Does Dietitian Involvement During Pregnancy Improve Birth Outcomes? A Systematic Review.

Maternal diet during pregnancy can have a significant impact on maternal and offspring health. As nutrition counselling is an important component of prenatal care, registered dietitians (RDs) are uniquely trained professionals who can provide personalized nutrition counselling customized to an individual's sociocultural needs. The objective of this systematic review was to determine if RD involvement during pregnancy is associated with a lower prevalence of adverse birth outcomes in the United States and Canada. The review was conducted through a search of four databases: PubMed, CINAHL, Embase, and Web of Science. A total of 14 studies were identified. Women had a lower prevalence of low birth weight and preterm infants when RDs were involved during prenatal care. While RD involvement during pregnancy was not associated with macrosomia, more research is needed to assess its relationship with small for gestational age, large for gestational age, and infant mortality. Future research should also investigate the specific dietary advice provided by RDs and the extent and timing of their involvement throughout pregnancy to better understand the mechanisms surrounding nutrition counselling, in utero development, and health outcomes.

Maternal Eating Disorders and Adverse Birth Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Previous systematic reviews have reported on the relationship between eating disorders (EDs) and birth outcomes, but there are no existing meta-analyses on this topic. This systematic review and meta-analysis examines the association between lifetime maternal EDs, including anorexia nervosa (AN), bulimia nervosa (BN), and binge-eating disorder (BED) with low birth weight (LBW), preterm birth (PTB), small for gestational age (SGA), large for gestational age (LGA), and miscarriage. Four databases were systematically searched for quantitative literature on maternal EDs that preceded birth outcomes. Eighteen studies met the inclusion criteria and were included in the review. The meta-analyses included 6 studies on miscarriage, 11 on PTB, 4 on LBW, 9 on SGA, and 4 on LGA. The Mantel-Haenszel random effects model was used to test the associations between EDs and birth outcomes. The results showed significant positive associations between AN and LBW (OR 1.74, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.49, 2.03), AN and SGA (OR 1.39, 95% CI 1.17, 1.65), BN and PTB (OR 1.19, 95% CI 1.04, 1.36), and BED and LGA (OR 1.43 95% CI 1.18, 1.72). EDs were not significantly correlated with miscarriage. These findings reveal the importance of screening for and treating EDs in pregnant women.

Thinning of specific retinal layers as a novel biomarker for adverse outcomes in high-risk pregnancy.

PURPOSE: To investigate a potential association between retinal layer thinning and pregnancy-related adverse outcomes. METHODS: A prospective observational study included 32 pregnant women between the ages of 18 and 45. Seventeen had uneventful pregnancies, and 15 experienced an adverse obstetrical outcome. Macular swept-source ocular coherence tomography was performed, and selective layers of the retina were evaluated. Adverse obstetrical outcome was defined as any of the following: preterm delivery, preeclampsia, pregnancy-induced hypertension, elevated liver function tests, thrombocytopenia and need for magnesium. RESULTS: The inner superior ganglion cell layer (GCL) was found to be thinner in the cohort with composite adverse obstetrical outcomes than in the cohort without complications (84.5±6.9 vs. 89.5±6.1µm respectively; P=0.04). Total inner superior (295.5±39.1 vs. 302.5±12.7µm; P=0.03) and inferior retinal thickness (289.0±13.9 vs. 301.0±17.1µm; P=0.03) as well as total macular volume (7.5±0.3 vs. 7.7±0.3 mm3; P=0.02) were also lower in women with adverse obstetrical outcomes. CONCLUSION: Thinning of the macular ganglion cell layer was associated with adverse outcomes in pregnancy. Larger studies are necessary to assess the potential role of macular GCL analysis in pregnancy.

Dietary Reference Intakes based on chronic disease endpoints: outcomes from a case study workshop for omega 3's EPA and DHA.

Given the focus on developing Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) based on chronic disease risk reduction and recent research for omega-3 long chain PUFA since the last DRI review, the Canadian Nutrition Society convened a panel of stakeholders for a 1-day workshop in late 2019. Attendees discussed the new NASEM guidelines for establishing DRI values based on chronic disease risk endpoints and the strength of current evidence for EPA and DHA as it relates to the new guidelines. Novelty: Summarizes evidence and expert opinions regarding the potential for reviewing DRI values for EPA and DHA and cardiovascular disease risk and early development.

Mind-mindedness and parenting stress in mothers of preterm and full-term infants: The moderating role of perceived social support.

The goal of this study was to examine the effects of preterm birth and maternal childbirth-related posttraumatic stress and parenting stress on maternal mind-mindedness (MM). The study also investigated the effects of perceived social support on parenting stress and MM. Sixty-five preterm (N = 32) and full-term (N = 33) mother-infant dyads were observed at 6 months. Measures of maternal MM were obtained from observations of mother-infant interaction. Mothers also provided ratings of their posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms, parenting stress, and perceived social support via an online survey. Experiencing a preterm birth did not affect mothers' use of mental state descriptors during mother-infant interaction. Neither childbirth-related posttraumatic stress nor parenting stress directly affected maternal ability to comment on the child's mental states appropriately. However, at medium and high levels of perceived social support, a negative association between parenting stress and MM was observed. Maternal perception of being emotionally supported by significant others promoted MM in mothers showing low or mild levels of parenting stress, but not in mothers experiencing high stress in parenting their infants. Results suggest that a proclivity to MM might be affected by the interaction between parenting stress and social support, rather than by childbirth-related variables, such as prematurity.

El propósito de este estudio fue examinar los efectos del nacimiento prematuro y el estrés materno postraumático relacionado con dar a luz, y el estrés de la crianza sobre la disposición de la mente (MM). El estudio también investigó los efectos que la percepción del apoyo social tiene en el estrés de la crianza y la disposición de la mente. Se observaron 65 díadas de madre-infantes prematuros (N = 32) y de gestación completa (N = 33) a los 6 meses. Las medidas de la disposición mental materna se obtuvieron de observaciones de la interacción madre-infante. Las madres también suministraron los puntajes de sus síntomas de PTSD, el estrés de la crianza y la percepción del apoyo social por medio de una encuesta electrónica. El experimentar un nacimiento prematuro no afectó el uso por parte de las madres de los factores de descripción del estado mental durante la interacción madre-infante. Ni el estrés postraumático relacionado con el dar a luz ni el estrés de la crianza directamente afectaron la habilidad materna para comentar de manera apropiada sobre los estados mentales del niño. Sin embargo, al nivel medio y alto de la percepción de apoyo social, se observó una asociación negativa entre el estrés de crianza y la disposición de la mente. La percepción materna de contar con el apoyo emocional de su pareja promovió la disposición mental de las madres que mostraban bajos o leves niveles de estrés de crianza, aunque no así en aquellas madres que experimentaban un nivel alto de estrés en la crianza de sus infantes. Los resultados sugieren que una propensión a la disposición mental pudiera ser afectada por la interacción entre el estrés de crianza y el apoyo social, en vez de las variables relacionadas con el dar a luz, tal como el nacimiento prematuro.

Le but de cette étude était d'examiner les effets du stress posttraumatique lié à la naissance avant terme et à l'accouchement maternel et le stress de parentage sur l'Etat d'esprit/Orientation mentale (abrégé ici EE/OM). L'étude s'est aussi penchée sur les effets du soutien social perçu du stress de parentage et de l'EE/OM maternel. Soixante-cinq dyades mères-bébés nés avant terme (N = 32) et à plein terme (N = 33) ont été observées à 6 mois. Les mesures d'EE/FM maternel ont été obtenues d'observations de l'interaction mère-bébé. Les mères ont aussi offert des évaluations de leurs propres symptômes ESPT, du stress de parentage, et du soutien social perçu au travers d'un questionnaire en ligne. Le fait d'avoir fait l'expérience d'une naissance avant terme n'a pas affecté l'utilisation de descripteurs de santé mentale des mères durant l'interaction mère-bébé. Ni le stress posttraumatique lié à l'accouchement ni le stress de parentage n'ont affecté directement la capacité maternelle à commenter les états mentaux de l'enfant de manière appropriée. Cependant, à des niveaux moyens et élevés de soutien social perçu, une association négative entre le stress de parentage et l'EE/OM a été observée. La perception maternelle d'être soutenue émotionnellement par leurs partenaires a promu l'EE/FM chez les mères faisant preuve de niveaux bas ou peu élevés de stress de parentage, mais pas chez les mères faisant preuve de stress élevé dans le parentage de leurs bébés. Les résultats suggèrent qu'une tendance à l'EE/OM peut être affectée par l'interaction entre le stress de parentage et le soutien social, plutôt que par des variables liées à l'accouchement, comme la prématurité.

Is premature birth an orthodontic risk factor? A controlled epidemiological clinical study.

INTRODUCTION: Although a "catch-up" growth occurs in early childhood, respiratory system immaturity and the use of oral and naso-gastric probes for prematurely born children are responsible for palatal and cranio-facial alterations. OBJECTIVE: To assess whether prematurity is a risk factor in orthodontics in terms of malocclusions, dysmorphoses and orthodontic treatment need compared to term-born children. To compare the differences of risk factors among these preterm birth subtypes according the severity. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Distributed questionnaires within an orthodontic practice and in the Department of Odontology, Lyon Hospital, France. The evaluation criteria were calculated from the casts, photographs and radiographies carried out during the initial assessment. A statistical intergroup comparison was performed. RESULTS: Of the 537 questionnaires obtained, 47 preterm patients and 150 term-born patients were included in our study. Preterm infants had significantly more bilateral crossed-occlusions than patients in the term group (P=0.003). In addition, very preterm and extremely preterm children had significantly more impacted tooth (P=0.049) and a higher Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need (IOTN grade 5, P=0.003) compared with term children. CONCLUSION: Very preterm and extremely preterm births (occurring more than 8 weeks before the term) represent a risk factor in orthodontics and, therefore, a public health problem.

[Validation of the cervical length education and review program in a population of French residents in obstetrics and gynecology]. / Intérêt d'une formation théorique des internes de gynécologie obstétrique à la mesure échographique du col utérin.

OBJECTIVES: Evaluate an educational program based on "CLEAR" (Cervical Length Education and Review) in the teaching of measuring sonographic cervical length to residents in gynecology and obstetrics. METHODS: This is a prospective cohort study in a tertiary care center between May and November 2017. The residents were asked to collect 5 cervical length images from patients suspected with threatened preterm labor. A theoretical session on cervix measurement image criteria based on "CLEAR" program was taught to all residents. Then, they had to collect 5 new cervical length images. All the images were reviewed by two experienced reviewers, blinded to the resident and whether the image was obtained before or after the theoretical session and based on 8 criteria. RESULTS: Ten residents participated to the study. The mean total score CLEAR was significantly higher post-intervention: 6.6±0.9 vs. 4.3±2.1, positive difference of 2.3±2.3 (P<0.001). Improvement was most significant with the junior residents: 3.6 pre vs. 6.5 post-intervention. CONCLUSION: Educational program based on CLEAR criteria allowed to improve the competence of residents in measuring sonographic cervical length, although this can also be correlated with the progression of residents during the semester. It could be implemented systematically with the aim of CLEAR certification to standardize the teaching of residents in gynecology and obstetrics.

"Weathering the storm:" Mothers' and fathers' experiences of parenting a preterm infant.

Parenting preterm infants is a unique experience distinct from parenting full-term infants, characterized by a delayed transition to parenthood and limited caregiving opportunities. This study explored mothers' and fathers' lived experiences of parenting during infancy in the context of preterm birth. Semistructured qualitative interviews were conducted with 13 parents (6 fathers, 7 mothers) of preterm infants. Data were analyzed using interpretative phenomenological analysis. Four superordinate themes emerged: (a) An unnatural disaster: The traumatic nature of preterm birth, (b) The immediate aftermath: Disconnected and displaced, (c) Breaking the ice: Moving from frozen to melted, and (d) Aftershocks: Transitioning home. Both parents experienced preterm birth as traumatic. Similarities and differences in mothers' and fathers' experiences were identified. Preterm birth posed challenges for nurturant and social caregiving and resulted in anxiety, hypervigilance, and overprotective parenting behavior. The results highlight the need for trauma-informed care and further research developing and testing empirically based interventions.

Criar a infantes nacidos prematuramente es una experiencia única, distinta de criar a infantes nacidos a los nueve meses, caracterizada por una transición retrasada al hecho de ser padres y por oportunidades limitadas de prestación de cuidados. Este estudio exploró las experiencias de crianza vividas por las mamás y los papás durante la infancia dentro del contexto del nacimiento prematuro. Se llevaron a cabo entrevistas cualitativas semiestructuradas con 13 progenitores (6 papás, 7 mamás) de infantes nacidos prematuramente. Se analizó la información usando el Análisis Fenomenológico Interpretativo. Surgieron cuatro temas superiores: (i) Un desastre no natural: La naturaleza traumática del nacimiento prematuro; (ii) Las consecuencias inmediatas: Desconectados y desplazados; (iii) El rompimiento del hielo: Pasar de estar congelado a derretirse; y (iv) La conmoción posterior: En transición a casa. Ambos padres experimentaron el nacimiento prematuro como traumático. Se identificaron las similitudes y las diferencias en las experiencias de las mamás y de los papás. El nacimiento prematuro presentó retos para el cuidado de crianza y social y resultó en ansiedad, excesiva vigilancia y conducta de crianza sobreprotectora. Los resultados subrayan la necesidad de un cuidado fundamentado en la comprensión del trauma y de una investigación futura que desarrolle y examine las intervenciones con base empírica.

Le parentage de nourrissons prématurés est une expérience unique distincte du parentage de nourrissons à terme, caractérisée par une transition retardée au parentage et par des opportunités de prendre soin du bébé limitées. Cette étude a exploré les expériences vécues de parentage des mères et des pères durant la petite enfance dans le contexte d'une naissance prématurée. Des entretiens qualitatifs semi-structurés ont été faits avec 13 parents (6 pères, 7 mères) de nourrissons prématurés. Les données ont été analysées en utilisant l'Analyse Interprétative Phénoménologique. Quatre thèmes sur-ordonnés ont émergé : (i) Un désastre contre nature : la nature traumatique de la naissance prématurée, (ii) Le lendemain immédiat : déconnecté et déplacés, (iii) La glace brisée : de l'état de glace au dégel, et (iv) Les secousses secondaires : la transition au domicile. Les deux parents ont fait l'expérience de la naissance prématurée comme étant traumatique. Les similarités et les différences dans les expériences des mères et des pères ont été identifiées. La naissance prématurée s'est avérée difficile pour les soins nourriciers et sociaux et a résulté en anxiété, hypervigilance et en comportement de parentage surprotecteur. Les résultats de l'étude mettent en valeur le besoin de soin tenant en compte le trauma et de procéder à des recherches plus approfondies sur le développement et le test d'interventions basées sur des faits empiriques.

[Preterm Birth Screening: What Does Really Make Sense?] / Frühgeburtsscreening: Was ist wirklich sinnvoll?

Preterm Birth Screening: What Does Really Make Sense? Abstract. Spontaneous preterm birth is a syndrome triggered by multiple mechanisms. In view of the pathophysiological heterogeneity of preterm birth, a single biomarker cannot show the required high negative and positive predictive values. From a clinical point of view, anamnesis, sonographic measurement of cervical length, and placental alpha-microglobulin-1 (PAMG-1) testing from cervico-vaginal secretion are established. Further prospective, large-scale longitudinal studies must validate the combined use of new biomarkers.

[Transvaginal sonographic cervical length and prediction of preterm delivery in twin pregnancies with preterm labor]. / Valeur prédictive du risque d'accouchement prématuré par la mesure échographique de la longueur du col utérin en cas de grossesse gémellaire.

OBJECTIVES: To assess ultrasonographic cervical length measurement in predicting preterm labor without premature rupture of the membrane in twin pregnancies. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Retrospective study of 56 patients with preterm labor between 24+0 and 32+0 weeks. The judgment criteria was probability of delivery before 34 weeks in cases of spontaneous preterm labor before 32 weeks. RESULTS: The threshold of cervical length less than 20mm and 30mm respectively had a sensitivity of 42% and 94%, a specificity of 51% and 13%, a positive predictive value of 30% and 36% and a negative predictive value of 63% and 83% in predicting delivery before 34 weeks. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that ultrasonographic measurement of cervical length is not a predictive of preterm delivery in twin pregnancies with preterm labor. However, the high negative predictive value allows to reassure the patient and to avoid hospitalization as well as tocolysis in cases where cervical length is superior or equal to 30mm.

O nascimento de um bebê prematuro ou deficiente: questões de bioética na comunicação do diagnóstico / The birth of a premature baby or deficient: matters of bioethic in the diagnosis communication / La naissance d'un bébé prématuré ou handicapé: questions de bioéthique dans la communication du diagnostic / El nacimiento de un bebé prematuro o com discapacidad: cuestiones de la bioética en la notificación del diagnóstico

O nascimento prematuro de uma criança ou acompanhado de alguma anomalia congênita representa para os pais um impacto sobre as expectativas de ter um filho saudável. Este trabalho fez um recorte sobre o referencial bioético da solidariedade, na intervenção em saúde como mecanismo de humanização da comunicação do diagnóstico aos pais sobre o nascimento de um bebê prematuro ou deficiente. A pesquisa qualitativa foi realizada numa maternidade pública do Estado de São Paulo onde foram entrevistadas doze mães e dois casais que vivenciaram o nascimento de uma criança prematura ou deficiente, além de quinze médicos neonatologistas. Os dados obtidos mostram que comunicar o diagnóstico de deficiência ou prematuridade não é tarefa simples para ambas as partes envolvidas no processo. A solidariedade permite construir um espaço de reflexão de dois aspectos importantes encontrados nesta pesquisa: o acolhimento aos pais e a possibilidade de construção de redes sociais de apoio.

The premature birth of a child or accompanied of some congenital anomaly represents for the parents an impact on the expectations of have a healthy son. This work did a cutting on bioethic referential of the solidarity, in the intervention in health like diagnosis communication humanization mechanism to the parents on the birth of a premature or deficient baby. The qualitative research was going accomplished in a São Paulo's State public maternity where were going interviewed twelve mothers and two couples that lived the birth of a premature or deficient child, besides fifteen medical neobornlogistes. The obtained data show that communicate the deficiency or prematureness diagnosis isn't simple task for both the parts involved in the process. The solidarity allows to build a reflection space of two found important aspects in this research: the reception to the parents and the support social nets construction possibility.

La naissance d'un enfant prématuré ou porteur d'une anomalie congénitale représente pour les parents un choc envers leurs attentes d'avoir un enfant sain. Ce travail propose un relevé concernant la bioéthique de la solidariété à propos de l'intervention dans la santé en tant que mécanisme d'humanisation de la communication du diagnostic aux parents, de la naissance d'un bébé prématuré ou handicapé. La recherche qualitative fut réalisée dans une maternité publique de l'État de São Paulo où eurent lieu des entrevues avec douze mères et deux couples qui vécurent la naissance d'un enfant prématuré ou handicapé, et aussi de quinze médecins spécialisés en néonatalogie. Les données obtenues montrent que communiquer le diagnostic d'un handicap ou d'une naissance prématurée n'est simple pour aucune des parties concernées. La solidarité amène à réfléchir sur les deux aspects importants révélés par cette recherche: l'accueil aux parents et la possibilité de création de réseaux d'aides sociales d'appui.

El nacimiento prematuro de un niño o acompañado de alguna anomalía congénita representa para los Padres un impacto sobre las expectativas de tener un hijo sano. Esta investigación hace un análisis focalizado en el referencial bioético de la solidaridad, en la intervención en salud como forma de humanización en la comunicación del diagnóstico a los Padres por el nacimiento de un bebé prematuro o con discapacidad. La investigación cualitativa fue realizada en una maternidad pública del Estado de San Pablo entrevistando doce madres y dos parejas que tuvieron la experiencia del nacimiento de un hijo prematuro o discapacitado, además de quince médicos neonatólogos. Los datos obtenidos muestran que comunicar el diagnóstico no es una tarea fácil para ninguna de las partes involucradas en el proceso. La solidaridad permite construir un espacio de reflexión de dos aspectos importantes encontrados en esta investigación: La acogida a los padres y la posibilidad de construcción de redes sociales de apoyo.

O nascimento de um bebê prematuro ou deficiente: questões de bioética na comunicação do diagnóstico / The birth of a premature baby or deficient: matters of bioethic in the diagnosis communication / La naissance d'un bébé prématuré ou handicapé: questions de bioéthique dans la communication du diagnostic / El nacimiento de un bebé prematuro o com discapacidad: cuestiones de la bioética en la notificación del diagnóstico

O nascimento prematuro de uma criança ou acompanhado de alguma anomalia congênita representa para os pais um impacto sobre as expectativas de ter um filho saudável. Este trabalho fez um recorte sobre o referencial bioético da solidariedade, na intervenção em saúde como mecanismo de humanização da comunicação do diagnóstico aos pais sobre o nascimento de um bebê prematuro ou deficiente. A pesquisa qualitativa foi realizada numa maternidade pública do Estado de São Paulo onde foram entrevistadas doze mães e dois casais que vivenciaram o nascimento de uma criança prematura ou deficiente, além de quinze médicos neonatologistas. Os dados obtidos mostram que comunicar o diagnóstico de deficiência ou prematuridade não é tarefa simples para ambas as partes envolvidas no processo. A solidariedade permite construir um espaço de reflexão de dois aspectos importantes encontrados nesta pesquisa: o acolhimento aos pais e a possibilidade de construção de redes sociais de apoio(AU)

The premature birth of a child or accompanied of some congenital anomaly represents for the parents an impact on the expectations of have a healthy son. This work did a cutting on bioethic referential of the solidarity, in the intervention in health like diagnosis communication humanization mechanism to the parents on the birth of a premature or deficient baby. The qualitative research was going accomplished in a São Paulo's State public maternity where were going interviewed twelve mothers and two couples that lived the birth of a premature or deficient child, besides fifteen medical neobornlogistes. The obtained data show that communicate the deficiency or prematureness diagnosis isn't simple task for both the parts involved in the process. The solidarity allows to build a reflection space of two found important aspects in this research: the reception to the parents and the support social nets construction possibility(AU)

La naissance d'un enfant prématuré ou porteur d'une anomalie congénitale représente pour les parents un choc envers leurs attentes d'avoir un enfant sain. Ce travail propose un relevé concernant la bioéthique de la solidariété à propos de l'intervention dans la santé en tant que mécanisme d'humanisation de la communication du diagnostic aux parents, de la naissance d'un bébé prématuré ou handicapé. La recherche qualitative fut réalisée dans une maternité publique de l'État de São Paulo où eurent lieu des entrevues avec douze mères et deux couples qui vécurent la naissance d'un enfant prématuré ou handicapé, et aussi de quinze médecins spécialisés en néonatalogie. Les données obtenues montrent que communiquer le diagnostic d'un handicap ou d'une naissance prématurée n'est simple pour aucune des parties concernées. La solidarité amène à réfléchir sur les deux aspects importants révélés par cette recherche: l'accueil aux parents et la possibilité de création de réseaux d'aides sociales d'appui(AU)

El nacimiento prematuro de un niño o acompañado de alguna anomalía congénita representa para los Padres un impacto sobre las expectativas de tener un hijo sano. Esta investigación hace un análisis focalizado en el referencial bioético de la solidaridad, en la intervención en salud como forma de humanización en la comunicación del diagnóstico a los Padres por el nacimiento de un bebé prematuro o con discapacidad. La investigación cualitativa fue realizada en una maternidad pública del Estado de San Pablo entrevistando doce madres y dos parejas que tuvieron la experiencia del nacimiento de un hijo prematuro o discapacitado, además de quince médicos neonatólogos. Los datos obtenidos muestran que comunicar el diagnóstico no es una tarea fácil para ninguna de las partes involucradas en el proceso. La solidaridad permite construir un espacio de reflexión de dos aspectos importantes encontrados en esta investigación: La acogida a los padres y la posibilidad de construcción de redes sociales de apoyo(AU)