Adapting a Financial Incentives Intervention for Smoking Cessation with Alaska Native Families: Phase 1 Qualitative Research to Inform the Aniqsaaq (To Breathe) Study.

INTRODUCTION: Alaska Native and American Indian (ANAI) peoples in Alaska currently experience a disproportionate burden of morbidity and mortality from tobacco cigarette use. Financial incentives for smoking cessation are evidence-based, but a family-level incentive structure has not been evaluated. We used a community-based participatory research and qualitative approach to culturally adapt a smoking cessation intervention with ANAI families. METHODS: We conducted individual, semi-structured telephone interviews with 12 ANAI adults who smoke, 12 adult family members, and 13 Alaska Tribal Health System stakeholders statewide between November 2022-March 2023. Through content analysis, we explored intervention receptivity, incentive preferences, culturally aligned recruitment and intervention messaging, and future implementation needs. RESULTS: Participants were receptive to the intervention. Involving a family member was viewed as novel and aligned with ANAI cultural values of commitment to community and familial interdependence. Major themes included choosing a family member who is supportive and understanding, keeping materials positive and encouraging, and offering cash and non-cash incentives for family members to choose (e.g., fuel, groceries, activities). Participants indicated that messaging should emphasize family collaboration and that cessation resources and support tips should be provided. Stakeholders also reinforced that program materials should encourage the use of other existing evidence-based cessation therapies (e.g., nicotine replacement, counseling). CONCLUSIONS: Adaptations, grounded in ANAI cultural strengths were made to the intervention and recruitment materials based on participant feedback. Next steps include a beta-test for feasibility and a randomized controlled trial for efficacy. IMPLICATIONS: This is the first study to design and adapt a financial incentives intervention promoting smoking cessation among Alaska Native or American Indian (ANAI) peoples and the first to involve the family system. Feedback from this formative work was used to develop a meaningful family-level incentive structure with ANAI people who smoke and family members and ensure intervention messaging is supportive and culturally aligned. The results provide qualitative knowledge that can inform future family-based interventions with ANAI communities, including our planned randomized controlled trial of the intervention.

Experiences With and Access to Evidence-Based Health Promotion Programs for Older American Indian, Alaska Native, and Native Hawaiian Peoples.

Evidence-based programs (EBPs) work effectively for participants whose characteristics match those of the EBP research participants. However, EBPs have been almost exclusively developed and evaluated for the general U.S. population with limited American Indian, Alaska Native, and Native Hawaiian (AI/AN/NH) community engagement. Thus, an AI/AN/NH Evidence-Based Program Advisory Council sought to identify AI/AN/NH peoples' experiences with and access to EBPs. We held 20 listening sessions with AI/AN/NH Elder services program staff (n = 118) and with AI/AN/NH Elders (n = 82) and conducted a self-administered online survey with Title VI Directors (n = 63). The six themes that emerged from the listening sessions with staff included misunderstanding community engagement, valuing fidelity over flexibility, lack of cultural awareness, assumptions about available infrastructure, unrealistic implementation timelines, and funding restrictions. Listening session themes with Elders included definitions of aging well, participation motivators, preferred activities, participation barriers, and unmet needs. Survey data indicated that programming of greatest interest for Elders as identified by Title VI Directors and staff included and/or addressed cultural activities (81%), socialization (75%), diabetes (73%), caregiving (68%), and nutrition (68%). Seventy-six percent of survey respondents had heard of EBPs and 24% indicated that EBPs were not being implemented in their community. The Advisory Council developed specific action steps with the goal of improving AI/AN/NH communities' access to culturally appropriate and feasible EBPs. The steps require collective action from federal agencies, national partners, EBP program developers and administrators, local organizations, and Elders to ensure EBPs are accessible and culturally appropriate for AI/AN/NH Elders.

Association between gene methylation and experiences of historical trauma in Alaska Native peoples.

BACKGROUND: Historical trauma experienced by Indigenous peoples of North America is correlated with health disparities and is hypothesized to be associated with DNA methylation. Massive group traumas such as genocide, loss of land and foodways, and forced conversion to Western lifeways may be embodied and affect individuals, families, communities, cultures, and health. This study approaches research with Alaska Native people using a community-engaged approach designed to create mutually-beneficial partnerships, including intentional relationship development, capacity building, and sample and data care. METHODS: A total of 117 Alaska Native individuals from two regions of Alaska joined the research study. Participants completed surveys on cultural identification, historical trauma (historical loss scale and historical loss associated symptoms scale), and general wellbeing. Participants provided a blood sample which was used to assess DNA methylation with the Illumina Infinium MethylationEPIC array. RESULTS: We report an association between historical loss associated symptoms and DNA methylation at five CpG sites, evidencing the embodiment of historical trauma. We further report an association between cultural identification and general wellbeing, complementing evidence from oral narratives and additional studies that multiple aspects of cultural connection may buffer the effects of and/or aid in the healing process from historical trauma. CONCLUSION: A community-engaged approach emphasizes balanced partnerships between communities and researchers. Here, this approach helps better understand embodiment of historical trauma in Alaska Native peoples. This analysis reveals links between the historical trauma response and DNA methylation. Indigenous communities have been stigmatized for public health issues instead caused by systemic inequalities, social disparities, and discrimination, and we argue that the social determinants of health model in Alaska Native peoples must include the vast impact of historical trauma and ongoing colonial violence.

Social determinants of obesity in American Indian and Alaska Native peoples aged ≥ 50 years.

OBJECTIVE: American Indian and Alaska Native peoples (AI/ANs) have a disproportionately high rate of obesity, but little is known about the social determinants of obesity among older AI/ANs. Thus, our study assessed social determinants of obesity in AI/ANs aged ≥ 50 years. DESIGN: We conducted a cross-sectional analysis using multivariate generalized linear mixed models to identify social determinants associated with the risk of being classified as obese (BMI ≥ 30.0 kg/m2). Analyses were conducted for the total study population and stratified by median county poverty level. SETTING: Indian Health Service (IHS) data for AI/ANs who used IHS services in FY2013. PARTICIPANTS: 27,696 AI/ANs aged ≥ 50 years without diabetes. RESULTS: Mean BMI was 29.8 ± 6.6 with 43% classified as obese. Women were more likely to be obese than men, and younger ages were associated with higher obesity risk. While having Medicaid coverage was associated with lower odds of obesity, private health insurance was associated with higher odds. Living in areas with lower rates of educational attainment and longer drive times to primary care services were associated with higher odds of obesity. Those who lived in a county where a larger percentage of people had low access to a grocery store were significantly less likely to be obese. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings contribute to the understanding of social determinants of obesity among older AI/ANs and highlight the need to investigate AI/AN obesity, including longitudinal studies with a life course perspective to further examine social determinants of obesity in older AI/ANs.

Implementation of virtual clinical pharmacy services by incorporating medical professionals and pharmacy students: A novel patient-oriented system to advance healthcare in India.

The healthcare sector is continuously evolving in pace to meet the medical needs of the society. Even though therapeutic reforms are happening, medication discrepancies are the prime cause of hospitalization. This has generated an invincible demand for clinical pharmacy services. Accordingly, a program that collaborates the clinical preceptor and students of department of pharmacy practice with the hospital's medical team, has been established. Any individual who has doubts on medicines can inquire through Dr MED, a virtual clinical pharmacy platform. The operating procedure of the program is presented in the article, where the program's coordinator and the pharmacy students play a significant role in sorting out the queries and finding out the evidences. On the other hand, the medical team composed of physicians and clinical pharmacists acts as a supporting component. Finally, the decision on how and what to respond to the inquirer is upon the opinions put forward by the medical team. Moreover, the system also addresses all the clinical concerns confined to medicines that ultimately enhances the patient's treatment outcome.

The costs of treating all-cause dementia among American Indians and Alaska native adults who access services through the Indian Health Service and Tribal health programs.

INTRODUCTION: Little is known about treatment costs for American Indian and Alaska Native (AI/AN) adults with dementia who access services through the Indian Health Service (IHS) and Tribal health programs. METHODS: We analyzed fiscal year 2013 IHS/Tribal treatment costs for AI/ANs aged 65+ years with dementia and a matched sample without dementia (n = 1842) to report actual and adjusted total treatment costs and costs by service type. Adjusted costs were estimated using multivariable regressions. RESULTS: Mean total treatment cost for adults with dementia were $13,027, $5400 higher than for adults without dementia ($7627). The difference in adjusted total treatment costs was $2943 (95% confidence interval [CI]: $1505, $4381), the majority of which was due to the difference in hospital inpatient costs ($2902; 95% CI: $1512, $4293). DISCUSSION: Knowing treatment costs for AI/ANs with dementia can guide enhancements to policies and services for treating dementia and effectively using health resources.

Structural Inequalities Established the Architecture for COVID-19 Pandemic Among Native Americans in Arizona: a Geographically Weighted Regression Perspective.

Native Americans are disproportionately affected by COVID-19. The present study explores whether areas with high percentages of Native American residents are experiencing the equal risks of contracting COVID-19 by examining how the relationships between structural inequalities and confirmed COVID-19 cases spatially vary across Arizona using a geographically weighted regression (GWR). GWR helps with the identification of areas with high confirmed COVID-19 cases in Arizona and with understanding of which predictors of social inequalities are associated with confirmed COVID-19 cases at specific locations. We find that structural inequality indicators and presence of Native Americans are significantly associated with higher confirmed COVID-19 cases; and the relationships between structural inequalities and confirmed COVID-19 cases are significantly stronger in areas with high concentration of Native Americans, particular on Tribal lands. The findings highlight the negative effects that lack of infrastructure (i.e., housing with plumbing, transportation, and accessible health communication) may have on individual and population health, and, in this case, associated with the increase of confirmed COVID-19 cases.

Suicide-related behaviors among American Indian and Alaska Native Veterans: A population-based analysis.

American Indian and Alaska Native (AI/AN) Veterans are at elevated risk for suicide, but currently, no population-based research exists on precursors, including ideation, plans, or attempts. We employed two large national surveys to investigate the occurrence of suicide-related behaviors among AI/AN Veterans. Using cross-sectional data from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS, 2010-2012) and National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH, 2010-2015), we compared weighted frequencies of suicide ideation in AI/AN Veterans and non-Hispanic White (NHW) Veterans. Suicide ideation among AI/AN Veterans was 9.1% (95%CI = 3.6%, 21.5%) and 8.9% (95%CI = 1.9%, 15.9%) in BRFSS and NSDUH, respectively, compared to 3.5% (95%CI = 3.0%, 4.1%) and 3.7% (95%CI = 3.0%, 4.4%) for NHW Veterans. Logit analysis suggested higher odds of ideation among AI/AN Veterans in both samples (NDSUH: OR = 2.68, 95%CI = 1.14-6.31; BRFSS: OR = 2.66, 95% CI 0.96-7.38), although sample sizes were small and confidence intervals were wide. Consistent findings from two national samples suggest AI/AN Veterans have more than twice the risk of suicide ideation relative to NHW Veterans. Ongoing efforts include weighing these results together with data on suicide deaths from medical and death records to develop effective suicide prevention approaches in collaboration with AI/AN Veterans and their communities.

El conocimiento del Kichwa, segunda lengua oficial del Ecuador ¿compromete la comunicación médico/odontólogo-paciente? / Knowledge of the Kichwa, second official language of Ecuador, compromises the dentist/medical-patient communication?

Con el propósito de analizar el comportamiento de las relaciones entre médico/odontólogo y paciente, mediadas por la comunicación intercultural, se realizó un estudio que contó con la participación de 200 indígenas de la etnia Kichwa Salasaka y 33 profesionales sanitarios. Mediante la aplicación de encuestas fueron explorados elementos esenciales como los idiomas que ambos grupos dominan; asistencia a consulta de los indígenas; calidad de la atención; formación bilingüe del odontólogo y percepción de la comprensión por parte de ambos grupos. Entre los resultados obtenidos se encuentra la no comprensión de los pacientes de las orientaciones que reciben en la consulta, insuficiente conocimiento la lengua Kichwa por parte del equipo de salud y en consecuencia insuficiente transferencia de la información. Identificada la problemática comunicacional médico/odontólogo - paciente, se recomienda la implementación de políticas de salud sustentadas en el enfoque intercultural(AU)

With the purpose of analyzing the behavior of the medical/dentist-patient relations, mediated by the intercultural communication, a study was carried out that counted on the participation of 70 indigenous people of the ethnic Kichwa Salasaca and 33 doctors and dentist. Through the application of surveys, essential elements were explored such as the languages that both groups dominate; assistance to indigenous consultation; Quality of care; Bilingual training of the dentist and perception of the understanding on the part of both groups. Among the results obtained is the non-comprehension of the patients of the orientations they receive in the consultation, insufficient knowledge the Kichwa language by the health team and consequently insufficient transfer of the information. Identified the communicational problems medical/entist-patient, we recommend the implementation of health policies based on the intercultural approach(AU)

Consistent Honor, Persistent Disadvantage: American Indian and Alaska Native Veteran Health in the National Survey of Veterans.

Objective: To examine self-rated health and activities of daily living (ADLs) limitations among American Indian and Alaska Native (AI/AN) veterans relative to white veterans. Methods: We use the 2010 National Survey of Veterans and limit the sample to veterans who identify as AI/AN or non-Hispanic white. We calculated descriptive statistics, confidence intervals, and used logistic regression. Results: AI/AN veterans are younger, have lower levels of income, and have higher levels of exposure to combat and environmental hazards compared to white veterans. We found that AI/AN veterans are significantly more likely to report fair/poor health controlling for socioeconomic status and experience an ADL controlling for age, health behaviors, socioeconomic status, and military factors. Discussion: The results indicate that AI/AN veterans are a disadvantaged population in terms of their health and disability compared to white veterans. AI/AN veterans may require additional support from family members and/or Veteran Affairs to address ADLs.

Elevating the uses of storytelling approaches within Indigenous health research: a critical and participatory scoping review protocol involving Indigenous people and settlers.

BACKGROUND: There is a complicated and exploitative history of research with Indigenous peoples and accompanying calls to meaningfully and respectfully include Indigenous knowledge in healthcare. Storytelling approaches that privilege Indigenous voices can be a useful tool to break the hold that Western worldviews have within the research. Our collaborative team of Indigenous and non-Indigenous researchers, and Indigenous patients, Elders, healthcare providers, and administrators, will conduct a critical participatory, scoping review to identify and examine how storytelling has been used as a method in Indigenous health research. METHODS: Guided by two-eyed seeing, we will use Bassett and McGibbon's adaption of Arksey and O'Malley's scoping review methodology. Relevant articles will be identified through a systematic search of the gray literature, core Indigenous health journals, and online databases including Scopus, MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, AgeLine, Academic Search Complete, Bibliography of Native North Americans, Canadian Reference Centre, and PsycINFO. Qualitative and mixed-methods research articles will be included if the researchers involved Indigenous participants or their healthcare professionals living in Turtle Island (i.e., Canada and the USA), Australia, or Aotearoa (New Zealand); use storytelling as a research method; focus on healthcare phenomena; and are written in English. Two reviewers will independently screen titles/abstracts and full-text articles. We will extract data, identify the array of storytelling approaches, and critically examine how storytelling was valued and used. An intensive collaboration will be woven throughout all review stages as academic researchers co-create this work with Indigenous patients, Elders, healthcare professionals, and administrators. Participatory strategies will include four relational gatherings throughout the project. Based on our findings, we will co-create a framework to guide the respectful use of storytelling as a method in Indigenous health research involving Indigenous and non-Indigenous peoples. DISCUSSION: This work will enable us to elucidate the extent, range, and nature of storytelling within Indigenous health research, to critically reflect on how it has been and could be used, and to develop guidance for the respectful use of this method within research that involves Indigenous peoples and settlers. Our findings will enable the advancement of storytelling methods which meaningfully include Indigenous perspectives, practices, and priorities to benefit the health and wellbeing of Indigenous communities. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW PROTOCOL REGISTRATION: Open Science Framework ( https://osf.io/rvf7q ).

Native Peoples as Authors of Social Work Curriculum.

Curriculum that informs students about social work practice with Native Peoples must be culturally relevant and responsive. However, the voices of Native Peoples are often excluded from identification of needs and relevant practice models for services. A unique partnership between the Native People from several tribes and a rural southwestern social work program led to an innovative project of curriculum development for social work practice with Native Peoples. The curriculum content evolved directly from the experiences of Native tribal members in the region. A retreat format initiated the process with subsequent quarterly meetings that provided a venue for course development with specific attention to the development of Native faculty as authors and teachers. The impact of this process is discussed through the voices of Council members, students, and Native instructors. This paper offers guidance to social work programs who are interested in expanding their understanding of Native curriculum development.

Psicología Social Comunitaria y el Concepto Suma Qamaña

Las reflexiones aquí expuestas, pretenden contribuir a esclarecer algunas ideas en torno a la repercusión psicosocial que para la salud comunitaria implica responder la interrogante: ¿cuáles son algunas consideraciones éticas que posibilitan plantear la relación entre el trabajo de intervención de la psicología comunitaria en el campo de la salud y la visión que respecto a la vida tiene el pueblo originario Aymara con su concepto Suma Qamaña? Para ello, se recurre a un ejercicio de cotejo de tres vertientes de pensamiento, el de Maritza Montero (2001), quien pone acento en la fundamentación ética de la psicología comunitaria, el de Nila Heredia (2012), quien explica el sentido que tiene para el pueblo Aymara el concepto del Buen Vivir y el de Fernando Huanacuni (2010) donde la recuperación de las reflexiones es a partir de la visión ancestral indígena. Dentro de las posibles respuestas a la pregunta planteada se encontró que la ética en el trabajo comunitario se da por sí sola en una relación afectiva, donde ya no tienen lugar la manipulación, la utilización, y menos, el abuso, sino el cuidado y el respeto.

The reflections presented here aim to contribute to clarify some ideas about the psychosocial repercussions that for community health imply to answer the question: what are some ethical considerations that make it possible to raise the relation between the intervention work of community psychology in the field Of the health and the vision that respect the life has the native town Aymara with its concept Suma Qamaña? To do this, we used a three-pronged reference exercise, that of Maritza Montero (2001), who emphasizes the ethical foundation of community psychology, that of Nila Heredia (2012), who explains the meaning she has For the Aymara people the concept of Good Living and Fernando Huanacuni (2010) where the recovery of the reflections is based on the indigenous ancestral vision.

Solidaridad, Resiliencia y Proactividad de los Pueblos Originarios

Como contrapropuesta a las visiones elitistas y mercantilistas de los países ricos y de las corporaciones trasnacionales las posibilidades de vida digna, de libertad, igualdad y fraternidad hay que buscarlas en niveles, estilos y calidad de vida que han sobrevivido con mayor o menor fuerza en la vida de solidaridad, resiliencia y proactividad de los pueblos originarios. El propósito de esta presentación es señalar estas tres características, más de aspecto comunitario, como complementarias de resistencia, reciprocidad y autonomía, que de alguna manera son más bien expresiones de acción política. El método será reflexionar a partir de un marco analítico inspirado en nuestra propia experiencia comunitaria. Para esto será clave tomar en cuenta el contexto histórico y geográfico de varias experiencias. Lo que tenemos comprobado es que la integración comunitaria y la politización requieren de una base estructural, y de cohesión social como frutos de una fuerte conciencia de dignidad. Estas son condiciones que se pueden reforzar en la vida de una experiencia si se percibe apertura en las interacciones, humildad en el enfrentamiento de los conflictos y confianza en el peregrinar hacia los horizontes utópicos de una vida digna.

As counterproposal to the elitist and mercantilistic visions of the rich countries and the transnational corporations, the possibilities for a dignified life, for liberty, equality and fraternity have to be looked for at the levels, styles and quality of life that have survived, with more or less strength in the life of solidarity, resilience and proactivity of the native peoples. The purpose of this presentation is to make aware of those three characteristics, rather community traits, as complementary of resistance, reciprocity, and autonomy that rather seem expressions of political action. The method will be thinking from on analytical framework inspired by our own community experience. To accomplish this aim it is key to take into account the historical and geographical context of each experience. We have noticed that community integration and political commitment need to dispose of a structural base and a social cohesion as resulting from a strong conscience of dignity. These are conditions that are visible in the life of an experience if one is able to perceive openness in the interactions, humility in confronting conflicts and trust in journeying towards the utopian horizons of a dignified life.

Historia y memoria: Una exigencia a la política pública para la educación intercultural en las escuelas de Chile / history and memory: a requirement to the public policy for the intercultural education in the schools of chile

El tema que aborda este trabajo es la construcción de subjetividades a través de una razón dialógica en la elaboración de políticas públicas por parte del Estado de Chile, en el ámbito de la interculturalidad y la expresión que ello tiene en la enseñanza de la historia,específicamente en la educación básica en las zonas de alta concentración de estudiantes de origen étnico aymara. Metodológicamente se aplica un análisis estructural con la finalidadde dar cuenta de las percepciones de los actores principales de una escuela, con el fin de indagar en la inconsistencia que se pueden estar generando con el Convenio 169 de la OIT.

The topic which deals with this paper is the construction of subjectivities through a dialogic reason in the elaboration of public policies by Chile, in the field of interculturality and theexpression that it has in the teaching of history, specifically on basic education in the areas of high concentration of students from Aymará ethnic groups. Methodologically a structuralanalysis is applied in order to give an account of the perceptions of the main actors in a school, and thus investigate the inconsistency that can be generated with the InternationalLabor Organization (ILO) Convention N°169.

Paradigma epistemológico en la atención de salud pública a los pueblos indígenas en Honduras / Epistemological paradigm in the public health care for the native peoples of Honduras

La interpretación etnográfica tiene sus raíces desde hace muchos siglos, pero es hasta el siglo XX que con el neopositivismo lógico se inserta en el paradigma cualitativo, cambia la concepción positivista e incorpora el análisis de aspectos cualitativos dados por los comportamientos de los individuos, de sus relaciones sociales y de las interacciones con el contexto en que se desarrollan. El objetivo de este trabajo es resaltar el paradigma epistemológico prevaleciente en la atención de salud a los pueblos indígenas en el contexto de Honduras. La interculturalidad implica el contacto entre culturas, entendimiento de la diversidad, intercambio, comunicación, aprendizaje, transformación y necesidad de tender puentes entre las culturas. En salud, supone un trabajo intra e intersectorial encaminado al bienestar integral del individuo y la comunidad, con el fin de empoderarla para que avance en su fortalecimiento y desarrollo. Recientemente, la temática de investigación en salud, de acuerdo al modelo positivista se ha centrado en comprender las prácticas médicas entre los pueblos indígenas. En Honduras, la Secretaría de Salud ha reconocido la necesidad de entender el contexto cultural, aunque aún se está fortaleciendo la formación del personal de salud en el correcto entendimiento de la aplicación de la interculturalidad, término que no ha logrado interiorizarse en su quehacer y que requiere ser convertido en eje transversal, particularmente en las zonas de mayor población indígena para contribuir a disminuir las desigualdades.

The ethnographic interpretation dates back many centuries ago, but it is in the 20th century when, with the advent of the logical neopositivism, it is inserted in the qualitative paradigm, changes the positivist conception and incorporates the analysis of qualitative aspects based on the behaviors of individuals, of their social relationships and on the interactions with the historical context. The objective of this paper was to highlight the epistemological paradigm prevailing in the health care service to the native peoples of Honduras. The intercultural aspects involve the contact between cultures, the understanding of diversity, the exchange, the communication, the learning, the transformation and the need of building bridges among cultures. Regarding health, it involves an intra and intersectorial work directed to the comprehensive welfare of the individual and of the community, with the aim of empowering it so that it could advance in the consolidation and development. Recently, the topic of health research, in line with the positivist model, has focused in the understanding of the medical practice of the native peoples. The Ministry of Health of Honduras has recognized the need of understanding the native cultural context, although the process of formation of the health staff in the correct understanding of the application of the intercultural elements is still strengthening. These terms could not have been inserted yet in the daily work of this staff and they required to be turned into a fundamental pillar, particularly in the areas with a lot of native population, in order to reduce inequities.

Como tratar os dados da amostra do Censo Demográfico 2000 na obtenção de estimativas para os "indígenas"? Um estudo a partir das Terras Indígenas Xavante, Mato Grosso / ¿Cómo tratar los datos de la muestra del Censo Demográfico 2000 en la obtención de estimativas para los "indígenas"? Un estudio a partir de las Tierras Indígenas Xavante, Mato Grosso / How to treat data from the sample of the 2000 Demographic Census to obtain estimates for native peoples in Brazil? A study based on the Lands of the Xavante Indians in the State of Mato Grosso, Brazil

A demografia dos povos indígenas no Brasil é ainda muito pouco conhecida nos seus mais diversos aspectos. Nos últimos anos, vem acontecendo uma ampliação de interesse pelo tema, com a publicação de diversos estudos sobre demografia dos "indígenas" com base nos dados censitários. Uma dificuldade metodológica importante diz respeito à expansão da amostra dos censos, já que as terras indígenas não foram definidas originalmente como áreas de ponderação. Este trabalho apresenta estimativas para as variáveis do questionário da "amostra", considerando um conjunto de setores censitários pertencentes a terras indígenas e utilizando como estudo de caso as Terras Xavante localizadas no leste de Mato Grosso, constituídas por seis áreas não-contíguas. Trata-se de um exercício metodológico que visa comparar e avaliar as estimativas produzidas segundo os pesos gerados na época de divulgação do Censo 2000 e os novos pesos calculados a partir de metodologia aqui apresentada. Do ponto de vista metodológico, esse procedimento é inovador, pois pode ser útil para estimar, com base nos dados da amostra do Censo 2000, características de áreas não-contíguas e diferentes daquelas definidas para a expansão da amostra como originalmente realizada e divulgada pelo IBGE.

La demografía de los pueblos indígenas en Brasil es aún muy poco conocida en sus más diversos aspectos. En los últimos años, se viene dando una ampliación de interés por el tema, con la publicación de diversos estudios sobre demografía de los "indígenas" con base en los dados censales. Una dificultad metodológica importante habla respecto de la expansión de la muestra de los censos, ya que las tierras indígenas no fueron definidas originalmente como áreas de ponderación. Este trabajo presenta estimativas para las variables del cuestionario de la "muestra", considerando un conjunto de sectores censales pertenecientes a tierras indígenas y utilizando como estudio de caso las Tierras Xavante localizadas en el este de Mato Grosso, constituidas por seis áreas no-contiguas. Se trata de un ejercicio metodológico que tiene como objetivo comparar y evaluar las estimativas producidas según los pesos generados en la época de divulgación del Censo 2000 y los nuevos pesos calculados a partir de la metodología aquí presentada. Desde el punto de vista metodológico, este procedimiento es innovador, pues puede ser útil para estimar, con base en los datos de la muestra del Censo 2000, características de áreas no-contiguas y diferentes de aquéllas definidas para la expansión de la muestra como fue originalmente realizada y divulgada por el IBGE.

The demography of the Brazilian native peoples is still uncharted territory in its numerous and diversified aspects. There has been growing interest in the topic in recent years, with the publication of a number of studies on the demography of native peoples, on the basis of census data. One major methodological difficulty is the problem of expanding the census samples, since the lands of the native peoples were not originally defined as weighted areas. This article presents estimates for the variables on the questionnaire for the "sample," considering one set of census sectors belonging to the lands of native peoples, using as a case study the lands of the Xavante Indians, consisting of six non-contiguous areas located in the eastern part of the Brazilian State of Mato Grosso. This methodological exercise is designed to compare and evaluate the estimates produced according to the weights generated at the time of disclosure of the Census 2000 results and the new weights calculated on the basis of the methodology presented here. From the methodological point of view, this procedure is innovative as it might be useful for estimating, on the basis of the data from the sample on the 2000 Census, characteristics of areas that are non-contiguous and different from those defined for expanding the sample as originally conceived and published by the Brazilian Census Office.