Student mental health during Summer 2022 research experiences for undergraduates (REUs): Mentorship, remote engagement, and COVID-19.

Objective: We examined how mentorship, remote participation, and COVID-19 challenges were associated with the mental health of college students participating in summer research programs. Participants: Participants were students participating in 78 National Science Foundation (NSF) Research Experiences for Undergraduate (REU) Sites during Summer 2022 (n = 516 students). Methods: We used multivariable generalized estimating equations that account for clustering by REU Site. Results: Students with more competent mentors had reduced depression severity. Students who spent ≥25% of their time doing remote research or ≥25% of their time in remote meetings and workshops had greater depression severity. Remote research was also associated with anxiety severity. Having a COVID-19 challenge that impacted students' research experience was associated with increases in depression and anxiety severity. Conclusions: Results suggest potential interventions: implement strategies to boost mentor competency and scaffold a support system into summer research programs to enhance student wellbeing. Additional research on remote engagement is needed.

Patentes, acesso e produção local de medicamentos: reflexões a partir de experiências no SUS / Patents, access, and local production of medicines: reflections from experiences in the SUS

Resumo Este artigo procurou contribuir para a literatura e para o debate nacional e global sobre a superação de uma polarização relacionada ao aspecto jurídico e administrativo do processo de inovação, procurando se concentrar nas patentes como um fator condicionante das trajetórias tecnológicas que viabilizam o aprendizado em âmbito produtivo. Baseou-se em um arcabouço teórico e político relacionado à inovação e ao acesso a medicamentos, especialmente quanto aos direitos de Propriedade Intelectual, e na análise crítico-reflexiva de instrumentos de Propriedade Intelectual utilizados em Parcerias para o Desenvolvimento Produtivo (PDP), desenvolvidas por um instituto de tecnologia em fármacos sintéticos, público e nacional. Os resultados demonstram a relevância da compatibilização dos direitos de patentes com a construção de uma capacidade tecnológica e de inovação no país, vinculada ao acesso universal, especialmente quando envolverem produtos que se destinam ao tratamento de doenças graves, de alta complexidade tecnológica e de alto custo. Conclui-se que, para superação da dependência tecnológica e ampliação do acesso a medicamentos no Brasil, o Estado deve buscar o equilíbrio entre os interesses públicos e privados na área da saúde, a articulação entre os instrumentos jurídicos legais existentes e o alinhamento entre suas políticas de saúde, industriais, de CT&I e Propriedade intelectual.

Abstract This article aims to contribute to the literature and to the national and global debate on overcoming the polarization related to the legal and administrative aspect of the innovation process, seeking to focus on patents as a conditioning factor of the technological trajectories that enable learning in the productive scope. It was based on a theoretical and political framework related to innovation and access to medicines, especially regarding Intellectual Property rights, and on a critical-reflexive analysis of Intellectual Property instruments used in Productive Development Partnerships (PDP), developed by a public national institute for synthetic drug technology. The results demonstrate the importance of making patent rights compatible with the construction of technological and innovation capacities in the country, which are linked to universal access, especially when they involve products that are intended to treat serious, technologically complex and high-cost diseases. In conclusion, to overcome technological dependence and expand access to medicines in Brazil, the State must seek a balance between public and private interests in the healthcare area, articulate the existing legal instruments and align its health, industry, ST&I and intellectual property policies.

Estratégias de inovação em medicamentos e vacinas no âmbito do Ceis - modelos, mecanismos e expectativas / Innovation strategies in medicines and vaccines within the scope of CEIS - models, mechanisms, and expectations

RESUMO O artigo objetivou apresentar informações relevantes e originais sobre as estratégias de inovação utilizadas por Laboratórios Farmacêuticos Oficiais (LFO) para redução das vulnerabilidades do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) e capacitação produtiva e tecnológica do Complexo Econômico-Industrial da Saúde. Como métodos, foram utilizadas a revisão da literatura e a análise de dados primários oriundos de entrevistas realizadas em dois dos maiores LFO do País. Foram identificados e analisados os seus esforços e resultados em Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento (P&D) assim como a incorporação de tecnologias de medicamentos e vacinas, com destaque para as Parcerias para Desenvolvimento Produtivo (PDP). Conclui-se que, apesar de as atividades de P&D ainda precisarem avançar, benefícios foram trazidos pelos acordos de transferência de tecnologia, especialmente pelas PDP. No entanto, a capacidade industrial e tecnológica dos Institutos ainda é limitada e carente de investimentos, dificultando a acumulação e a difusão tecnológica. Dessa forma, melhorias são necessárias para que as estratégias de inovação para o SUS apresentem resultados mais efetivos e possam ser revertidos para o bem-estar da sociedade.

ABSTRACT The article aimed to present relevant and original information about the innovation strategies used by Official Pharmaceutical Laboratories (LFO) to reduce the vulnerabilities of the Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS) and the productive and technological capacity of the Health Economic-Industrial Complex. The methods used included a literature review and the analysis of primary data from interviews conducted in two of the largest LFOs in the country. Their efforts and results in Research and Development (R&D) and incorporation of medicines and vaccine technologies were identified and analyzed, with emphasis on Productive Development Partnerships (PDP). Although R&D activities still need to advance, benefits were brought about by technology transfer agreements, especially by PDPs. However, the industrial and technological capacity of the Institutes is still limited and lacks investments, which hinders technological accumulation and diffusion. Thus, improvements are necessary so that the innovation strategies for the SUS present more effective results and can be reversed to the welfare of society.

Nurses' experience with chronic foot pain and their job-the national science foundation foot health survey.

Background: Chronic foot pain (CFP) impacts nurses' ability to provide care at the bedside. Treatment options for CFP were insufficient to address foot pain for nurses who stand or walk for prolonged periods while providing care to patients. Aims: This study aimed to explore nurses' experience with CFP, current treatment options for foot pain, and the impact of foot pain on nurses' job performance. Methods: This is secondary data from Individual interviews (n = 122) involving open-ended questions. Data were collected between April 2019-September 2020 while attending the National Science Foundation (NSF) I-Corps program comprising faculty and students among others in the United States. Multiple linear regression and multinomial/binary logistic regressions were conducted to assess what factors were associated with the pain and pain relief solutions. Results: Nurses who worked at the bedside predominantly switched jobs and reported higher levels of foot pain than those who did not switch jobs (ß = 0.19, p = .044). Longer working hours (ß = 0.35, p < .001) were associated with higher levels of pain. Nurses who worked longer time were more likely to purchase new work shoes and socks (OR = 1.177, p = .025) to alleviate foot pain than changing shoes only. Conclusions: Most nurses expressed interest in new products to relieve their CFP. Innovations are urgently needed to address CFP. Future longitudinal studies are required to further elucidate appropriate preventative strategies to prevent and treat CFP in nurses.

Conocimientos sobre la perspectiva Ciencia, Tecnología y Sociedad del personal administrativo docente para la gestión de procesos universitarios

Introducción: El personal administrativo con una visión de Ciencia, Tecnología y Sociedad puede influir en las funciones universitarias con un enfoque social de la formación, investigación y extensión. Objetivo: Diagnosticar el nivel de conocimientos sobre la perspectiva Ciencia, Tecnología y Sociedad del personal administrativo docente de la Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de Ciego de Ávila, Cuba. Método: Se realizó un estudio observacional descriptivo durante el año 2022 en dicha universidad donde la población estuvo conformada por 52 administrativos en funciones docentes (N=52). Se seleccionó una muestra de 34 por muestreo simple aleatorio (n=34). Se aplicó un cuestionario validado como método empírico para la recolección de la información. Se establecieron escalas de medición para variables cuantitativas. Resultados: El diagnóstico reveló un bajo nivel de conocimientos sobre las definiciones de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación (85 %, 69 % y 44 %, respectivamente). La mayoría del personal administrativo docente no reconoció los modelos que designan las relaciones Ciencia, Tecnología y Sociedad y consideró que no se posiciona la universidad médica como actor relevante para el desarrollo local (53 %). El 41 % refirió que casi siempre aparece la perspectiva Ciencia, Tecnología y Sociedad en los documentos normativos de los ministerios de Educación Superior y Salud Pública. Conclusiones: Se aportan evidencias sobre insuficiencias en los conocimientos por el personal administrativo docente sobre Ciencia, Tecnología y Sociedad y su uso en la gestión de los procesos universitarios. Se recomienda diseñar acciones de superación sobre la temática.

Introduction: Administrative personnel with a vision on Science, Technology and Society can influence universities functions through a social approach, the training, research and, extension process. Objective: To diagnose the level of knowledge on the Science, Technology and Society perspective of the administrative teaching personnel of the Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de Ciego de Avila, Cuba. Method: A descriptive observational study was carried out in 2022 at the aforementioned university, where the population study consisted of 52 administrative personnel in teaching functions (N=52). A sample of 34 was selected by simple random sampling (n=34). A validated questionnaire was applied as an empirical method for data collection. Measurement scales were established for quantitative variables. Results: The diagnosis revealed a low level of knowledge on Science, Technology and Innovation definitions (85%, 69% and 44%, respectively). Most of the teaching and administrative personnel (53%) did not recognize the models that revealed the relationships between Science, Technology and Society and have in consideration that the University of Medicine is not positioned as a relevant actor in the local development. Forty-one percent reported that the Science, Technology and Society perspective almost always appears in the normative documents of the Ministerios de Educación Superior y de Salud Pública. Conclusions: There is evidence of insufficient knowledge on Science, Technology and Society and its use in the process management at universities. It is recommended to design related improvement actions on the subject.

Introdução: O pessoal administrativo com visão de Ciência, Tecnologia e Sociedade pode influenciar as funções universitárias com enfoque social na formação, pesquisa e extensão. Objetivo: Diagnosticar o nível de conhecimento sobre a perspectiva de Ciência, Tecnologia e Sociedade do pessoal docente administrativo da Universidade de Ciências Médicas de Ciego de Ávila, Cuba. Método: Estudo observacional descritivo realizado durante o ano de 2022 na referida universidade onde a população foi constituída por 52 funcionários administrativos em funções docentes (N=52). Uma amostra de 34 foi selecionada por amostragem aleatória simples (n=34). Um questionário validado foi aplicado como método empírico para a coleta de informações. Escalas de medida foram estabelecidas para variáveis quantitativas. Resultados: O diagnóstico revelou baixo nível de conhecimento sobre as definições de Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação (85%, 69% e 44%, respectivamente). A maioria dos docentes administrativos não reconheceu os modelos que designam as relações Ciência, Tecnologia e Sociedade e considerou que a universidade médica não se posiciona como ator relevante para o desenvolvimento local (53%). 41% relataram que a perspectiva de Ciência, Tecnologia e Sociedade quase sempre aparece nos documentos normativos dos Ministérios da Educação Superior e da Saúde Pública. Conclusões: Evidenciam-se as insuficiências de conhecimento do pessoal administrativo docente sobre Ciência, Tecnologia e Sociedade e a sua utilização na gestão dos processos universitários. Recomenda-se projetar ações de melhoria sobre o assunto.

Science Policy in Canada.

The formation and current state of science policy in Canada are analyzed. Attention to this topic is explained by the fact that the country is a member of the G7 of the leading industrialized countries, although its population is only 0.5% and its GDP is about 2% of the global numbers. By international standards, Canada is not a leader in scientific and technological advance, its specificity being that, with relatively low R&D spending, it occupies leading positions in terms of indicators such as the number of scientific publications in international databases and the number of Nobel laureates (in the last 13 years alone, seven Canadian scientists have become Nobel prizewinners). Canadian affiliation makes up 3.6% of articles published in peer-reviewed journals worldwide. The evolution of the mechanisms of government support for science in Canada is traced, and current practices are summarized. The strengths and weaknesses of the Canadian model of organization of science are identified. This experience may be of interest to Russia.

Systemic racial disparities in funding rates at the National Science Foundation.

Concerns about systemic racism at academic and research institutions have increased over the past decade. Here, we investigate data from the National Science Foundation (NSF), a major funder of research in the United States, and find evidence for pervasive racial disparities. In particular, white principal investigators (PIs) are consistently funded at higher rates than most non-white PIs. Funding rates for white PIs have also been increasing relative to annual overall rates with time. Moreover, disparities occur across all disciplinary directorates within the NSF and are greater for research proposals. The distributions of average external review scores also exhibit systematic offsets based on PI race. Similar patterns have been described in other research funding bodies, suggesting that racial disparities are widespread. The prevalence and persistence of these racial disparities in funding have cascading impacts that perpetuate a cumulative advantage to white PIs across all of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics.

Overview on Grant Writing for Graduate Student Research.

Grant writing is an important skill to develop during graduate school. This article provides an overview of grant writing for graduate students. Specific topics covered include understanding your funding needs, identifying appropriate grant opportunities, analyzing the guidelines for the proposal, planning and time management, understanding the priorities of the funding agency or organization, proposal organization and writing strategies, additional forms and letters of support that may be required, the editing and revising process, and submission of your grant proposal. Courses and workshops are an efficient and effective way to be guided through the grant proposal writing process with a greater potential for positive outcomes. © 2022 Wiley Periodicals LLC.

Estudo histórico da produção científica do Programa Pesquisa para o SUS (PPSUS) no Paraná / Evaluation of Scientific Production carried out by the Paraná State Research Program for Brazil's Unified Healthcare System, PPSUS

Avaliação histórica da produção científica do Programa Pesquisa para o Sistema Único de Saúde: Gestão Compartilhada em Saúde executados no Paraná entre 2004 e 2016. Estudo de caráter descritivo, a partir da análise documental de 262 relatórios técnicos, por meio de Análise Exploratória de Dados. Em quase duas décadas, o Estado investiu R$ 16.970.645 em projetos de pesquisa em saúde. Possibilitou a formação e qualificação de 22 pós-doutores, 111 doutores e 274 mestres, a produção de 61 Trabalhos de Conclusão de Curso de Especialização, 236 de Conclusão de Curso de Graduação e 612 Projetos de Iniciação Científica. Tornou possível a publicação de 1.431 resumos em anais, 03 livros, 35 capítulos de livros, 568 artigos científico e o depósito de 08 patentes registradas. 90,80% dos projetos foram totalmente executados, 9,20% parcialmente e 6,90% tiveram aplicabilidade. Essa ação supõe um novo olhar retrospectivo e avaliativo dos projetos que não apresentaram aplicabilidade.

Evaluation of Scientific production by Brazil's Unified Health System Research Program: Shared Health Management, carried out in Paraná from 2004 to 2016. A descriptive study, based on exploratory statistical analysis of 262 technical reports. The State of Paraná has invested BRL 16,970,645 in health research projects over the course of nearly two decades, funding which made possible the training and qualification of 22 post-doctoral, 111 doctoral and 274 masters-degree candidates, production of 61 Specialization Course Graduation Papers, 236 Undergraduate Degree Papers and 612 Initial Research Projects. The funding resulted in publication of three books, 35 book chapters and 1431 abstracts in the various fields, in addition to 568 scientific articles and filings for eight patents. Of these projects, 90.80% were fully completed, 9.20% partially fulfilled and another 6.90% found some application. Our current paper is a novel and evaluative re-examination of projects that were not deemed applicable.

Long-Term Ecological Research on Ecosystem Responses to Climate Change.

In this article marking the 40th anniversary of the US National Science Foundation's Long Term Ecological Research (LTER) Network, we describe how a long-term ecological research perspective facilitates insights into an ecosystem's response to climate change. At all 28 LTER sites, from the Arctic to Antarctica, air temperature and moisture variability have increased since 1930, with increased disturbance frequency and severity and unprecedented disturbance types. LTER research documents the responses to these changes, including altered primary production, enhanced cycling of organic and inorganic matter, and changes in populations and communities. Although some responses are shared among diverse ecosystems, most are unique, involving region-specific drivers of change, interactions among multiple climate change drivers, and interactions with other human activities. Ecosystem responses to climate change are just beginning to emerge, and as climate change accelerates, long-term ecological research is crucial to understand, mitigate, and adapt to ecosystem responses to climate change.

Government funding of research beyond biomedicine: challenges and opportunities for neuroethology.

Curiosity-driven research is fundamental for neuroethology and depends crucially on governmental funding. Here, we highlight similarities and differences in funding of curiosity-driven research across countries by comparing two major funding agencies-the National Science Foundation (NSF) in the United States and the German Research Foundation (Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, DFG). We interviewed representatives from each of the two agencies, focusing on general funding trends, levels of young investigator support, career-life balance, and international collaborations. While our analysis revealed a negative trend in NSF funding of biological research, including curiosity-driven research, German researchers in these areas have benefited from a robust positive trend in DFG funding. The main reason for the decrease in curiosity-driven research in the US is that the NSF has only partially been able to compensate for the funding gap resulting from the National Institutes of Health restricting their support to biomedical research using select model organisms. Notwithstanding some differences in funding programs, particularly those relevant for scientists in the postdoctoral phase, both the NSF and DFG clearly support curiosity-driven research.

Resources for Starting a Company.

After having painstakingly invented a new product, filed patents, published papers in peer-reviewed journals, you reach out to companies to license your product. More often, they reject the product as it is novel and risky. The next option is to sell the product through a startup company setup by yourself. Most inventors think that it is difficult to set up a company, find finance to run the company, and manage it. Fortunately, there are several government entities and private investment firms that can help you with setting up a company. This chapter provides information on resources for setting up and running a company.

Analysis and enlightenment of the layout of the national science and technology innovation platform in the medical field / 中华医学科研管理杂志

Objective:To understand the current situation of the layout of the national science and technology innovation platform in the medical field, and provides a basis for departments to improve the formulation of scientific and technological innovation policies and promote the reform of the mechanism.Methods:The report and the evaluation list of the official websites are the main reference, supplemented by the public information of each platform and the information retrieval and mining of database, select quantitative statistical indicator to analyze data.Results:Platforms rely on a rich variety of units, mainly concentrated in Beijing, Shanghai and other areas with strong research ability, including major disease areas, covering many key medical disciplines.Conclusions:The regional layout is not balanced, and the layout of the type of disease at the subdivision level needs to be further complemented and improved.

Superación profesional sobre el sistema de ciencia e innovación tecnológica para directivos de salud / Professional improvement on the science and technological innovation system for health managers

RESUMEN Fundamento: la preparación de directivos y funcionarios sobre el sistema de ciencia e innovación tecnológica resulta primordial para la toma de decisiones. Objetivo: diseñar talleres sobre el sistema de ciencia e innovación tecnológica en salud dirigidos a directivos y funcionarios. Métodos: se realizó un estudio de desarrollo en la Facultad de Ciencias Médicas de Sagua la Grande durante el periodo comprendido entre el 2020-2021. Se aplicaron métodos teóricos, empíricos y matemáticos. La recogida de la información se realizó a través de un cuestionario con el objetivo de caracterizar a los directivos y funcionarios e identificar el nivel de preparación sobre el tema. Los datos se procesaron mediante la estadística descriptiva e inferencial. Resultados: se constató que el nivel de preparación sobre el sistema de ciencia e innovación tecnológica de los directivos y funcionarios de más experiencia laboral es adecuado, mientras que en el resto, quienes constituyen la mayoría, es medianamente adecuado. Se diseñaron talleres para suplir las deficiencias referentes al tema de estudio, sobre los diferentes subsistemas del Sistema de Ciencia e Innovación Tecnológica. Conclusiones: los talleres diseñados resultaron adecuados en el contexto actual cuando se hace indispensable la preparación de los directivos para la toma de decisiones a partir de los resultados científicos obtenidos y la búsqueda de soluciones a problemas que se presentan en el sector de la salud.

ABSTRACT Background: the preparation of managers and officials on the science and technological innovation system is essential for decision making. Objective: to design workshops on the system of science and technological innovation in health aimed at managers and officials. Methods: a development study was carried out at the Faculty of Medical Sciences of Sagua la Grande from 2020 to 2021. Theoretical, empirical and mathematical methods were applied. The information was collected through a questionnaire with the aim of characterizing managers and officials and identifying the level of preparation on the subject. The data was processed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Results: it was found that the level of preparation on the science and technological innovation system of managers and officials with more work experience is adequate, while the rest, who constitute the majority, is moderately adequate. Workshops were designed to fill the gaps related to the subject of study, on the different subsystems of the System of Science and Technological Innovation. Conclusions: the workshops designed were adequate in the current context when it is essential to prepare managers for decision-making based on the scientific results obtained and the search for solutions to problems that arise in the health branch.

A Framework to Assess the Citation Performance of Complex Innovation Systems.

Scientometric indicators are useful to evaluate the relevance of scientific research, to prepare rankings, and to evaluate and inform research policies. That is why the choice of appropriate indicators is a matter of primary concern. This article aims to introduce a framework to decide the appropriate type of indicator for assessing the citation-based performance of complex innovation systems. The framework is two-fold: First, it brings the methodology to decide when the use of standard average based indicators is granted, and when scale-invariant indicators are mandatory. Second, it provides the procedures to build scale-invariant indicators to assess the relative impact of complex innovation systems. The framework is validated empirically through the evaluation of the relative impact of the Chilean science system in 2017. The result suggests that the Chilean science system has characteristics of a complex innovation system such as the distribution of citations fits to a power law with an exponential cutoff - 2.77 ± 0.09 and a power-law correlation between the size of the system and its impact 1.29 ± 0.11 . Furthermore, the framework shows to be efficient to compare fields of vastly different sizes.

Health Technology Assessment: informed by science or in the service of politics? / Avaliação de Tecnologias em Saúde: informada pela ciência ou a serviço da política?

ABSTRACT The youth of Health Technology Assessment (HTA), as an institutional policy at the national level, signals the need to reflect on how its implementation took place under the perspective of its insertion in health policy and the scientific field. At the end of its first decade, these questions arise: has HTA translated into a health policy informed by science? Has its scientific foundation been used in the service of politics? To understand this political process, we apply the multiple-streams framework formulated by John Kingdon. The use of science to inform policy and the political use of science present themselves in an unstable balance. The survival of this policy will depend not only on science but on the art of orchestrating the interests of various agents so that HTA becomes a health policy for strengthening and sustainability of SUS.

RESUMO A juventude da Avaliação de Tecnologias em Saúde (ATS), enquanto política institucional no âmbito nacional, sinaliza a necessidade de uma reflexão sobre como se deu sua implementação, sob as perspectivas de sua inserção na política de saúde e do campo científico. Ao final de sua primeira década, levantam-se as perguntas: a ATS se traduziu em uma política de saúde (policy) informada pela ciência? Sua fundamentação científica foi usada a serviço da política (politics)? Para compreender esse processo político, aplicamos a teoria de múltiplos fluxos formulada por John Kingdon. Estabeleceu-se um equilíbrio instável entre o uso da ciência para informar a política e o uso político da ciência. A sobrevivência dessa política dependerá não só da ciência, mas da arte de orquestrar os interesses dos vários agentes, de forma que a ATS se torne uma política de saúde de fortalecimento e sustentabilidade do SUS.

Vulnerabilidades das indústrias nacionais de medicamentos e produtos biotecnológicos no contexto da pandemia de COVID-19 / Vulnerabilities of Brazil's domestic pharmaceutical and biotech industry in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic / Vulnerabilidades de las industrias nacionales de medicamentos y productos biotecnológicos en el contexto de la pandemia de COVID-19

Resumo: Em tempos de pandemia, a vulnerabilidade econômica, tecnológica e dos sistemas de saúde fica ainda mais exposta. No Brasil, os maiores desafios são o controle do déficit da balança comercial e a dificuldade de acesso a medicamentos e produtos da saúde ou até mesmo de seu desenvolvimento. A forte dependência externa de insumos e produtos para a saúde é um dos fatores negativos do país no enfrentamento da emergência sanitária mundial ocasionada pelo novo coronavírus SARS-CoV-2. Nesse contexto, o artigo procurou discutir as vulnerabilidades do subsistema de base química e biotecnológica nacional diante da atual pandemia, tendo como foco a indústria de medicamentos e de produtos biotecnológicos e a articulação entre os campos da saúde e da economia política. Realizou-se pesquisa qualitativa, utilizando, como procedimentos metodológicos, revisão bibliográfica e análise de dados secundários. Os resultados encontrados, relacionados a baixo investimento em saúde pública, baixa capacidade de inovação, perfil da indústria farmacêutica, dependência externa, política cambial, patentes, entre outros, demonstram a grande fragilidade inovativa e tecnológica da indústria de medicamentos e produtos biotecnológicos e a essencialidade de articulação entre diversos campos, em especial, da saúde e da economia, para incorporação de uma visão sistêmica, que crie condições para redução das vulnerabilidades, no que tange ao enfrentamento da pandemia, e equacione um projeto de desenvolvimento para o país.

Abstract: During a pandemic, economic, technological, and health systems' vulnerability become even more evident. A key challenge in Brazil is to control the trade deficit and difficulty in access to medicines and health products, even their development. Brazil's heavy external dependency on health inputs and products is one of the negative factors in confronting the global health emergency caused by SARS-CoV-2. The article aimed to discuss the vulnerabilities of the domestic chemical and biotechnological subsystem in the face of the current pandemic, with a focus on the pharmaceutical and biotech industry and the linkage between the fields of health and political economics. A qualitative study was performed with a literature review and analysis of secondary data as the methodological procedures. The results revealed low investment in public health, low innovation capacity, the pharmaceutical industry's profile, external dependency, currency exchange policy, patents, and other factors, demonstrating the major vulnerability in innovation and technology in the domestic pharmaceutical and biotech industry and the essential nature of linkage between various fields, especially health and the economy, for the incorporation of a systemic vision that creates the conditions to reduce vulnerabilities in the response to the pandemic and promote a development project for the country.

Resumen: En tiempos de pandemia, la vulnerabilidad económica, tecnológica y de los sistemas de salud queda aún más expuesta. En Brasil, uno de los mayores desafíos es el control del déficit de la balanza comercial, así como la dificultad de acceso a medicamentos y produtos de salud o incluso de su desarrollo. La fuerte dependencia externa de insumos y productos para la salud es uno de los factores negativos del país en el combate a la emergencia sanitaria mundial, ocasionada por el nuevo coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. En este contexto, el artículo procuró discutir las vulnerabilidades del subsistema de base química y biotecnológica nacional ante la actual pandemia, poniendo el foco en la industria de medicamentos y de productos biotecnológicos, así como la coordinación entre los campos de la salud y economía política. Se realizó una investigación cualitativa, utilizando como procedimientos metodológicos la revisión bibliográfica y el análisis de datos secundarios. Los resultados hallados, relacionados con la baja inversión en salud pública, baja capacidad de innovación, perfil de la industria farmacéutica, dependencia externa, política de cambio, patentes, entre otros, demuestra la gran fragilidad innovadora y tecnológica de la industria de medicamentos, así como de productos biotecnológicos, y la necesidad de una coordinación entre diversas áreas, en especial, de la salud y economía, para que se incorpore una visión sistémica, que cree condiciones para la reducción de las vulnerabilidades, en lo que atañe al combate de la pandemia y que cree un proyecto equilibrado de desarrollo para el país.

Gender Differences in Grant Submissions across Science and Engineering Fields at the NSF.

There has been great growth in women's participation in the US academic doctoral workforce, but underrepresentation remains in all science and engineering fields, especially at high academic ranks. We obtained estimates of the numbers of professorial women and men in fields likely to seek funding from the National Science Foundation and aligned those numbers with each of six research directorates to investigate temporal trends in submission patterns. We found that women are as likely to be funded as men, but the percentage of women submitting proposals was less than expected in every field but engineering. Women are as likely as men to be employed at the most research active institutions, but women are less likely than men to self-report research as their primary work activity in almost all fields but engineering. This work imbalance ultimately limits the diversity of basic science research ideas in science and engineering.