NBCA group had a higher degree of hypertrophy (12.1 vs. 9.4 % points, p = 0.003) and a higher resection rate (68 vs. 59 %, p = 0.01) than the microparticle group. Procedure-related data all indicated the superiority of NBCA. No difference in inducing hypertrophy was observed when comparing patients who received chemotherapy before PVE with those who received chemotherapy before and after PVE within the NBCA group. Discussion/conclusion: This retrospective multicenter study supports the superiority of NBCA compared to microparticles in the setting of PVE. Chemotherapy after PVE does not seem to negatively affect hypertrophy.

Assessing the efficacy and safety of hemangioblastoma embolization: A comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Hemangioblastomas (HBs) are highly vascular tumors linked to substantial morbidity and mortality. Recently, interventional neuroradiology has evolved rapidly, spurring interest in preoperative embolization as a possible HB treatment. PURPOSE: This study evaluates the effectiveness and safety of preoperative embolization in managing HB. METHODS: Adhering to PRISMA guidelines, this meta-analysis considered randomized and nonrandomized studies meeting specific criteria, encompassing intracranial HB and preoperative embolization. Primary outcomes were preoperative embolization efficacy and safety. Complications were classified as major (cerebellar ischemia, ischemic strokes, intratumoral hemorrhage, subarachnoid hemorrhage) and minor (transient nystagmus, slight facial nerve palsy, nausea, transient dysarthria, hemiparesis, hemisensory impairment, thrombotic complications, extravasation). RESULTS: Thirteen studies involving 166 patients with preoperative embolization before HB resection were included. Two studies using the Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) showed 5 patients with good recovery, 6 with moderate disability, and 3 with severe disability. Major complications occurred in 1% (95% CI: 0% to 3%), and minor complications occurred in 1% (95% CI: 0% to 4%). Intraoperative blood loss during resection was estimated at 464.29 ml (95% CI: 350.63 ml to 614.80 ml). CONCLUSION: Preoperative embolization holds promise in reducing intraoperative bleeding risk in neurosurgical intracranial HB treatment, primarily due to its low complication rates. Nonetheless, additional research and larger-scale studies are essential to establish its long-term efficacy and safety. These findings highlight preoperative embolization as a valuable tool for HB management, potentially enhancing future patient outcomes.

Comparing transvenous coiling and transarterial embolization with Onyx/NBCA for cavernous sinus dural arteriovenous fistulas: a retrospective study in a single center.

BACKGROUND: Endovascular management is the gold standard for cavernous sinus dural arteriovenous fistulas (CS-dAVFs) in patients with signs of ophthalmoplegia, visual defects, or intolerable clinical symptoms. Although the efficacy of embolization has been confirmed, complications during post-endovascular management have not been compared in a more extensive CS-dAVFs case series. Therefore, we compared the effectiveness and peri-procedural complications of transvenous coiling with those of transarterial embolization (TAE) using liquid embolic agents. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We reviewed 71 patients with CS-dAVFs in one medical center from 2005/7 to 2016/7. We performed seventy-seven procedures on 71 patients, including six recurrent cases. We compared the efficacy and peri-procedural complications of transvenous coiling and TAE. RESULTS: The complete occlusion rate for transvenous coiling was 79.2%, and that for TAE was 75.0%. Findings revealed (1) similar ophthalmoplegia complication rates (p = 0.744); (2) more frequent and permanent CN5 or CN7 neuropathy with liquid embolic agent use (p = 0.031 and 0.028, respectively); and (3) a higher risk of infarction or ICH (p =0.002 and 0.028, respectively) in response to aggressive TAE. CONCLUSION: Transvenous cavernous sinus coiling resulted in a similar occlusion rate and lower complication risk than transarterial Onyx/n-butyl cyanoacrylate (NBCA). We can access via an occluded inferior petrosal sinus (even contralateral), and direct transorbital puncture was a safe alternative. TAE with Onyx/NBCA was helpful in cases of oligo-feeders, but multidisciplinary treatment and multi-session TAE were usually needed for patients with multiple feeders and complex fistulas.

Percutaneous embolization of refractory biliocutaneous fistula following radiofrequency ablation: A case report.

This case report presents a 73-year-old male with recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma who underwent serial surgical and interventional locoregional treatments, which resulted in asymptomatic intrahepatic bile duct dilatation. To address a recurrent tumor close to the pre-existing dilated bile ducts, radiofrequency ablation was performed, leading to a biliocutaneous fistula along the electrode tract. Attempts to close the refractory fistula by percutaneous transhepatic cholangial diversion and balloon dilatation of the stenotic central bile duct were unsuccessful. Ultimately, the fistula was successfully sealed with aggressive management, combining balloon-assisted retrograde fistulography and antegrade fistula embolization. This report aims to raise awareness of complex biliary complications after radiofrequency ablation in patients with preexisting bile duct dilatation, and emphasize the importance of aggressive intervention in cases of refractory biliocutaneous fistula based on our experience.

Liquid embolic agents for middle meningeal artery embolization in chronic subdural hematoma: Institutional experience with systematic review and meta-analysis.

INTRODUCTION: Chronic subdural hematoma (CSDH) is associated with high recurrence rates. Middle meningeal artery embolization (MMAE) has emerged as a promising treatment option. In this systematic review and meta-analysis, we aimed to assess the safety and efficacy of MMAE for CSDH using liquid embolic agents and compare them with particles. METHODS: We systematically reviewed all studies describing MMAE for CSDH with liquid embolic agents, according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement. Additionally, we included a cohort of patients from our institution using liquid and particle embolic agents. Data were analyzed using random-effects proportions and comparisons meta-analysis, and statistical heterogeneity was assessed. RESULTS: A total of 18 studies with 507 cases of MMAE with liquid embolic agents (including our institutional experience) were included in the analysis. The success rate was 99% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 98-⁠100%), all complications rate was 1% (95% CI: 0-⁠5%), major complications rate was 0% (95% CI: 0-⁠0%), and mortality rate was 1% (95% CI: 0-⁠6%). The rate of hematoma size reduction was 97% (95% CI: 73-⁠100%), complete resolution 64% (95% CI: 33-⁠87%), radiographic recurrence 3% (95% CI: 1-⁠7%), and reoperation 3% (95% CI: 1-⁠7%). No significant differences in outcomes were found between liquid and particle embolic agents. Sensitivity analyses revealed that liquid embolic agents were associated with lower reoperation rates in upfront MMAE (risk ratio 0.13, 95% CI: 0.02-⁠0.95). CONCLUSION: MMAE with liquid embolic agents is safe and effective for the treatment of CSDH. Outcomes are comparable to particles, but liquids were associated with a decreased risk of reoperation in upfront MMAE. However, further studies are needed to support our findings.

Combined treatment with beaded EWS, Gore-tex patch and N-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate for bronchial fistula: The novel "sandwich method".

An 84-year-old man underwent right basal segmentectomy for primary lung cancer and developed empyema accompanied by a bronchopleural fistula (BPF). Emergency open-window thoracotomy was performed. Although the general and nutritional conditions improved, the fistula did not close naturally, and we planned to close it 6 months after surgery. In this report, we describe, for the first time, a novel method for closing BPF using an endobronchial Watanabe spigot (EWS), polyglycolic acid (PGA) sheet and N-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate (NBCA). We named this method the"sandwich method."

Management of scalp arteriovenous malformations: a rising trend towards percutaneous direct puncture embolization technique-our experience.

BACKGROUND: Scalp arteriovenous malformations (AVMs), or cirsoid aneurysms of the scalp, usually present with troublesome symptoms and cosmetic disfigurement. Endovascular/percutaneous embolization has evolved as a sole treatment method or adjunct to surgical excision in the management of scalp AVMs with an excellent outcome. PURPOSE: To discuss minimally invasive techniques for treating scalp AVMs as well as to highlight the role of embolization before surgery. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This is a retrospective study of 50 patients with scalp AVM who underwent embolization (percutaneous/endovascular) during 2010-2019 at a tertiary care center. n-butyl cyanoacrylate (n-BCA) was used as an embolizing agent in all the cases and the patients were followed up at three- and six-month intervals with Doppler evaluation. RESULTS: A total of 50 patients were included in the study. The occipital region was the most common location; 82% were Schobinger class II lesions and 18% were class III lesions. Thirteen patients had small-sized AVMs and 37 patients had large-sized AVMs. Post-embolization surgery was performed in 36 patients. Of the patients, 28 underwent percutaneous embolization, 20 underwent endovascular embolization, and two underwent both to achieve complete embolization of the lesion. The number of percutaneous procedures increased in the latter half of the study period as the safety and efficacy of the technique were established. No major complications were seen in this study. CONCLUSION: Embolization of scalp AVMs is a safe and effective technique and can be used in isolation for small lesions and as an adjunct procedure to surgery for large-sized lesions.

Preoperative n-BCA embolization in the resection of submandibular lymphatic malformations refractory to sclerotherapy treatment: A pilot case series.

OBJECTIVE: Lymphatic malformations in the submandibular neck pose unique challenges to treatment that elevate their risk of recurrence. This case series provides a review of five patients, previously treated with sclerotherapy or with a history of multiple infections, who were treated in a novel fashion: single-stage resection using preoperative n-butyl cyanoacrylate (n-BCA) glue embolization. METHODS: We performed a retrospective medical record review of five patients who underwent single-stage n-BCA embolization by Interventional Radiology followed by surgical resection by Otolaryngology, including a review of their symptoms, previous treatments, and post-treatment surveillance, with follow-up ranging from 4 to 24 months after the treatment of interest. RESULTS: All study subjects had unremarkable perioperative courses, and four patients did not demonstrate any evidence of disease recurrence or persistence during the follow-up period. One patient was found to have a small area of persistent disease on post-treatment imaging, but has remained symptom free. CONCLUSIONS: Treatment of submandibular lymphatic malformations with n-BCA embolization followed by surgical resection can be performed in a single stage. This case series demonstrates that this approach can yield durable relief of symptoms, even in patients whose lesions were refractory to previous treatments.

Rapid ventricular overdrive pacing and other advanced flow-control techniques for the endovascular embolization of vein of galen malformations.

Endovascular embolization is the primary strategy in the management for vein of Galen malformations (VOGM). However, despite significant advances in endovascular embolization technologies and techniques, VOGMs remain very technically challenging lesions largely due to the high-flow arteriovenous shunts present in these malformations. A variety of advanced flow-control techniques can be implemented to mitigate the risk of venous escape and increase the safety and efficacy of endovascular treatment. These techniques include regionally targeted strategies (transvenous embolization and balloon-assisted transarterial embolization) and global flow-control methods (pharmacologic cardiac arrest and rapid ventricular overdrive pacing). Each of these strategies are associated with unique advantages and disadvantages, highlighting the importance of a patient-specific approach when treating these challenging lesions.

Embolization of an incomplete isolated right segmental hepatic duct injury (incomplete IRSHDI)-A case report.

Iatrogenic bile duct injuries remain a substantial problem in gastrointestinal surgery, especially if discovered later in the postoperative period. Herein, we report a case of an unusual bile leak following laparoscopic cholecystectomy consisting of an isolated right segmental hepatic duct injury of segment 5 together with an additional bile leak of a small duct connecting the gallbladder fossa with the common bile duct. We call this situation an incomplete isolated right segmental hepatic duct injury. Patient presented with infected biloma 2 weeks after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. After percutaneous drainage of the biloma and antibiotic therapy the complex biliary fistula was closed first with coil embolization of the small connection to the common bile duct and then with both antegrade and retrograde histoacryl embolization of the hereby created complete isolated right segmental hepatic duct injury in a single session. Patient was discharged the same day and recovered without complication or recurrence.

Migration of lipiodol into lateral ventricles after embolization of cerebral arteriovenous malformation: a case report.

N-butyl cyanoacrylate (NBCA) has been used to embolise brain arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) for over 30 years. It is a mixed with lipiodol in varying proportions. We report a 22-year-old male with intraventricular hemorrhage from a ruptured intranidal AVM aneurysm in the left temporal lobe. The intranidal aneurysm and the nidus were successfully embolized using a 20% NBCA and lipiodol mixture without any complications according to computed tomography (CT) immediately after treatment. Scattered high-density spots were observed in both lateral ventricles on CT 5 days after embolization, suggesting migration of lipiodol. We speculated that the aneurysm was a pseudoaneurysm whose wall protruded into the inferior horn of the left lateral ventricle, and the lipiodol in the NBCA migrated into the ventricles after the thin part of the wall ruptured. The patient developed pyrexia due to chemical meningitis, which responded to steroid treatment for one month.

Transcatheter Arterial Embolization for Intramammary Hemorrhage Caused by a Seat Belt Injury: Case Series Including Experience with N-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate.

In this study, we report two cases of transcatheter arterial embolization for intramammary hemorrhage caused by seat belt injuries. All patients were female drivers involved in traffic accidents. In each case, we accessed the hemorrhage through the left brachial artery and embolized the perforating branch of the left internal mammary artery with N-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate, obtaining effective hemostasis. Transcatheter arterial embolization is considered effective for breast hemorrhage because of rare but dangerous seat belt injuries.