Exploring Dynamic Changes in HIV-1 Molecular Transmission Networks and Key Influencing Factors: Cross-Sectional Study.

BACKGROUND: The HIV-1 molecular network is an innovative tool, using gene sequences to understand transmission attributes and complementing social and sexual network studies. While previous research focused on static network characteristics, recent studies' emphasis on dynamic features enhances our understanding of real-time changes, offering insights for targeted interventions and efficient allocation of public health resources. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to identify the dynamic changes occurring in HIV-1 molecular transmission networks and analyze the primary influencing factors driving the dynamics of HIV-1 molecular networks. METHODS: We analyzed and compared the dynamic changes in the molecular network over a specific time period between the baseline and observed end point. The primary factors influencing the dynamic changes in the HIV-1 molecular network were identified through univariate analysis and multivariate analysis. RESULTS: A total of 955 HIV-1 polymerase fragments were successfully amplified from 1013 specimens; CRF01_AE and CRF07_BC were the predominant subtypes, accounting for 40.8% (n=390) and 33.6% (n=321) of the specimens, respectively. Through the analysis and comparison of the basic and terminal molecular networks, it was discovered that 144 sequences constituted static molecular networks, and 487 sequences contributed to the formation of dynamic molecular networks. The findings of the multivariate analysis indicated that the factors occupation as a student, floating population, Han ethnicity, engagement in occasional or multiple sexual partnerships, participation in anal sex, and being single were independent risk factors for the dynamic changes observed in the HIV-1 molecular network, and the odds ratio (OR; 95% CIs) values were 2.63 (1.54-4.47), 1.83 (1.17-2.84), 2.91 (1.09-7.79), 1.75 (1.06-2.90), 4.12 (2.48-6.87), 5.58 (2.43-12.80), and 2.10 (1.25-3.54), respectively. Heterosexuality and homosexuality seem to exhibit protective effects when compared to bisexuality, with OR values of 0.12 (95% CI 0.05-0.32) and 0.26 (95% CI 0.11-0.64), respectively. Additionally, the National Eight-Item score and sex education experience were also identified as protective factors against dynamic changes in the HIV-1 molecular network, with OR values of 0.12 (95% CI 0.05-0.32) and 0.26 (95% CI 0.11-0.64), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The HIV-1 molecular network analysis showed 144 sequences in static networks and 487 in dynamic networks. Multivariate analysis revealed that occupation as a student, floating population, Han ethnicity, and risky sexual behavior were independent risk factors for dynamic changes, while heterosexuality and homosexuality were protective compared to bisexuality. A higher National Eight-Item score and sex education experience were also protective factors. The identification of HIV dynamic molecular networks has provided valuable insights into the characteristics of individuals undergoing dynamic alterations. These findings contribute to a better understanding of HIV-1 transmission dynamics and could inform targeted prevention strategies.

[Transport and Potential Sources Regions of Double High Pollution in Nanjing by Different Synoptic Situations].

Based on the hourly concentration data of fine particulate matter （PM2.5） and ozone （O3） in Nanjing from 2015 to 2019， the synoptic situation that occurred in Nanjing， in which high PM2.5 and high O3 coexisted （hereinafter referred to as double high pollution （DHP））， was typed using T-mode principal component analysis. Additionally， the backward trajectory clustering analysis method， potential source contribution method （PSCF）， and concentration weight trajectory analysis method （CWT） were used to study the transport paths and potential source region distribution of the DHP of Nanjing by different synoptic situations. The synoptic situations favorable to the DHP in Nanjing were the control of weak low-pressure type （Type1） and high-pressure center （Type2）. Synoptic situations could have had an effect on the directional origin of the backward trajectory. In Type1， the Nanjing area was affected by two low pressures in the northeast and southwest， and the clustering trajectories of the Nanjing air mass mainly came from the eastern and western directions. The average concentrations of PM2.5 and O3 in the trajectory were 83.48 µg·m-3 and 106.85 µg·m-3， respectively. In Type 2， Nanjing and its surroundings were at the edge of the high-pressure center， and the air mass cluster trajectories mainly came from the north and east. The average concentrations of PM2.5 and O3 in the trajectory were 94.47 µg·m-3 and 92.32 µg·m-3， respectively. Most of the two types of backward trajectories belonged to short and medium-distance regional transportation， indicating that the pollution of neighboring provinces was one of the main factors affecting the DHP in Nanjing. PSCF and CWT analysis showed that the distribution of the most important potential sources of PM2.5 and O3 in Type1 and Type2 were not completely consistent， which indicates that the two pollutants did not come from the same area in the DHP.

How Do Tourists' Value Perceptions of Food Experiences Influence Their Perceived Destination Image and Revisit Intention? A Moderated Mediation Model.

The food experience is an important part of the tourism experience. Although it is crucial to comprehend the significance of tourists' perception of food experiences, there is a scarcity of research investigating the impact of tasting local food on tourists' perceptions and behaviors. This study employs structural equation modeling to empirically examine the relationship between tourists' value perceptions of food experiences, their perceived destination image, and their revisit intention. In addition, the moderating effects of tourists' genders on the aforementioned relationships are also explored. A renowned restaurant brand, Nanjing Impressions, which specializes in offering the unique cuisine of the city of Nanjing, China, is chosen as the research case. A grand total of 500 questionnaires were distributed, and, out of these, 458 questionnaires were deemed legitimate and kept for further analysis. The results indicate that the functional, social, emotional, cultural, and health values of local food experienced by tourists have significant positive impacts on their perceived destination image and revisit intention. Moreover, perceived destination image partially mediates the relationships between tourists' value perceptions of food experiences and their revisit intention. Gender is found to partially moderate the relationships between the proposed constructs. The current study offers noteworthy theoretical contributions and provides valuable practical suggestions for tourism destination managers.

[Pollution Characteristics and Source Apportionment of Volatile Organic Compounds in Lishui Area of Nanjing].

To understand the changes in the components of volatile organic compounds(VOCs), the contribution proportion of each component to ozone, and the VOCs sources, we monitored the VOCs for a year in Lishui. The results showed that theρ(TVOC) was 223.46 µg·m-3, ρ(alkanes) was 49.45 µg·m-3(22.3%), ρ(OVOCs) was 50.63 µg·m-3(22.66%), ρ(halogenated hydrocarbons) was 64.73 µg·m-3(28.95%), ρ(aromatic hydrocarbons) was 35.46 µg·m-3(15.87%), ρ(alkenes) was 18.26 µg·m-3(8.19%), and ρ(others) was 4.9 µg·m-3(2.2%). ρ(TVOC) was higher in summer(263.75 µg·m-3) and lower in winter(187.2 µg·m-3), with 246.11 µg·m-3 in spring and 204.77 µg·m-3 in autumn. The daily concentration of VOCs showed two peaks, one from 9:00 to 10:00 and another from 14:00 to 15:00, and the high concentration was mainly found in the urban main road area with dense human activities. The ozone formation potential(OFP) was 278.92 µg·m-3, and those of olefin and aromatic hydrocarbon were 114.47 µg·m-3(41.1%) and 113.49 µg·m-3(40.8%), respectively, contributing over 80%, which was an important precursor of ozone. On the other hand, the ratio of characteristic compounds to toluene/benzene(T/B) was 4.13, which indicated that it was greatly affected by the solvent usage. In the end, the results of positive matrix factorization(PMF) source apportionment showed that VOCs mainly came from solvent usage, industrial production, and traffic emissions. The VOCs pollution had a great influence on ozone, so it was necessary to strengthen the treatment of industrial production, solvent usages, and traffic emissions.

Temporal and spatial patterns of small vertebrate roadkill in a supercity of eastern China.

An assessment of animal roadkill can help develop road mitigation measures. This article is the first to report data on animal-vehicle collisions (AVCs) in Nanjing, a supercity in eastern China. The research was conducted on a 224.27 km stretch of nine roads in Nanjing. In the period, between November 2020 and October 2021, 26 fortnightly monitoring missions were conducted to gather roadkill carcasses so that we could analyze their temporal and spatial distribution patterns. A total of 259 carcasses were collected, comprising 22 different species, of which 46.42% were mammals and 48.81% were birds. Cats and dogs are the most roadkill mammals, and blackbirds and sparrows are the most roadkill birds. The temporal analysis demonstrated that the peak of vertebrate roadkill occurred from May to July. Spatial analysis showed that the distribution patterns of vertebrate roadkill on different roads varied with a generally non-random distribution and aggregation. By mapping accidents using kernel density analysis, we were able to pinpoint locations that were at high risk for roadkill. Due to the fortnightly survey, our results would underestimate the casualties, even if, our study suggests that the problem of car accidents due to animals should be a cause for concern, and the results of the analysis of temporal and spatial patterns contribute to the establishment of mitigation measures.

[Analysis of O3 Pollution Characteristics, Formation Sensitivity, and Transport Impact in Southern Nanjing].

As one of the most important city clusters in China, surface ozone (O3) pollution in the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) Region has become a prominent air quality problem in recent years. Online observations of ambient O3, nitrogen oxides (NOx), and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were conducted in southern Nanjing from July-September 2020 and April-May 2021. On this basis, the pollution characteristics of O3 were analyzed. The O3-VOCs-NOx sensitivity and the transport influence of its precursors were further discussed using models. The frequency statistics of the daily maximum 8-hour moving average (DMA-8h O3) and hourly concentration (O3-1h) showed that O3 pollution in southern Nanjing was more serious than that in urban areas. Three typical O3 pollution episodes were selected during the whole observation period, which included August 16th-27th, 2020; September 3rd-11th, 2020; and May 17th-25th, 2021. The O3-VOCs-NOx sensitivities in these three pollution episodes were analyzed using the observation-based model (OBM). The results of the relative incremental reactivity (RIR) and empirical kinetics modeling approach (EKMA) showed that the sensitivities of O3 formation in the three pollution episodes were in the NOx-limited regime, the transition regime, and the VOCs-limited regime, respectively. This difference in O3-VOCs-NOx sensitivity reflects that the site may have been influenced by transport. Therefore, the potential source contribution function (PSCF) and the concentration weighted trajectory (CWT) method were further used to analyze the potential source areas of NOx, VOCs, and O3 in these three pollution episodes. The results showed that there were obvious regional transport effects of NOx, VOCs, and O3 in these three pollution episodes. The location of potential sources differed in these three pollution episodes, which were affected by the eastern cities of the Lishui site; the urban area of Nanjing and eastern area of Anhui Province; and the urban area of Nanjing and the middle of the YRD Region, respectively. The impact of transport on O3 and its precursors also indicated the necessity of regional joint prevention and control of O3 pollution in the YRD Region.

[Transport Influence and Potential Sources of PM2.5 Pollution for Nanjing].

In this study, 24-hour backward trajectories of the air mass in Nanjing were calculated by using the HYSPLIT model with the NCEP global reanalysis data from March 2019 to February 2020. The backward trajectories combined with the hourly concentration data of PM2.5 were then utilized in the trajectory clustering analysis and potential pollution source analysis. The results showed that the average concentration of PM2.5 in Nanjing was(36±20) µg·m-3 during the study period, with 17 days exceeding the grade Ⅱ national ambient air quality standards (75 µg·m-3). PM2.5 concentration exhibited clear seasonal variation, with winter (49 µg·m-3)>spring (42 µg·m-3)>autumn (31 µg·m-3)>summer (24 µg·m-3). PM2.5 concentration was significantly positively correlated with surface air pressure but significantly negatively correlated with air temperature, relative humidity, precipitation, and wind speed. Based on the trajectories, seven transport routes were identified in spring, and six routes for the other seasons. The northwest and south-southeast routes in spring, southeast route in autumn, and southwest route in winter were the main pollution transport routes in each season, with the characteristics of short transport distance and slow air mass movement, indicating that local accumulation was one of the main reasons for the high value of PM2.5 in quiet and stable weather. The distance of the northwest route in winter was large, and the PM2.5 concentration was 58 µg·m-3, which was the 2nd highest concentration in all routes, indicating that the cities in the northeast of Anhui had a great transport influence on Nanjing PM2.5. The distribution of PSCF and CWT was relatively consistent, and the main potential source areas were mainly local and adjacent areas of Nanjing, indicating that PM2.5 control is needed to strengthen local control and carry out joint prevention and control with adjacent areas. Winter was most affected by transport, its main potential source area was located at the junction of northwest Nanjing and Chuzhou, and the main source origin was in Chuzhou; therefore joint prevention and control should be expanded to Anhui.

[Changes in O3-VOCs-NOx Sensitivity and VOCs Sources at an Urban Site of Nanjing Between 2020 and 2021].

The synergistic control of PM2.5 and ozone (O3) are the focus of air quality improvement during the 14th Five-Year Plan in China. The production of O3 shows a highly nonlinear relationship with its precursors volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and nitrogen oxides (NOx). In this study, we conducted online observations of O3, VOCs, and NOx at an urban site in downtown Nanjing from April to September of 2020 and 2021. The average concentrations of O3 and its precursors between these two years were compared, and then the O3-VOCs-NOx sensitivity and the VOCs sources were analyzed using the observation-based box model (OBM) and positive matrix factorization (PMF), respectively. The results showed that the mean daily maximum O3 concentrations, VOCs, and NOx concentrations decreased by 7% (P=0.031), 17.6% (P<0.001), and 14.0% (P=0.004) from April to September of 2021 compared with those from the same period in 2020, respectively. The average relative incremental reactivity (RIR) values of NOx and anthropogenic VOCs during the O3 non-attainment days in 2020 and 2021 were 0.17 and 0.14 and 0.21 and 0.14, respectively. The positive RIR values of NOx and VOCs indicated that O3 production was controlled by both VOCs and NOx. The O3 production potential contours (EKMA curves) based on the 50×50 scenario simulations also supported this conclusion. The PMF results showed that industrial and traffic-related emissions were the main sources of VOCs. The five PMF-resolved factors were identified as industrial emissions, including industrial liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) use, the benzene-related industry, petrochemistry, toluene-related industry, and solvent and paint use, which contributed 55%-57% of the average mass concentration of total VOCs. The summed relative contributions of vehicular exhaust and gasoline evaporation were 43%-45%. Petrochemistry and solvent and paint use showed the two highest RIR values, suggesting that VOCs from these two sources should be reduced with priority to control O3. With the implementation of VOCs and NOx control measures, the O3-VOCs-NOx sensitivity and VOCs sources have changed, and therefore we still need to follow their variations in the future to timely adjust O3 control strategies during the 14th Five-Year Plan.

Socioeconomic Factors Influence the Spatial and Temporal Distribution of Blue-Green Infrastructure Demand: A Case of Nanjing City.

Blue-green infrastructure provides a variety of ecosystem services and is becoming an increasingly vital part of urban ecosystem protection. It is an ecological facility for ecological conservation and environmental protection, and a foundation for realizing people's needs for a better life. This study selects indicators from four dimensions: social, economic, environmental, and ecological, and the demand for blue-green infrastructure is assessed comprehensively. The results show that: (1) the demand for blue-green infrastructure varies spatially with the development of the city; (2) the total demand for blue-green infrastructure in Nanjing from 2000 to 2020 shows a pattern of "high in the center and low in the periphery"; (3) the level of economic development, urban spatial pattern, and decision management orientation have different degrees of influence on the demand for blue-green infrastructure, with the urban spatial pattern having the greatest impact. Therefore, in the future, blue-green infrastructure should be optimized by taking into account the spatial characteristics of demand in Nanjing.

[Vertical Distribution Characteristics of Boundary Layer Volatile Organic Compounds in Autumn in the Mixed Industrial and Rural Areas over the Northern Suburb of Nanjing].

Based on the sounding data of VOCs in the lower troposphere (0-1000 m) in the northern suburb of Nanjing in the autumn of 2020, the vertical profile distribution, diurnal variation, and photochemical reactivity of VOCs in this area were analyzed. The results showed that the volume fraction of VOCs decreased with the increase in height (72.1×10-9±28.1×10-9-56.4×10-9±24.8×10-9). Alkanes at all heights accounted for the largest proportion (68%-75%), followed by aromatics (10%-12%), halohydrocarbons (10%-11%), alkenes (3%-7%), and acetylene (2%). The diurnal variation of the boundary layer had a great influence on the VOCs profile. The lower boundary layer in the morning and evening caused the volume fraction of VOCs to accumulate near the ground and lower in the upper layer. The vertical distribution of VOCs was more uniform in the afternoon. In the morning, the volume fraction proportion of alkenes (alkanes) with strong (weak) photochemical reactivity decreased (increased) with the increase in height, indicating that the photochemical aging of VOCs in the upper layer was significant. In the afternoon, the vertical distribution of VOCs volume fraction and OFP in the lower troposphere were more uniform. Affected by the surrounding air masses with different sources, the volume fraction and component proportion of VOCs at each height were significantly different. The alkanes in rural air masses were vertically evenly distributed, and the proportion increased gradually with the height. The vertical negative gradient of VOCs volume fraction in the urban air mass was the largest, the volume fraction of VOCs near the ground was high, and it was rich in aromatics. The proportion of aromatics increased with the increase in VOCs volume fraction between 200-400 m height of industrial air mass. The near-surface VOCs volume fraction of the highway traffic air mass was high, and alkanes accounted for the largest proportion.

Considerations on the impact of "source-sink" landscape pattern changes on urban thermal environment and cooling efficiency: a case study of Nanjing, China.

The urban heat island effect caused by rapid urbanization has had a great impact on human health and ecological environment. The evolution of landscape patterns often affects regional thermal characteristics at the local scale. How to rationally allocate land cover types from the perspective of urban planning is a huge challenge. This paper takes Nanjing, a typical "stove city" in China, as an example to study the impact of landscape pattern changes on the urban thermal environment. Firstly, based on the "source" landscape "/sink" landscape identified by the "source-sink" landscape index, on this basis, the contributions of the "source-sink" landscape and its effects are calculated, and the temporal and spatial evolution laws are analyzed. Second, we study the cooling effect of different characteristic landscapes. The results show that the change of landscape pattern is closely related to the urban thermal environment, and the expansion of built-up areas is the main reason for the urban thermal environment. With the development of urbanization, the "source-sink" landscape structure in most districts and counties has aggravated the heat island effect, and the ratios of "sink" and "source" landscape contribution ratios with strong levels are concentrated in the suburban areas. The results of cooling efficiency research show that the cooling range of forest land is larger than that of water bodies. At the same time, we found that the cooling efficiency of the sink landscape is the highest when the area of the sink landscape is 0.18-0.9 hm2 and the shape index is between 1 and 4. The research results can provide feasible and practical scientific suggestions for the planning and ecological construction of Nanjing.

Implementation of points-based household registration policy for voluntary blood donors in Nanjing / 中国输血杂志

【Objective】 To analyze the implementation effect of points-based household registration policy for blood donors in Nanjing, so as to provide reference for other provinces and cities to develop incentive policies for blood donation. 【Methods】 The basic demographic profile, registration situation and deferral reasons of blood donors who applied for points-based household registration from 2017 to 2021 were analyzed by Excel. 【Results】 1) A total of 388 blood donors applied for points-based household registration for blood donation from 2017 to 2021, accounting for 0.042% of the total blood donors in Nanjing (388/923 160), and 357 applications were approved, accounting for 0.039% (357/923 160). 2) The proportion of male applicants was higher than that of female applicants (55.15% vs 44.85%). Applicants aged 26~35 accounted for the largest, followed by applicants aged 36~45, and applicants aged 18~25 accounted for the least. The proportion of applicants in Jiangsu province(23.27%) was higher than that of applicants from other provinces. The top three occupations were employees, workers and jobless. In terms of education level, applicants with junior high school education or below accounted for the largest, followed by high school and secondary school (35.05% vs 29.38% vs 23.20%). The proportion of first-time blood donors was the highest (33.24%). Among the repeated blood donors, blood donors who donated blood 2~3 times were with the highest share (23.93%). Nineteen donors(4.90%) got more than 100 points. 3) A total of 31 blood donors were deferred from 2017 to 2021, accounting for 7.90% of the total applicants. Among them, 23 applicants donated in other cities than Nanjing, 5 applicants failed to provide valid blood donation certificates, and 3 applicants submitted irrelevant material. 【Conclusion】 The implementation of points-based household registration policy for voluntary blood donors in Nanjing helped blood donors who could not reach other points due to low education level and income to become registered permanent residence in Nanjing

[Characteristics and Health Risk Assessment of BTESX in the Northern Suburbs of Nanjing].

AMA GC5000BTX was used to monitor the mixing ratio of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, m,p-xylene, o-xylene, and styrene (BTESX) in the atmosphere of the northern suburb of Nanjing from January 2014 to December 2016. The temporal variation characteristics of BTESX and the influence of meteorological elements on it were analyzed, and the characteristic ratio method (T/B) was used to qualitatively analyze the source of BTESX. Finally, the human exposure analysis and evaluation method of EPA was used to evaluate the health risk of BTESX. The results showed that during the observation period, the average mixing ratio of BTESX was (7.28±6.63)×10-9, and the mixing ratio of benzene was the highest at (2.45±3.91)×10-9. The mixing ratio of other species from large to small was toluene>ethylbenzene>m,p-xylene>o-xylene>styrene, which were (2.41±2.61)×10-9, (1.37±1.28)×10-9, (0.51±0.48)×10-9, (0.3±0.36)×10-9, and (0.22±0.42)×10-9, respectively. Due to the existence of stable aromatic sources, the monthly and seasonal variation in BTESX mixing ratio was not as obvious as that of other species (NOx, CO, SO2, PM2.5, etc.). The weekend effect of BTESX and other pollutants was not significant. The mixing ratio of BTESX was largely affected by the short distance transportation of chemical enterprises and traffic trunk roads in the northeast, resulting in a large mixing ratio of BTESX in the northeast. The mixing ratio of BTESX was jointly affected by relative humidity and temperature, and its high value area was mainly located in the range of 30%-70% relative humidity. In this range of relative humidity, the high value range of BTESX volume fraction increased with the elevation of temperature. The HI (hazard index) of BTESX in different seasons was within the safety range recognized by EPA, whereas the R (carcinogenic risk of benzene) value was higher than the safety threshold specified by EPA. At the same time, the HI and R values were higher in summer, to which great attention should be paid.

Characteristics of Graves' disease in children and adolescents in Nanjing: A retrospective investigation study.

Objective: This cross-sectional study analyzed the clinical characteristics of newly diagnosed Graves' disease (GD) in children and adolescents to provide clinical evidence for the early diagnosis of GD. Method: From 2013 to 2019, information on children and adolescents with newly diagnosed GD admitted to the Department of Endocrinology, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, was collected, including clinical features and laboratory tests. The data were summarized and statistically analyzed. Result: This study included 204 cases of newly diagnosed GD, with 158 females and 46 males. The average age at initial diagnosis was 8.9 ± 2.9 years. A total of 132 cases (64.7%) had symptoms before puberty, and 72 cases (35.3%) had symptoms during puberty. Goiter was detected in 193 cases (94.6%). There were 140 cases (68.6%) of exophthalmos, and 21.4% (30/140) were infiltrative. At initial diagnosis, 10 cases (4.9%) reported leukopenia, 18 cases (8.8%) reported neutropenia, and 15 cases (7.4%) reported mild anemia. There was 1 (0.5%) case of thrombocytopenia and 1 (0.5%) case of agranulocytosis. Fifty-four cases (26.5%) had impaired liver function. Conclusion: GD is more common in female children and adolescents. Parents may ignore their children's hypermetabolic symptoms in the early stages of GD. Routine blood and liver function tests are recommended at initial diagnosis to exclude abnormal hemogram and liver function.

Antibiotic resistance of Helicobacter pylori isolated from patients in Nanjing, China: A cross-section study from 2018 to 2021.

The increasing antibiotic resistance of Helicobacter pylori infection is a globally urging problem. To investigate the H. pylori resistance situation in Nanjing, China, we enrolled patients in Nanjing First Hospital from January 2018 to May 2021. H. pylori strains were isolated from patients who had at least one positive 13C-urea breath or rapid urease result. Subsequently, we performed antibiotic susceptibility tests on the isolated strains to clarithromycin, metronidazole, levofloxacin, amoxicillin, furazolidone and tetracycline. ARMS-PCR was conducted to determine H. pylori clarithromycin resistance gene mutation. Our results demonstrated that the primary resistance rates of metronidazole, clarithromycin, levofloxacin, amoxicillin, furazolidone and tetracycline were 67.19% (1417/2109), 35.99% (759/2109), 24.23% (511/2109), 0.76% (16/2109), 0.28% (6/2109) and 0.09% (2/2109), respectively. The resistance rates of metronidazole, clarithromycin and levofloxacin elevated significantly after treatment and the three antibiotics composed the majority of multi-resistance patterns. However, the resistance rates of amoxicillin, furazolidone and tetracycline were still in low levels after treatment. ARMS-PCR showed a rather good consistency with antibiotic susceptibility test in detecting clarithromycin resistance, with a kappa value of 0.79. Overall, this study revealed the latest complex situation of antibiotic resistance of H. pylori infection in Nanjing and offered suggestions on clinical medication for curing H. pylori.

[Historical origin of the "indications of the five-shu" in Nanjing and analysis on the five-elements ideological background].

Nanjing (Yellow Emperor's Classic of Eighty-one Difficult Issues), as one of the classics of traditional Chinese medicine, is concerned as the supplement and summarization of some theory recorded in the Huangdi Neijing (Inner Canon of Yellow Emperor). Five-shu point is one of the commonly used important acupoints, the "indications of the five-shu" raised by Nanjing has been weighing a lot since the beginning, not only in the constructing of acupuncture-moxibustion theory, but in clinical practice. However, "indications of the five-shu" was actually deduced from the five-elements theory in the first place. On the one hand, by analyzing its original idea and method during construction, the fallacies in theoretical building of the "indications of the five-shu" were clarified. On the other hand, under the comparison of Huangdi Neijing and Nanjing, the research argues that the similar texts on the relation of five-shu and seasons have fundamental differences. By a further discussion on the social ideological background of the relation of five-shu points and seasons in Huangdi Neijing, the main problem of the "indications of the five-shu" recorded in Nanjing is put forward, both theoretically and methodologically. In conclusion, the use of theories like the "indications of the five-shu " should be revaluated rather than directly put into practice.

Studies on the Digital Inclusion Among Older Adults and the Quality of Life-A Nanjing Example in China.

Digital inclusion can bridge the digital divide and reduce the social exclusion of older adults, yet it is understudied in China. This research examined factors influencing the digital inclusion of older adults in China and the relationship between digital inclusion and quality of life. Data collected from 312 older people (M = 69.6 years old) in Nanjing were included in a multinomial logit model to tackle these questions. Their attitudes toward technology were the most significant factor predicting their digital inclusion. Other factors included party affiliation, living situation, personal average monthly income, occupation, and capacity for instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs). This study shows digital inclusion has a direct impact on quality of life. It also serves as an intermediate variable that affects older people's attitudes toward technology and their IADL capacities. Most importantly, digital inclusion promotes social integration of older adults and improves the quality of their lives. Hence, it should not be ignored. Older people's attitudes toward technology are one of the keys to promoting their digital inclusion.

[Changes in Carbonaceous Aerosol in the Northern Suburbs of Nanjing from 2015 to 2019].

Carbonaceous aerosol is an important component of atmospheric fine particles that has an important impact on air quality, human health, and climate change. In order to explore the long-term changes in carbonaceous aerosol under the background of emission reduction, this study measured the mass concentrations of organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) of PM2.5, which collected in the northern suburbs of Nanjing for five years (December 17, 2014 to January 5, 2020). The results showed that the five-year average ρ(OC) and ρ(EC) were (10.2±5.3) µg·m-3 and (1.6±1.1) µg·m-3, accounting for 31.1% and 5.2% of PM2.5, respectively. OC and EC concentrations were both high in winter and low in summer. According to the nonparametric Mann-Kendall test and Sen's slope, the mass concentrations of OC and PM2.5 decreased significantly[OC:P<0.0001, -0.79 µg·(m3·a)-1, -0.29%·a-1; PM2.5:P<0.0001, -4.59 µg·(m3·a)-1, -1.58%·a-1]. Although EC had an upward trend, the significance and range of change were not obvious[P=0.02, 0.05 µg·(m3·a)-1, 0.02%·a-1]. OC and EC decreased significantly during winter from 2014 to 2019[OC:P<0.0001, -2.05 µg·(m3·a)-1, -0.74%·a-1; EC:P=0.001, -0.15 µg·(m3·a)-1, -0.05%·a-1], and the decline was more obvious than the whole. The correlation between OC and EC showed that the sources in winter and summer were more complex than those in spring and autumn. According to the characteristic ratio of OC and EC, the contribution of coal combustion and biomass burning decreased from 2015 to 2019, whereas the impact of industrial sources and vehicle emissions became more significant. Corresponding to this was the obvious decline in OC and the slight recovery of EC. The OC/EC ratio was over 2.0, indicating that there was secondary pollution in the study area. Further calculation revealed that the variation in SOC was consistent with that in OC, showing a significant decrease[P<0.0001, -0.47 µg·(m3·a)-1, -0.17%·a-1]. The average mass concentration of SOC was (5.0±3.5) µg·m-3, accounting for 49.2% of OC. These changes indicate clear effects of the prevention and control of air pollution in Nanjing in recent years. Furthermore, future control can focus on the emissions of VOCs to reduce secondary pollution.

Empirical Analysis of the Dynamics of the COVID-19 Epidemic in Urban Embedded Social Networks.

Background: Due to the continual recurrence of COVID-19 in urban areas, it is important to know more about the evolution of the epidemic within this setting to mitigate the risk of the situation getting worse. As the virus spreads through human society, the social networks of confirmed cases can provide us with crucial new insights on this question. Methods: Based on the epidemiological reports of 235 COVID-19 cases in Nanjing, we constructed a social contact network for the epidemic. By analyzing the structure of this network, we explored the transmission characteristics of the epidemic, to provide evidence-based explanations for its transmission. Results: In our constructed transmission network, more than half (95/165, 57.58%) of patients were found not to have transmitted the infection, with only 15 (9.10%) source patients accounting for more than a third of the contagion (60, 36.36%), suggesting that the transmission of COVID-19 varies per individuals. Patients in the 31 to 50 age group were the main source of infectious clusters, with females playing a more active role in passing on the infection. Network component analysis identified nine components with disproportionate concentrations of influential patients, accounting for 49.09% (81) of the patients and 59.09% (78) of epidemiological network contacts. Family aggregation may favor disease transmission, and parenthood is the relationship with the highest infection risk within the family cluster. In addition, some specific public places, such as chess and card parlors, were found to be notable hotspots for community infection. Conclusion: This study presents the evolution of the urban epidemic from the perspective of individual-level and socially interactive processes. This real-world evidence can help to increase public awareness of the epidemic, formulate countermeasures, and allocate limited public health resources for urban management.

Research on Village Type Identification and Development Strategy under the Background of Rural Revitalization: A Case of Gaochun District in Nanjing, China.

In the context of rural revitalization, it is of great significance for the implementation of a Rural Revitalization Strategy to carry out the research on scientifically identifying village types and clarifying the differences and pluralistic trends within villages. Taking Gaochun District of Nanjing in China as an example, this paper constructs an index system of development level and reconstruction intensity from a dynamic and static perspective, uses the polygon area method to calculate the comprehensive score of each index, divides village types based on the combination of development level and reconstruction intensity, and then puts forward the differentiated development strategies of various villages. The results show that the identification method of village types based on combined features is multi-dimensional and comprehensive, and the recognition results are more in line with the objective reality. Villages in Gaochun district have a medium overall development level and high overall reconstruction intensity. There are a large number of low-value villages with development level and high-value villages with reconstruction intensity. According to the three-step strategy of village type identification, the list of characteristic villages, the location of villages and the characteristics of index combination, five village types were identified: the characteristic protection type, the urban-suburban integration type, the agglomeration and upgrading type, the improvement and development type, and the relocation and merger type.