Increased occurrence of the rare golden color morph of Pacific chub Kyphosus sandwicensis in a no-take marine reserve.

Pacific chub, Kyphosus sandwicensis, are typically gray but some individuals display a golden color morph. We estimated that the frequency of occurrence of the golden morphs increased significantly from 2007 (1.9%) and 2012 (2.6%) to 2017 (5.0%) inside a no-take marine reserve around Nihoa Island in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. While sporadic observations of a golden color morph have been noted for several other marine fish species, we provide a quantitative estimate of changes in the frequency of occurrence of the morph within a wild marine population.

Does polycentricity fit? Linking social fit with polycentric governance in a large-scale marine protected area.

Scholars have theorized that polycentricity may produce benefits that promote effective, sustainable governance of complex social-ecological systems. Yet, little empirical research exists exploring whether and how these benefits emerge and what additional outcomes polycentric governance systems produce. This paper presents an empirical examination of Papahanaumokuakea Marine National Monument (PMNM), one of the longest-standing and largest marine protected areas in the world. Monument governance is structured as a polycentric system, including semi-autonomous decision-making groups and governance actors that interact across jurisdiction, geography, and decision-making levels. Through analysis of qualitative empirical data, we explore whether and how PMNM functions as theory predicts, with a particular focus on social fit and how it has evolved over time. Findings indicate that PMNM largely exhibits social fit for governance actors, and they add empirical support and additional nuance to theoretical understandings of functional polycentricity. Specifically, the case suggests additional contextual features that might promote social fit, including sufficient time and resources, clear communication and shared understanding, and socially astute and strategically savvy governance actors holding key governance positions. The article demonstrates that social fit can increase or decrease over time, and that different actors may perceive its presence and extent differently. These findings suggest avenues for additional research into how the enabling conditions of polycentric governance systems and the contextual features that enliven those systems in practice may interact and affect functionality and other outcomes.

Pioneros de un siglo de enseñanza anatómica en la ciudad de Concepción, Chile / Pioneers of a century of anatomical teaching in the city of Concepción, Chile

Revisando un siglo de historia, el desarrollo de las actividades anatómicas en la ciudad de Concepción, en el sur de Chile, no estuvieron ajenas a dificultades. El presente trabajo reunió los antecedentes históricos que relatan los inicios y desarrollo de la enseñanza de la anatomía en la naciente Universidad de Concepción. Se realizó una búsqueda que incluyó la revisión de libros históricos, revistas, archivos digitales y registros institucionales como actas y archivos fotográficos. La fundación de la Universidad, los inicios de las actividades anatómicas en 1919 y el aporte de sus principales pioneros, evidencian las dificultades de la enseñanza de esta disciplina en Chile. Desde una perspectiva histórica, conocer dentro de este siglo de enseñanza los recursos físicos utilizados para la disección cadavérica, el detalle de las metodologías pedagógicas utilizadas y los recursos anatómicos disponibles, resultan ser un aporte al conocimiento del desarrollo de la anatomía en Chile.

Reviewing a century of history, the development of anatomical activities in the city of Concepción, in the south of Chile, did not occur without difficulties. The present work gathered the historical background related with the beginnings and development of Anatomy teaching at the Universidad de Concepcion. Research was carried out including the review of historical books, magazines, digital archives and institutional records such as files or photographic archives. The foundation of the university, the beginnings of anatomical activities in 1919 and the contribution of its highlighted pioneers, show the difficulties of teaching this discipline in Chile. From a historical perspective, having knowledge during this century of teaching, the physical resources used in cadaveric dissection, the detail of teaching methodologies applied, and the anatomical resources available, contribute the anatomy´s development knowledge in Chile.

Ecological and sociopolitical assessment of congressional and presidential designation of federal protected areas.

Protected areas are one of the most effective means by which biodiversity is conserved, but are often criticized for either neglecting the importance of local communities or sacrificing conservation objectives for political expedience. In the United States, federal protected areas can be designated via a democratic legislation process or via executive action, which allows for comparison of the ecological and sociopolitical context of these top-down and bottom-up processes. We compared protected areas resulting from congressional designation vs. presidential designation with respect to their ecological context (using measures of biodiversity and climate refugial potential) and sociopolitical context (using measures of local support for conservation and reliance on natural resource-based industries). We found minimal differences between these designation modes for both ecological and sociopolitical variables. These results suggest that presidentially designated protected areas tend to be no more burdensome to local communities and no less valuable for ecological conservation than more widely accepted federal protected areas such as national parks, and they provide new evidence to inform the current debate over national monuments.

Sources of pollution and interrelationships between aerosol and precipitation chemistry at a central California site.

This study examines co-located aerosol and precipitation chemistry data between 2010 and 2016 at Pinnacles National Monument ~65 km east of the coastline in central California. Positive matrix factorization analysis of the aerosol composition data revealed seven distinct pollutant sources: aged sea salt (25.7% of PM2.5), biomass burning (24.2% of PM2.5), fresh sea salt (15.0% of PM2.5), secondary sulfate (11.7% of PM2.5), dust (10.0% of PM2.5), vehicle emissions (8.2% of PM2.5), and secondary nitrate (5.2% of PM2.5). The influence of meteorology and transport on monthly patterns of PM2.5 composition is discussed. Only secondary sulfate exhibited a statistically significant change (a reduction) over time among the PM2.5 source factors. In contrast, PMcoarse exhibited a significant increase most likely due to dust influence. Monthly profiles of precipitation chemistry are summarized showing that the most abundant species in each month was either SO42-, NO3-, or Cl-. Intercomparisons between the precipitation and aerosol data revealed several features: (i) precipitation pH was inversely related to factors associated with more acidic aerosol constituents such as secondary sulfate and aged sea salt, in addition to being reduced by uptake of HNO3 in the liquid phase; (ii) two aerosol source factors (dust and aged sea salt) and PMcoarse exhibited a positive association with Ca2+ in precipitation, suggestive of directly emitted aerosol types with larger sizes promoting precipitation; and (iii) sulfate levels in both the aerosol and precipitation samples analyzed were significantly correlated with dust and aged sea salt PMF factors, pointing to the partitioning of secondary sulfate to dust and sea salt particles. The results of this work have implications for the region's air quality and hydrological cycle, in addition to demonstrating that the use of co-located aerosol and precipitation chemistry data can provide insights relevant to aerosol-precipitation interactions.

Use of multivariate control charts to assess the status of reef fish assemblages in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands.

A distance-based multivariate control chart is a useful tool for ecological monitoring to detect changes in biological community resulting from natural or anthropogenic disturbances at permanent monitoring sites. It is based on a matrix of any distances or dissimilarities among observations obtained from species composition and abundance data, and bootstrapping techniques are used to set upper confidence bounds that trigger an alarm for further investigations. We extended the use of multivariate control charts to stratified random sampling and analyzed reef fish monitoring data collected annually on shallow (≤30 m) reefs across the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands (NWHI), part of the Papahanaumokuakea Marine National Monument. Fish assemblages in the NWHI were mostly stable, with exceptions in the south region (Nihoa, Mokumanamana and French Frigate Shoals) in 2012 and 2015 where changes in the assemblage structure exceeded the upper confidence bounds of multivariate control charts. However, these were due to changes in relative abundances of native species, and potentially related to the small numbers of survey sites and relatively low coral covers at the sites, particularly in 2015. The present study showed that multivariate control charts can be used to evaluate the status of biological communities in a very large protected area. Future monitoring of fish assemblages in the Papahanaumokuakea Marine National Monument should be accompanied by specific habitat or environmental variables that are related to potential threats to its shallow-water ecosystems. This should allow for more detailed investigations into potential causes and mechanisms of changes in fish assemblages when a multivariate control chart triggers an alarm.

Descripción de las láminas anatómicas de la Universidad de Chile, un monumento nacional / Description of the anatomical plates of the Universidad de Chile, a national monument

Bajo el Anfiteatro de Anatomía del Instituto de Anatomía de la Universidad de Chile, construido en 1921, se encontraron en el año 2003, 475 láminas anatómicas además de 5 litografías utilizadas para la docencia de la disciplina en el siglo XIX. Muchas generaciones, incluso de docentes de Anatomía Normal que pasaron por las aulas desconocieron tanto su existencia como la importancia cultural que tenían. Con el objeto de remediar esta situación y de preservarlas es que se inicia ese año un registro digital de todas estas obras como una forma de darle valor y la importancia que dicho material tiene y lograr su protección futura. Dispuestas por áreas temáticas, las láminas fueron realizadas por alumnos, docentes y personas externas como una herramienta más que permitiera la enseñanza de la Anatomía en un tiempo dónde las diapositivas y otros medios audiovisuales digitales no existían aún. Utilizando distintas técnicas; lienzos enrollados y guardados en muebles dispuestos especialmente para ello; conservados por el frío y la obscuridad, quedaron ajenos a su destrucción. Por ello, para evitar su deterioro y permitir su conservación, es que se procedió a digitalizar estas obras para luego permitir la creación de un catálogo de las mismas con el fin de preservarlas para las generaciones futuras. Este trabajo cobra nuevo impulso toda vez que el año 2016, el Estado de Chile nomina a estas láminas anatómicas como Monumento Nacional, por su carácter histórico.

In the year 2003, 475 anatomical plates and five lithographs used for teaching anatomy were found underneath the Anatomy Amphitheatre of the Universidad de Chile, where construction began in 1921. Many generations of students, even teachers of Basic Anatomy ignored their existence and the cultural importance of these plates. In an attempt to preserve the plates and lithographs, a digital record was created that year, of all the works in order to afford them their true value and importance, and ensure their future protection. The material was arranged by subject area by students, faculty members and outside individuals, as a mechanism to allow the teaching of anatomy at a time when slides and audiovisual digital material did not exist. They were made using different techniques such as precovered wrapped canvases, stored in specially prepared storage cabinets for their preservation in cold and dark environment, to avoid breakdown and ruin. Therefore, in order to prevent deterioration and allow their conservation, these works were digitalized and a catalogue created for the use of the next generations. This work was further underlined when on January 20, 2016, the State of Chile nominates these anatomical plates a National Monument, in its historical character.

A picture is worth a thousand data points: an imagery dataset of paired shrub-open microsites within the Carrizo Plain National Monument.

BACKGROUND: Carrizo Plain National Monument (San Joaquin Desert, California, USA) is home to many threatened and endangered species including the blunt-nosed leopard lizard (Gambelia sila). Vegetation is dominated by annual grasses, and shrubs such as Mormon tea (Ephedra californica), which is of relevance to our target species, the federally listed blunt-nosed leopard lizard, and likely also provides key ecosystem services. We used relatively nonintrusive camera traps, or trail cameras, to capture interactions between animals and these shrubs using a paired shrub-open deployment. Cameras were placed within the shrub understory and in open microhabitats at ground level to estimate animal activity and determine species presence. FINDINGS: Twenty cameras were deployed from April 1st, 2015 to July 5th, 2015 at paired shrub-open microsites at three locations. Over 425,000 pictures were taken during this time, of which 0.4 % detected mammals, birds, insects, and reptiles including the blunt-nosed leopard lizard. Trigger rate was very high on the medium sensitivity camera setting in this desert ecosystem, and rates did not differ between microsites. CONCLUSIONS: Camera traps are an effective, less invasive survey method for collecting data on the presence or absence of desert animals in shrub and open microhabitats. A more extensive array of cameras within an arid region would thus be an effective tool to estimate the presence of desert animals and potentially detect habitat use patterns.

Prognathodes basabei, a new species of butterflyfish (Perciformes, Chaetodontidae) from the Hawaiian Archipelago.

A new species of the butterflyfish genus Prognathodes is described from specimens collected at a depth of 55-61 m off Pearl and Hermes Atoll, Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. This species has been observed by mixed-gas divers and from submersibles at depths ranging from 45-187 m throughout the Hawaiian Archipelago, with shallower sightings in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands and deeper in the Main Hawaiian Islands. It is similar to Prognathodes guezei (Maugé and Bauchot 1976) from the western Indian Ocean, and at least one other undescribed species of Prognathodes from Palau, differing from these species in the number of soft dorsal-fin rays, size of head, and body depth. There are also differences in the life color, and a substantial genetic difference from the Palauan species (d ¼ .08 in mtDNA cytochrome oxidase I).

Tosanoides obama, a new basslet (Perciformes, Percoidei, Serranidae) from deep coral reefs in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands.

The new species Tosanoides obama is described from two specimens collected at a depth of 90-92 m off Kure Atoll and Pearl and Hermes Atoll, Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. It differs from the other two species of this genus in life color and in certain morphological characters, such as number of pored lateral-line scales, pectoral-fin rays, snout length, anterior three dorsal-fin spine lengths, dorsal-fin profile, and other characters. There are also substantial genetic differences from the other two species of Tosanoides (d ≈ 0.10 in mtDNA cytochrome oxidase I). The species is presently known only from the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands within the Papahanaumokuakea Marine National Monument.

The Lepidoptera of White Sands National Monument, Otero County, New Mexico, USA 2. Rediscovery and description of Sparkia immacula (Grote, 1883) (Noctuidae, Noctuinae, Hadenini).

In 2006 the U.S. National Park Service initiated a long term study of the Lepidoptera at White Sands National Monument, Otero County, New Mexico. Sparkia immacula (Grote, 1883), previously known only from historical specimens collected in Arizona and New Mexico, was discovered in the Monument in 2007 during the second year of the study. The adult moths and male and female genitalia are illustrated for the first time.

The Lepidoptera of White Sands National Monument, Otero County, New Mexico, USA 3. A new species of Aleptina Dyar, 1902 (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae, Amphipyrinae, Psaphidini).

In 2006 the US National Park Service initiated a long-term study of the Lepidoptera at White Sands National Monument, Otero County, New Mexico. Aleptina arenariasp. n., described here, was discovered in 2008, the second year of the study. The adult moths and male and female genitalia are illustrated.

The Lepidoptera of White Sands National Monument, Otero County, New Mexico, USA 4. A new species of Schinia Hübner, 1818 (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae, Heliothinae).

In 2006 the U.S. National Park Service initiated a long term study of the Lepidoptera at White Sands National Monument, Otero County, New Mexico. Schinia pogueisp. n., described here, was discovered in 2007, the second year of the study. The male and female adult moths and genitalia are illustrated.