Dural and deep cervical musculature anesthetic blockade for atlantoaxial collection of cerebrospinal fluid in horses.

The analysis of cerebrospinal fluid has diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic value in neurological illnesses in horses. There are different methods for obtaining cerebrospinal fluid, with the collection between the C1 and C2 vertebrae being a more recent methodology, which allows the procedure to be performed in standing patients, without the limitations of general anesthesia and with a low contamination of the sample with blood, presenting itself as a practical alternative. This study evaluated the efficacy and safety of a local dural blockade in healthy horses submitted to cerebrospinal fluid collection by atlantoaxial puncture and the quality of the samples obtained by this procedure, which were submitted to physical, chemical, and cytological analyses. The animals were evaluated considering aspects such as pain, sensitivity, the presence of edema, temperature variations, and ultrasonographic alterations post-collection. Discrete local changes were observed after the puncture, and the procedure was considered safe and simple to perform. Lidocaine blockade could reduce the reaction elicited by the needle passing through the dura mater, and the samples obtained showed satisfactory quality and laboratory results consistent with the values compiled in the literature. Transient hyperthermia was observed in 70% (7/10) of the animals in the dural blockade group, and 80%(8/10) of the patients from the control group, totalizing 75% of all individuals evaluated. The rectal temperature alteration was observed 4 to 12 hours after the procedure and was entirely resolved without intervention by the 24-hour evaluation.

Evolution of erectile dysfunction in individuals infected with human T-lymphotropic virus 1: a prospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Virtually all patients with human T-lymphotropic virus 1 (HTLV-1)-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) have some degree of erectile dysfunction (ED), but ED is also found in a large percentage of HTLV-1 carriers. AIM: To evaluate the evolution of ED in individuals infected with HTLV-1 who were followed for up to 15 years. METHODS: This prospective cohort study included men infected with HTLV-1 who had ED, were aged 18 to 70 years, and were followed from January 2004 to December 2019. We used the International Index of Erectile Function-5 (IIEF-5), the Expanded Disability Status Scale and Osame Motor Disability Scale, and the Overactive Bladder Symptom Score (OABSS) to define and stratify ED, neurologic disability, and bladder dysfunction, respectively. OUTCOMES: Time to development of severe ED was the main outcome. RESULTS: We studied 90 men with ED (mean ± SD age, 52.8 ± 9.78 years). At baseline, 42 were carriers, 16 had probable HAM/TSP, and 32 had definite HAM/TSP. IIEF-5 was highest among carriers and lowest in patients with definite HAM/TSP, whereas OABSS was lowest in carriers and highest in patients with definite HAM/TSP. Median (IQR) follow-up was 8.50 years (3.00-12.00). IIEF-5 fell significantly from baseline to last follow-up among carriers and patients with probable and definite HAM/TSP. There was an inverse correlation between the IIEF-5 and the OABSS at last follow-up (r = -0.62, P < .001). In survival analysis, the time to development of severe ED was significantly shorter in patients with definite HAM/TSP when compared with carriers (P = .001) and those with probable HAM/TSP (P = .014). The presence of definite HAM/TSP at baseline was independently associated with the development of severe ED, after adjustment for baseline age and proviral load (hazard ratio, 6.74; P = .008). CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: Formal assessment of erectile function should be part of the routine clinical assessment of individuals infected with HTLV-1; worsening erectile function should alert clinicians to the possibility of neurologic deterioration. STRENGTHS AND LIMITATIONS: This is the first prospective cohort study to describe the course of ED in men infected with HTLV-1. The small sample size and absence of seronegative controls are limitations. CONCLUSION: ED is a slowly progressive clinical manifestation of HTLV-1 infection, and the degree of neurologic compromise at baseline is the main predictor of time to progression to severe ED.

Assessment of cerebrospinal fluid analysis and short-term survival outcomes in South American camelids: A retrospective study of 54 cases (2005-2021).

BACKGROUND: Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is commonly analyzed in South American camelids with suspected neurologic disease because of ease of collection and characteristic findings associated with certain diseases. OBJECTIVES: To assess CSF findings associated with short-term survival or non-survival in South American camelids in which neurologic disease was a differential diagnosis based on history and physical examination. ANIMALS: Twenty-one llamas and 33 alpacas that underwent CSF analysis at the University of Missouri Veterinary Health Center. METHODS: Retrospective study. Medical records of camelids that underwent CSF analysis between January 2005 and September 2021 were studied. Short-term survival was defined as survival to discharge from the Veterinary Health Center. A Fisher's exact test was used to compare species, CSF results, and survival. RESULTS: Odds of survival were 3.9 times higher in camelids with a total nucleated cell count (TNCC) <3 cells/µL (P = .04). No significant association was found between survival and total protein concentration (TPC; P = .15) or percentage of eosinophils (P = 1.0). No significant correlation was found between species and increased TNCC (P = .63), TPC (P = .55), or percentage of eosinophils (P = .30). Among camelids diagnosed with Paralephostrongylus tenuis infestation, odds of survival were 4.95 times higher in alpacas (P = .05). CONCLUSIONS: Cerebrospinal fluid TNCC ≥3 cells/µL is associated with decreased odds of short-term survival in South American camelids.

Outcome of a ceratohyiodectomy in a criollo mare with temporohyoid osteoarthropathy

Background: Temporohyoid osteoarthropathy (THO) is a progressive disease that causes acute onset of peripheral vestibular signs with or without facial paralysis. Ankylosis of temporhyoid joint occurs which predispose to fractures of theinvolved bones and consequently causes the commonly neurological signs observed. Clinical signs vary depending on thestage of the disease and the nerves affected. Surgical treatment is advised to improve survival rates in which the ceratohyoidectomy is currently known as the most advantageous. The aim of the present study is to report a case and outcome ofa ceratohyoidectomy procedure in a Criollo mare presenting THO of the right temporohyoid joint.Case: A 17-year-old Criollo mare was referred to the Equine Clinical Hospital of the Federal University of Pelotas witha 5-day history of facial paralysis on the right side, head tilt and difficulty to chew and swallow. Auricular, palpebraland labial ptosis along with deviation of the lip and nostril to the left were observed. A corneal ulcer was also identifiedin the right eye. Complementary imaging exams (endoscopy of the guttural pouches and radiography of the head) wereperformed and showed thickening of the right stylohyoid bone confirming a diagnosis of THO. Anti-inflammatory andantibiotic therapy were administered and the corneal ulcer was treated with topical antibiotics and autologous serum. Dueto rapid deterioration of clinical signs, the mare was referred to surgery. A ceratohyoidectomty procedure was performedunder general anesthesia. In this procedure, the ceratohyoid bone was disarticulated from the ceratohyoid-basihyoid jointand removed. During the procedure, a branch of the linguofacial vein was accidentally incised causing hemorrhage, thebranch was identified and successfully ligated. Recovery was uneventful. Supportive treatment with anti-inflammatory andantibiotics was continued after surgery and ...(AU)

Outcome of a ceratohyiodectomy in a criollo mare with temporohyoid osteoarthropathy

Background: Temporohyoid osteoarthropathy (THO) is a progressive disease that causes acute onset of peripheral vestibular signs with or without facial paralysis. Ankylosis of temporhyoid joint occurs which predispose to fractures of theinvolved bones and consequently causes the commonly neurological signs observed. Clinical signs vary depending on thestage of the disease and the nerves affected. Surgical treatment is advised to improve survival rates in which the ceratohyoidectomy is currently known as the most advantageous. The aim of the present study is to report a case and outcome ofa ceratohyoidectomy procedure in a Criollo mare presenting THO of the right temporohyoid joint.Case: A 17-year-old Criollo mare was referred to the Equine Clinical Hospital of the Federal University of Pelotas witha 5-day history of facial paralysis on the right side, head tilt and difficulty to chew and swallow. Auricular, palpebraland labial ptosis along with deviation of the lip and nostril to the left were observed. A corneal ulcer was also identifiedin the right eye. Complementary imaging exams (endoscopy of the guttural pouches and radiography of the head) wereperformed and showed thickening of the right stylohyoid bone confirming a diagnosis of THO. Anti-inflammatory andantibiotic therapy were administered and the corneal ulcer was treated with topical antibiotics and autologous serum. Dueto rapid deterioration of clinical signs, the mare was referred to surgery. A ceratohyoidectomty procedure was performedunder general anesthesia. In this procedure, the ceratohyoid bone was disarticulated from the ceratohyoid-basihyoid jointand removed. During the procedure, a branch of the linguofacial vein was accidentally incised causing hemorrhage, thebranch was identified and successfully ligated. Recovery was uneventful. Supportive treatment with anti-inflammatory andantibiotics was continued after surgery and ...

Pathological, immunohistochemical, and molecular findings of equine protozoal myeloencephalitis due to Sarcocystis neurona infection in Brazilian horses.

Equine protozoal myeloencephalitis (EPM) is an important neurologic disease of horses in the American continent caused by Sarcocystis neurona and Neospora hughesi infection. This study describes the pathological, immunohistochemical, and molecular findings of fatal cases of EPM in southern Brazil. A review was performed on a total of 13 cases compatible with EPM, which were diagnosed by postmortem examination in the period of 2010-2017. Epidemiological information was obtained from necropsy reports. Gross and histological lesions were characterized, and cases were subjected to immunohistochemistry anti-Sarcocystis neurona, Toxoplasma gondii, and Neospora spp. Molecular search was performed using ITS-1 gene PCRs. Microscopic lesions were multifocal in all cases, and more frequently observed in the spinal cord segments and in the rhombencephalon. Intralesional protozoans were histologically detected in five horses, while a positive immunostaining for S. neurona was observed in eleven cases (11/13). Through molecular techniques, six positive cases for the ITS-1 gene were detected, and obtained sequences presented highest similarity with S. neurona. EPM due to S. neurona infection represents an important neurologic disease of horses in Brazil and this disease should be considered as a main differential diagnosis in horses presenting neurologic signs.

Protective Mechanisms Against DNA Replication Stress in the Nervous System.

The precise replication of DNA and the successful segregation of chromosomes are essential for the faithful transmission of genetic information during the cell cycle. Alterations in the dynamics of genome replication, also referred to as DNA replication stress, may lead to DNA damage and, consequently, mutations and chromosomal rearrangements. Extensive research has revealed that DNA replication stress drives genome instability during tumorigenesis. Over decades, genetic studies of inherited syndromes have established a connection between the mutations in genes required for proper DNA repair/DNA damage responses and neurological diseases. It is becoming clear that both the prevention and the responses to replication stress are particularly important for nervous system development and function. The accurate regulation of cell proliferation is key for the expansion of progenitor pools during central nervous system (CNS) development, adult neurogenesis, and regeneration. Moreover, DNA replication stress in glial cells regulates CNS tumorigenesis and plays a role in neurodegenerative diseases such as ataxia telangiectasia (A-T). Here, we review how replication stress generation and replication stress response (RSR) contribute to the CNS development, homeostasis, and disease. Both cell-autonomous mechanisms, as well as the evidence of RSR-mediated alterations of the cellular microenvironment in the nervous system, were discussed.

Hormonal and Psychogenic Risk Factors for Erectile Dysfunction in Men with HTLV-1.

INTRODUCTION: Erectile dysfunction (ED) is associated with neurological damage due to human T-lymphotropic virus 1 (HTLV-1) infection, but hormonal and psychogenic factors also cause ED. AIM: To evaluate the association of psychogenic and hormonal factors with ED in men infected with HTLV-1. METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, we compared total testosterone, follicle stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, prolactin, anxiety symptoms, depressive symptoms, and neurologic manifestations in HTLV-1-infected men with or without ED. The International Index of Erectile Function was used to determine the degree of ED. Participants were grouped according to Osame's Motor Disability Scale and the Expanded Disability Status Scale: HTLV-1-associated myelopathy or tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP), probable HAM/TSP, or HTLV-1 carrier. Chi-square and Fisher's exact tests were used to compare the groups, and regression analyses were used to show predictors of ED. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Sexual hormonal levels, psychogenic factors, and neurologic disabilities were found to be associated with ED. RESULTS: ED was associated with age older than 60 years (P < .001), degree of neurologic involvement (P < .001), depression (P = .009), and anxiety (P = .008). In the multivariate analyses, only age and degree of neurological injury remained as risk factors for ED. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: Neurological manifestations are a stronger predictor of ED than hormonal and psychogenic factors in HTLV-1-infected men. STRENGTHS & LIMITATIONS: The statistical power of the study was limited due to the low number of participants, but neurologic manifestations were clearly associated with ED. There was no strong association between hormonal and psychogenic factors and ED. CONCLUSION: Hormonal and psychogenic factors did not show a strong association with ED in individuals with HTLV-1, but neurological manifestations were strongly associated with ED in these individuals. de Oliveira CJV, Neto, JAC, Andrade RCP, et al. Hormonal and Psychogenic Risk Factors for Erectile Dysfunction in Men with HTLV-1. J Sex Med 2019; 16:1763-1768.

Tumor necrosis factor alpha polymorphisms are associated with Parkinson's disease age at onset.

The role of neuroinflammation in Parkinson's disease (PD) has been demonstrated through several different approaches. It was suggested an inflammation-derived oxidative stress and cytokine-dependent toxicity role in the nigrostriatal pathway degeneration and hasten progression of disease. Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFA) gene promoter polymorphisms might alter the expression of this cytokine contributing to the pro- and anti-inflammatory polarization. An increased TNFA expression might lead to inflammatory profile predominance. The aim of study was to determine if TNFA haplotypes are associated with PD age at onset. Five polymorphisms in TNFA gene were investigated in 226 patients with idiopathic PD in relation to age at onset. Haplotype grouping was based on allele expression. Logistic binary regression analysis showed that the genetic background leading to higher TNF-α expression confers a higher risk to develop PD earlier. Gender and ancestry did not differ between groups. High TNFA expression may contribute for faster dopaminergic neuron degeneration. In this context, a higher genetic pro-inflammatory profile confers a higher risk to develop PD earlier.

Risk Factors for Erectile Dysfunction in Men With HTLV-1.

BACKGROUND: Erectile dysfunction (ED) occurs in more than 50% of patients with human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) infection. In the general population, atherosclerosis is the main risk factor related to ED. AIM: To compare the contribution of neurologic disorders from HTLV-1 with that of atherosclerosis as risk factors for ED in men with HTLV-1. METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, men 18 to 70 years old with HTLV-1 were classified into one of two groups according to the presence or absence of ED. They were compared for obesity, waist circumference, dyslipidemia, metabolic syndrome, diabetes mellitus, high blood pressure, and neurologic manifestations. Comparisons between proportions were performed using the χ2 or Fisher exact test. Logistic regression analysis was performed to identify predictors of ED. Subjects with HTLV-1 were classified into three groups based on Osame's Disability Motor Scale and the Expanded Disability Status Scale: (i) HTLV-1 carriers; (ii) probable HTLV-1-associated myelopathy or tropical spastic paraparesis; and (iii) definitive HTLV-1-associated myelopathy or tropical spastic paraparesis. The International Index of Erectile Function was used to determine the degree of ED. RESULTS: In univariate logistic regression, age older 60 years (P = .003), diabetes mellitus (P = .042), and neurologic disease (P < .001) were associated with ED. In the multivariate model, the odds of ED was highest in patients with neurologic disease (odds ratio = 22.1, 95% CI = 5.3-92.3), followed by high blood pressure (odds ratio = 6.3, 95% CI = 1.4-30.5) and age older than 60 years (odds ratio = 4.6, 95% CI = 1.3-17.3). CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: In men infected with HTLV-1, neurologic dysfunction is a stronger predictor of ED than risk factors for atherosclerosis. STRENGTHS AND LIMITATIONS: The small number of patients limited the power of the statistical analysis, but clearly neurologic manifestations had a greater association with ED than risk factors for atherosclerosis, and there was no association between metabolic syndrome and severity of ED. CONCLUSION: Neurologic impairment is the major cause of ED in individuals infected with HTLV-1 and risk factors for atherosclerosis did not have a strong relation with ED in this population. de Oliveira CJV, Neto JAC, Andrade RCP, et al. Risk Factors for Erectile Dysfunction in Men With HTLV-1. J Sex Med 2017;14:1195-1200.

Characteristics of Dysphagia in Infants with Microcephaly Caused by Congenital Zika Virus Infection, Brazil, 2015.

We summarize the characteristics of dysphagia in 9 infants in Brazil with microcephaly caused by congenital Zika virus infection. The Schedule for Oral Motor Assessment, fiberoptic endoscopic evaluation of swallowing, and the videofluoroscopic swallowing study were used as noninstrumental and instrumental assessments. All infants had a degree of neurologic damage and showed abnormalities in the oral phase. Of the 9 infants, 8 lacked oral and upper respiratory tract sensitivity, leading to delays in initiation of the pharyngeal phase of swallowing. Those delays, combined with marked oral dysfunction, increased the risk for aspiration of food, particularly liquid foods. Dysphagia resulting from congenital Zika virus syndrome microcephaly can develop in infants >3 months of age and is severe.

Acute neurologic disease in Porcine rubulavirus experimentally infected piglets.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the clinical disease, humoral response and viral distribution of recent Porcine rubulavirus (PorPV) isolates in experimentally infected pigs. Four, 6-piglet (5-days old) groups were employed (G1-84, G2-93, G3-147, and G4-T). Three viral strains were used for the experimental infection: the reference strain LPMV-1984 (Michoacán 1984) and two other strains isolated in 2013, one in Queretaro (Qro/93/2013) and the other in Michoacán (Mich/147/2013). Each strain was genetically characterized by amplification and sequencing of the gene encoding hemagglutinin-neuroamidase (HN). The inoculation was performed through the oronasal and ocular routes, at a dose of 1×106TCID50/ml. Subsequently, the signs were evaluated daily and necropsies were performed on 3 different days post infection (dpi). We recorded all micro- and macroscopic lesions. Organs from the nervous, lymphatic, and respiratory system were analyzed by quantifying the viral RNA load and the presence of the infectious virus. The presence of the viral antigen in organs was evidenced through immunohistochemistry. Seroconversion was evaluated through the use of a hemagglutination inhibition test. In the characterization of gene HN, only three substitutions were identified in strain Mich/147/2013, two in strain LPMV/1984 (fourth passage) and one in strain Qro/93/2013, with respect to reference strain LPMV-84, these changes had not been identified as virulence factors in previously reported strains. Neurological alterations associated with the infection were found in all three experimental groups starting from 3dpi. Groups G1-84 and G3-147 presented the most exacerbated nervous signs. Group G2-93 only presented milder signs including slight motor incoordination, and an increased rectal temperature starting from day 5 post infection (PI). The main histopathological findings were the presence of a mononuclear inflammatory infiltrate (lymphocytic/monocytic) surrounding the ventricles in the brain and focal interstitial pneumonitis with distention of the alveolar sacs in the lungs. PorPV and RNA distribution were identified in the organs of the nervous, lymphatic, and respiratory systems of the piglets analyzed at different times (days 5, 10, and 15 PI). The viral antigen was detected in the brain and lungs in most of the assessed groups. Seroconversion was evident in groups G1-84 and G2-93. Groups G1-84 and G3-147 were the most clinically affected by the experimental infection. Both strains were isolated in the state of Michoacán. The virulence of the new isolates maintains similar characteristics to those reported more than 30 years ago.

Forma nervosa da artrite-encefalite caprina / Nervous form of caprine arthritis-encephalitis

São descritos dois casos de caprinos, fêmeas, mestiços da raça Saanen de dois meses de idade com sinais clínicos de paresia de membros posteriores, incoordenação, dificuldade respiratória e caquexia, que foram submetidos à eutanásia, devido ao prognóstico desfavorável. Na necropsia, observou-se congestão do sistema nervoso central (SNC) e consolidação pulmonar nos dois caprinos. Microscopicamente, as alterações foram caracterizadas por leucoencefalomielite linfoplasmocítica multifocal, com vacuolização do neurópilo e esferoides axonais, leptomeningite, pneumonia intersticial não supurativa no caprino A e broncopneumonia bacteriana no caprino B. O exame de imuno-histoquímica (IHQ) foi positivo para o vírus da artrite-encefalite caprina em fragmento de tálamo. A prova de imunodifusão em gel de ágar (IDGA) foi realizada em vinte animais do rebanho de origem e dezesseis animais foram positivos. O diagnóstico da forma nervosa da infecção pelo vírus da artrite-encefalite caprina (CAEV) foi baseado no quadro clínico-patológico, IHQ e IDGA. Esta apresentação clínica da CAE pode ser pouco comum no Brasil, mas deve ser considerada em caso de doenças neurológicas em pequenos ruminantes.

Two cases are described of female goats, Saanen crossbreds, two months old, with clinical signs of hind limb paresis, incoordination, difficulty breathing and cachexia, which were subjected to euthanasia due to unfavorable prognosis. At necropsy it was possible to observe that there was congestion of the central nervous system (CNS) and pulmonary consolidation in both goats. Microscopic changes were characterized by multifocal lymphoplasmacytic leucoencephalomielitis, with vacuolization of neuropile and axonal spheroids, leptomeningitis, interstitial nonsupurative pneumonia in goat A and bacterial bronchopneumonia in goat B. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was positive for the caprine arthritis - encephalitis virus in thalamus fragments. The agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID) test was performed in sera sample of twenty animals and sixteen resulted positive. Diagnosis of the nervous form of caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (CAEV) infection was based on clinical and pathological status, IHC and AGID. This clinical presentation of CAE could be uncommon in Brazil, but must be considered in case of neurologic diseases in small ruminants.

Forma nervosa da artrite-encefalite caprina

Two cases are described of female goats, Saanen crossbreds, two months old, with clinical signs of hind limb paresis, incoordination, difficulty breathing and cachexia, which were subjected to euthanasia due to unfavorable prognosis. At necropsy it was possible to observe that there was congestion of the central nervous system (CNS) and pulmonary consolidation in both goats. Microscopic changes were characterized by multifocal lymphoplasmacytic leucoencephalomielitis, with vacuolization of neuropile and axonal spheroids, leptomeningitis, interstitial nonsupurative pneumonia in goat A and bacterial bronchopneumonia in goat B. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was positive for the caprine arthritis - encephalitis virus in thalamus fragments. The agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID) test was performed in sera sample of twenty animals and sixteen resulted positive. Diagnosis of the nervous form of caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (CAEV) infection was based on clinical and pathological status, IHC and AGID. This clinical presentation of CAE could be uncommon in Brazil, but must be considered in case of neurologic diseases in small ruminants.

São descritos dois casos de caprinos, fêmeas, mestiços da raça Saanen de dois meses de idade com sinais clínicos de paresia de membros posteriores, incoordenação, dificuldade respiratória e caquexia, que foram submetidos à eutanásia, devido ao prognóstico desfavorável. Na necropsia, observou-se congestão do sistema nervoso central (SNC) e consolidação pulmonar nos dois caprinos. Microscopicamente, as alterações foram caracterizadas por leucoencefalomielite linfoplasmocítica multifocal, com vacuolização do neurópilo e esferoides axonais, leptomeningite, pneumonia intersticial não supurativa no caprino A e broncopneumonia bacteriana no caprino B. O exame de imuno-histoquímica (IHQ) foi positivo para o vírus da artrite-encefalite caprina em fragmento de tálamo. A prova de imunodifusão em gel de ágar (IDGA) foi realizada em vinte animais do rebanho de origem e dezesseis animais foram positivos. O diagnóstico da forma nervosa da infecção pelo vírus da artrite-encefalite caprina (CAEV) foi baseado no quadro clínico-patológico, IHQ e IDGA. Esta apresentação clínica da CAE pode ser pouco comum no Brasil, mas deve ser considerada em caso de doenças neurológicas em pequenos ruminantes.

Forma nervosa da artrite-encefalite caprina

Two cases are described of female goats, Saanen crossbreds, two months old, with clinical signs of hind limb paresis, incoordination, difficulty breathing and cachexia, which were subjected to euthanasia due to unfavorable prognosis. At necropsy it was possible to observe that there was congestion of the central nervous system (CNS) and pulmonary consolidation in both goats. Microscopic changes were characterized by multifocal lymphoplasmacytic leucoencephalomielitis, with vacuolization of neuropile and axonal spheroids, leptomeningitis, interstitial nonsupurative pneumonia in goat A and bacterial bronchopneumonia in goat B. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was positive for the caprine arthritis - encephalitis virus in thalamus fragments. The agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID) test was performed in sera sample of twenty animals and sixteen resulted positive. Diagnosis of the nervous form of caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (CAEV) infection was based on clinical and pathological status, IHC and AGID. This clinical presentation of CAE could be uncommon in Brazil, but must be considered in case of neurologic diseases in small ruminants.

São descritos dois casos de caprinos, fêmeas, mestiços da raça Saanen de dois meses de idade com sinais clínicos de paresia de membros posteriores, incoordenação, dificuldade respiratória e caquexia, que foram submetidos à eutanásia, devido ao prognóstico desfavorável. Na necropsia, observou-se congestão do sistema nervoso central (SNC) e consolidação pulmonar nos dois caprinos. Microscopicamente, as alterações foram caracterizadas por leucoencefalomielite linfoplasmocítica multifocal, com vacuolização do neurópilo e esferoides axonais, leptomeningite, pneumonia intersticial não supurativa no caprino A e broncopneumonia bacteriana no caprino B. O exame de imuno-histoquímica (IHQ) foi positivo para o vírus da artrite-encefalite caprina em fragmento de tálamo. A prova de imunodifusão em gel de ágar (IDGA) foi realizada em vinte animais do rebanho de origem e dezesseis animais foram positivos. O diagnóstico da forma nervosa da infecção pelo vírus da artrite-encefalite caprina (CAEV) foi baseado no quadro clínico-patológico, IHQ e IDGA. Esta apresentação clínica da CAE pode ser pouco comum no Brasil, mas deve ser considerada em caso de doenças neurológicas em pequenos ruminantes.

Forma nervosa da artrite-encefalite caprina

Two cases are described of female goats, Saanen crossbreds, two months old, with clinical signs of hind limb paresis, incoordination, difficulty breathing and cachexia, which were subjected to euthanasia due to unfavorable prognosis. At necropsy it was possible to observe that there was congestion of the central nervous system (CNS) and pulmonary consolidation in both goats. Microscopic changes were characterized by multifocal lymphoplasmacytic leucoencephalomielitis, with vacuolization of neuropile and axonal spheroids, leptomeningitis, interstitial nonsupurative pneumonia in goat A and bacterial bronchopneumonia in goat B. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was positive for the caprine arthritis - encephalitis virus in thalamus fragments. The agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID) test was performed in sera sample of twenty animals and sixteen resulted positive. Diagnosis of the nervous form of caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (CAEV) infection was based on clinical and pathological status, IHC and AGID. This clinical presentation of CAE could be uncommon in Brazil, but must be considered in case of neurologic diseases in small ruminants.

São descritos dois casos de caprinos, fêmeas, mestiços da raça Saanen de dois meses de idade com sinais clínicos de paresia de membros posteriores, incoordenação, dificuldade respiratória e caquexia, que foram submetidos à eutanásia, devido ao prognóstico desfavorável. Na necropsia, observou-se congestão do sistema nervoso central (SNC) e consolidação pulmonar nos dois caprinos. Microscopicamente, as alterações foram caracterizadas por leucoencefalomielite linfoplasmocítica multifocal, com vacuolização do neurópilo e esferoides axonais, leptomeningite, pneumonia intersticial não supurativa no caprino A e broncopneumonia bacteriana no caprino B. O exame de imuno-histoquímica (IHQ) foi positivo para o vírus da artrite-encefalite caprina em fragmento de tálamo. A prova de imunodifusão em gel de ágar (IDGA) foi realizada em vinte animais do rebanho de origem e dezesseis animais foram positivos. O diagnóstico da forma nervosa da infecção pelo vírus da artrite-encefalite caprina (CAEV) foi baseado no quadro clínico-patológico, IHQ e IDGA. Esta apresentação clínica da CAE pode ser pouco comum no Brasil, mas deve ser considerada em caso de doenças neurológicas em pequenos ruminantes.

Immunopathogenesis and neurological manifestations associated to HTLV-1 infection / Imunopatogênese e manifestações neurológicas associadas à infecção pelo HTLV-1

The human T lymphotropic virus type-1 (HTLV-1) was the first human retrovirus identified. The virus is transmitted through sexual intercourse, blood transfusion, sharing of contaminated needles or syringes and from mother to child, mainly through breastfeeding. In addition to the well-known association between HTLV-1 and HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP), several diseases and neurologic manifestations have been associated with the virus. This review was conducted through a PubMed search of the terms HTLV-1, immune response and neurological diseases. Emphasis was given to the most recent data regarding pathogenesis and clinical manifestations of HTLV-1 infection. The aim of the review is to analyze the immune response and the variety of neurological manifestations associated to HTLV-1 infection. A total of 102 articles were reviewed. The literature shows that a large percentage of HTLV-1 infected individuals have others neurological symptoms than HAM/TSP. Increased understanding of these numerous others clinical manifestations associated to the virus than adult T cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) and HAM/TSP has challenged the view that HTLV-1 is a low morbidity infection.

O vírus linfotrópico de células T humanas do tipo 1 (HTLV-1) foi o primeiro retrovírus humano identificado. O vírus é transmitido via relação sexual, transfusão de sangue, compartilhamento de agulhas ou seringas contaminadas ou da mãe para o filho, principalmente através da amamentação. Além da conhecida associação entre o HTLV-1 e a mielopatia associada ao HTLV-1 (HAM/TSP), várias doenças e manifestações neurológicas tem sido associadas com o vírus. Esta revisão de literatura foi conduzida através de pesquisa ao banco de dados do PubMed, com os termos HTLV-1, resposta imune e doenças neurológicas. Foram enfatizados os dados mais recentes sobre a patogênese e às manifestações clínicas na infecção pelo HTLV-1. O objetivo dessa revisão é analisar a resposta imune e a variedade de manifestações neurológicas associadas com a infecção pelo HTLV-1. Um total de 102 artigos foi analisado. A literatura mostra que grande porcentagem de indivíduos infectados pelo HTLV-1 apresenta sintomas neurológicos mesmo na ausência de HAM/TSP. Uma maior compreensão das várias manifestações clínicas associadas ao vírus, além da leucemia/linfoma de células T do adulto (ATLL) e HAM/TSP, auxilia a estabelecer que, na realidade, a infecção pelo vírus possui uma morbidade maior do que se pensava.