Prevalencia de Neuropatía periférica de pequeñas fibras asociada a retinopatía en diabéticos tipo 2: Uso prueba biomédica por imagen termográfica

Introducción: La neuropatía periférica diabética de fibras delgadas (NPD-fd) son diagnosticadas por pruebas biomédicas vasomotoras cuyo fundamento es la alteración de la termorregulación de la piel. Objetivos: Calcular la prevalencia y los factores asociados a NPD-fd usando imagen termográfica (IT). Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional, transversal analítico en una unidad especializada en el ámbito de la atención primaria, en el que se avaluó pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 mediante pruebas neurológicas periféricas como la sensibilidad táctil y vibratoria para el diagnóstico de NPD de fibras gruesas (NPDfg) y la termorregulación pasiva por IT para la NPD-fd . Ésta última se realizó en la planta del pie utilizando una cámara termográfica en la consulta ambulatoria, evaluando 5 mediciones termográficas plantares por sujeto. Luego, la asociación entre diabéticos con y sin NPD-fd fue analizada respecto a género, edad, tiempo de enfermedad diabética, tipo de tratamiento diabético, hipertensión, retinopatía, nefropatía, dieta baja en carbohidratos, actividad física, síntoma dolor y IMC. Resultados: Se estudiaron 304 pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo 2, una edad promedio de 65.07±11.39 años, en su mayoría de sexo masculino, encontrándose una NPD-fg en 14.8 %, NPD-fd en 27.3 % y ambas NPD en 34.9%. La asociación de la NPD-fd fue únicamente con el factor de la presencia de retinopatía (α=0,02, C= 0.18). Conclusiones: Se encontró una alta prevalencia de NPD-fd usando una imagen termográfica que estuvo asociado a la presencia de retinopatía.

Introduction: Small fibers diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN-sf) are diagnosed by biomedical vasomotor tests whose foundation is altered skin thermoregulation. Objectives: To estimate the prevalence and factors associated with DPN-sf using thermographic imaging (TI). Methods: An observational, cross-sectional, analytical study was performed in a specialized unit in the primary care setting, in which patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus were assessed by peripheral neurological tests such as tactile and vibratory sensitivity for the diagnosis of large fibers peripheral neuropathy (DPN-lf) and passive thermoregulation by TI for DPN-sf .The latter was performed on the sole using a thermographic camera in the outpatient clinic, evaluating 5 plantar thermographic measurements per subject. Then, the association between diabetics with and without DPN-sf was analyzed concerning gender, age, time of diabetic disease, type of diabetic treatment, hypertension, retinopathy, nephropathy, low carbohydrate diet, physical activity, pain symptom, and BMI. Results: 304 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus were studied, mean age of 65.07±11.39 years, mostly male, finding DPN-lf in 14.8 %, DPN-sf in 27.3 %, and both NPD in 34.9%. The association of DPN-sf was only with the factor of the presence of retinopathy (α=0.02, C= 0.18). Conclusions: We found a high prevalence of DPN-sf using thermographic imaging that was associated with the presence of retinopathy.

Neuropatia periférica induzida por quimioterápicos: sintomas e o risco de queda em mulheres idosas com câncer / Peripheral neuropathy induced by chemotherapy: symptoms and the risk of falling in elderly women with cancer

Introdução: Os avanços nas áreas da saúde e tecnologia favoreceram o processo de transição demográfica e o aumento da expectativa de vida. Consequentemente, o aumento da população idosa ocasiona um aumento das doenças crônicas não-transmissíveis, que incluem o câncer, considerado a segunda principal causa de morte em todo mundo. Dentre as diversas opções de tratamento do câncer destaca-se a quimioterapia, que durante seu uso o paciente pode apresentar diferentes eventos adversos. Um destes eventos é a neurotoxicidade, conhecida como neuropatia periférica induzida por quimioterápicos (NPIQ), que é caracterizada como uma lesão inflamatória ou degenerativa dos nervos periféricos. Manifesta-se por sintomas sensoriais típicos, como perda de sensibilidade nos membros e perda de reflexos, fraqueza em mãos e pés e disestesias, perda de discriminação entre o toque e temperatura (frio e calor), cujas manifestações clínicas incluem dor, formigamento, choque e queimação, e podem implicar em consequências negativas para a vida cotidiana e tornando-se mais vulnerável a ocorrências de quedas. Objetivos: Avaliar a ocorrência da NPIQ e o risco de queda em mulheres idosas com diagnóstico de câncer. Métodos: Estudo quantitativo, descritivo e transversal, desenvolvido com 60 mulheres idosas que realizavam o tratamento quimioterápico para qualquer tipo de câncer. Os dados coletados foram sócio-demográficos e sobre o câncer, e foram aplicados os instrumentos: Escala de Risco de Queda (Fall Risk Score), Escala de Fragilidade de Edmonton (Edmonton Frail Scale) e Ferramenta de Avaliação de Neuropatia Periférica Induzida por Quimioterapia (FANPIQ). Os dados foram digitados no Microsoft Excel, e analisado no Statistical Package for the Social Sciences - SPSS v. 22.0. Foram realizadas análises descritivas com média e desvio padrão, analítica e testes de regressão multivariada. Resultados: A média de idade das participantes foi 69,57 (DP±7,63) anos, 58,3% apresentava hipertensão arterial e 30% diabetes mellitus, 96,7% utilizavam algum tipo de medicação e 75% apresentavam câncer de mama. Quanto ao risco de queda, 36,7% das participantes afirmaram já ter apresentado algum tipo de queda nos últimos 12 meses, com ou sem lesão; entretanto somente 6,7% apresentaram algum déficit sensorial. Na avaliação da fragilidade, 58,3% das idosas não precisavam de auxílio para realizar atividades básicas da vida diária, e 48,3% das participantes foram aprovadas na cognição. Quanto aos sintomas neuropáticos que avaliou a ocorrência de dormência, formigamento, sensibilidade e neuralgia durante o tratamento quimioterápico, todos com influência em algumas atividades cotidianas das mulheres. De acordo com as análises de regressão, a dormência e formigamento nas mãos, neuralgia, dormência nos pés e sensibilidade ao frio foram itens com associação estatística na escala de fragilidade. Conclusão: Este estudo avaliou a ocorrência da NPIQ e o risco de queda em mulheres idosas com diagnóstico de câncer. Apesar de pouco descrito na literatura, foi possível identificar a influência da NPIQ nas atividades cotidianas, com a associação entre os sintomas e o risco de queda, bem como as limitações funcionais no cotidiano da mulher

Introduction: Advances in the areas of health and technology favored the process of demographic transition and increased life expectancy. Consequently, the increase in the elderly population causes an increase in non-communicable chronic diseases, which include cancer, considered the second leading cause of death worldwide. Among the various cancer treatment options, chemotherapy stands out, as during its use the patient may experience different adverse events. One of these events is neurotoxicity, known as chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN), which is characterized as an inflammatory or degenerative lesion of the peripheral nerves. It is manifested by typical sensory symptoms, such as loss of sensitivity in the limbs and loss of reflexes, weakness in the hands and feet and dysesthesias, loss of discrimination between touch and temperature (cold and heat), whose clinical manifestations include pain, tingling, shock and burning, and may result in negative consequences for everyday life and make them more vulnerable to falls. Objective: To assess the occurrence of CIPN and the risk of falling in elderly women diagnosed with cancer. Method: Quantitative, descriptive and cross-sectional study, developed with 60 elderly women who underwent chemotherapy treatment for any type of cancer. The data collected were socio-demographic and about cancer, and the following instruments were applied: Fall Risk Score, Edmonton Frail Scale, and the Chemotherapy-Induced Peripheral Neuropathy Assessment Tool (FANPIQ). Data were entered into Microsoft Excel, and analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences - SPSS v. 22.0. Descriptive analyzes were performed with mean and standard deviation, analytical and multivariate regression tests. Results: The participants' mean age was 69.57 (SD±7.63) years, 58.3% had arterial hypertension and 30% had diabetes mellitus, 96.7% used some type of medication and 75% had breast cancer. As for the risk of falling, 36.7% of the participants stated that they had already had some type of fall in the last 12 months, with or without injury; however, only 6.7% had some sensory deficit. In the assessment of frailty, 58.3% of the elderly women did not need help to carry out basic activities of daily living, and 48.3% of the participants passed the cognition test. As for the neuropathic symptoms, it evaluated the occurrence of numbness, tingling, sensitivity and neuralgia during chemotherapy treatment, all of which influenced some of the women's daily activities. According to the regression analyses, numbness and tingling in the hands, neuralgia, numbness in the feet and sensitivity to cold were items with statistical association in the frailty scale. Conclusion: This study evaluated the occurrence of CIPN and the risk of falling in elderly women diagnosed with cancer. Although little described in the literature, it was possible to identify the influence of CIPN on daily activities, with the association between symptoms and the risk of falling, as well as functional limitations in women's daily lives

Polineuropatía por cadmio: una causa infrecuente, pero no menos importante, de neuropatía periférica / Cadmium polyneuropathy: a rare, but not less important, cause of peripheral neuropathy

Introducción: El cadmio es un metal pesado importante en neurobiología, con potenciales efectos neurotóxicos, frecuentemente en forma de polineuropatía. Caso clínico: Presentamos un caso excepcional de polineuropatía por cadmio de origen tóxico-ocupacional, en concreto, un varón de 47 años, mecánico aeronáutico, con un cuadro de cinco años de evolución, consistente en sensación de hormigueo ‘en guante y calcetín’ y torpeza manipulativa bimanual. En la exploración destacaba una hiporreflexia aquílea bilateral, y una hipoestesia exteroceptiva protopático-térmico-algésica en las manos y los pies. Se solicitó analítica general completa con perfil tóxico-metabólico-infeccioso-vitamínico, resonancia magnética craneomedular completa, estudio electroneurográfico-electromiográfico de los miembros superiores e inferiores, tomografía por emisión de positrones-tomografía axial computarizada body y videoelectroencefalograma de 24 horas. Los resultados fueron compatibles con una polineuropatía sensitivomotora axonal, distal, simétrica, de intensidad moderada, de evolución crónica y desnervación activa, de origen tóxico-ocupacional por cadmio. El paciente prosiguió la baja laboral para cesar la exposición al cadmio, iniciando neurorrehabilitación intensiva multimodal, y determinaciones analíticas seriadas de tóxicos y nuevos estudios electroneurográficos-electromiográficos cada seis meses, con normalización de los valores alterados y restitución clínica ad integrum al año. Conclusiones: Este caso enfatiza la importancia de incluir la determinación toxicológica del cadmio ante la sospecha de una polineuropatía de origen tóxico-ocupacional, descartadas otras etiologías, para interrumpir precozmente dicha exposición laboral, al ser una causa potencialmente reversible de neuropatía periférica. Actualmente no existe un tratamiento farmacológico específico frente al cadmio demostrado en seres humanos.(AU)

Introduction: Cadmium is an important heavy metal in neurobiology, with potential neurotoxic effects, often in the form of polyneuropathy (PNP). Case report: We present an exceptional case of PNP due to cadmium of toxic-occupational origin, specifically a 47-year-old man, aeronautical mechanic, with a 5-year clinical picture, consisting of a tingling sensation having a ‘glove and stocking’ distribution of symptoms and bimanual manipulative clumsiness. The neurological examination revealed bilateral achilles hyporeflexia and protopathic-thermal-algesic exteroceptive hypoesthesia in hands and feet. The following complementary rests were requested: toxic-metabolic-infectious-vitamin profile, full craniospinal MRI, electroneurographic-electromyographic study (ENG-EMG) of the upper and lower limbs, PET-CT body and 24-hour video-electroencephalogram. The results were consistent with an axonal, distal, symmetric sensory-motor PNP, of moderate intensity, chronic evolution, with active denervation, of toxic-occupational origin due to cadmium. The patient continued on sick leave to cease exposure to cadmium, initiating intensive multimodal neurorehabilitation program, with serial analytical determinations of toxins and new ENG-EMG studies every 6 months. With normalization of the altered values ​​and complete clinical restitution at one-year follow-up. Conclusions: This case highlights the importance of including the toxicological determination of cadmium in case of suspicion of a PNP of toxic-occupational origin, once ruled out other etiologies, in order to early interrupt occupational exposure, as it is a potentially reversible cause of peripheral neuropathy. Currently there is no specific pharmacological treatment against cadmium tested in humans. Randomized clinical trials carried out in these patients are warranted to develop an anti-cadmium drug in refractory cases despite the end of exposure.(AU)

Neuropatías periféricas, un enfoque multidimensional y práctico de una compleja condición / Peripheral neuropathies, a multidimensional and practical approach to a complex condition

Resumen Introducción: las neuropatías periféricas comprenden una amplia gama de entidades que afectan uno o múltiples nervios periféricos en cualquiera de sus categorías funcionales. Métodos: revisión de la literatura sobre la temática, mediante la búsqueda de artículos en las bases de datos Pubmed y Google Scholar publicadas en los últimos 21 años, sin restricción idiomática, excluyendo estudios descriptivos y reportes de caso. Resultados: las neuropatías periféricas tienen una prevalencia del 2 % al 3 %, pueden ser causadas por etiologías infecciosas, enfermedades inflamatorias, inmunológicas, trastornos neoplásicos, exposición a tóxicos, fármacos y deficiencias nutricionales. El diagnóstico depende del juicio clínico. La aplicación de estudios de laboratorios y electrodiagnóstico pueden clasificar adecuadamente estas entidades. El tratamiento depende de la entidad subyacente y debe incluir un enfoque multimodal. Conclusiones: establecer estrategias de prevención, detección y tratamiento temprano permite una potencial recuperación y disminuye los costos para el sistema de salud.

Abstract Introduction: peripheral neuropathies comprise a wide range of entities affecting one or multiple peripheral nerves in any of their functional categories. Methods: review of the literature on the subject, by searching for articles in Pubmed and Google Scholar databases published in the last 21 years, without language restriction, excluding descriptive studies and case reports. Results: peripheral neuropathies have a prevalence of 2 % to 3 %, and can be caused by infectious etiologies, inflammatory diseases, immunological, neoplastic disorders, exposure to toxins, drugs and nutritional deficiencies. Their diagnosis depends on clinical judgment. The application of laboratory and electrodiagnostic studies can adequately classify these entities. Treatment depends on the underlying entity and should include a multimodal approach. Conclusions: establishing strategies for prevention, early detection and treatment allows for potential recovery and decreases costs for the health system.

miR-125a-5p in astrocytes attenuates peripheral neuropathy in type 2 diabetic mice through targeting TRAF6.

INTRODUCTION: Elimination or blocking of astrocytes could ameliorate neuropathic pain in animal models. MiR-125a-5p, expressed in astrocyte derived extracellular vesicles, could mediate astrocyte function to regulate neuron communication. However, the role of miR-125a-5p in DPN (diabetic peripheral neuropathy) remains elusive. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Type 2 diabetic mouse (db/db) was used as DPN model, which was confirmed by detection of body weight, blood glucose, mechanical allodynia, thermal hyperalgesia, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1). Astrocyte was isolated from db/db mouse and then subjected to high glucose treatment. The expression of miR-125a-5p in db/db mice and high glucose-induced astrocytes was examined by qRT-PCR analysis. Downstream target of miR-125a-5p was clarified by luciferase reporter assay. Tail vein injection of miR-125a-5p mimic into db/db mice was then performed to investigate role of miR-125a-5p on DPN. RESULTS: Type 2 diabetic mice showed higher body weight and blood glucose than normal db/m mice. Thermal hyperalgesia and mechanical allodynia were decreased in db/db mouse compared with db/m mouse, while GFAP and MCP-1 were increased in db/db mouse. High glucose treatment enhanced the protein expression of GFAP and MCP-1 in astrocytes. Sciatic nerve tissues in db/db mice and high glucose-induced astrocytes exhibited a decrease in miR-125a-5p. Systemic administration of miR-125a-5p mimic increased mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia, whereas it decreased GFAP and MCP-1. TRAF6 (tumor necrosis factor receptor associated factor 6) was validated as target of miR-125a-5p. CONCLUSION: MiR-125a-5p in astrocytes attenuated DPN in db/db mice by up-regulation of TRAF6, which indicated the potential therapeutic effect.

Sarcopenia, neuropatía periférica y enfermedad arterial periférica en pacientes con diabetes mellitus sometidos a hemodiálisis / Sarcopenia, peripheral neuropathy, and peripheral arterial disease in patients with diabetes mellitus under hemodialysis

Resumen Introducción: La sarcopenia se caracteriza por pérdida de fuerza y masa muscular. Los pacientes con diabetes mellitus que se encuentran bajo tratamiento en hemodiálisis tienen disminución de actividad física y cambios en su ingestión alimentaria, lo que propicia también la presencia de sarcopenia; por otro lado, la neuropatía periférica y enfermedad arterial periférica aparecen comúnmente como complicaciones crónicas de la diabetes mellitus. Material y métodos: Se realizó un estudio transversal, observacional, en pacientes con diabetes mellitus y hemodiálisis. Para la evaluación de la sarcopenia se midió fuerza muscular, rendimiento físico y cantidad de masa muscular. Se midió fuerza muscular con dinamómetro, mientras que el rendimiento físico se evaluó con el tiempo en segundos de marcha con cronómetro, la cantidad de músculo de obtuvo utilizando una báscula con bioimpedancia. Se consideró sarcopenia severa cuando existía baja fuerza y cantidad muscular además de bajo rendimiento físico. La neuropatía periférica se evaluó explorando la sensibilidad a la presión y el tacto con el monofilamento de Semmes-Weinstein y sensibilidad profunda con un diapasón de 128 Hz. El índice tobillo-brazo fue la medición tomada para la clasificación de enfermedad arterial periférica. Resultados: El análisis final se realizó con 33 pacientes. Con un tiempo en hemodiálisis de 3,57 ± 2,56 años. La prevalencia de sarcopenia severa y sarcopenia fue de 90,8% y la de pre-sarcopenia de 9% del total de los pacientes; por otro lado, se encontró al 78,1% los pacientes con pérdida de la sensibilidad profunda, mientras que el porcentaje de los pacientes con pérdida de la sensibilidad a la presión y al tacto fue de 54,5%. Se encontró correlación entre los parámetros de sarcopenia y el tiempo de evolución de la insuficiencia renal y la edad. Conclusión: La sarcopenia se presenta, en sus diferentes etapas, en prácticamente todos los pacientes con diabetes mellitus sometidos a hemodiálisis; existe relación con la edad del paciente y el tiempo de hemodiálisis.

Abstract Introduction: Sarcopenia is characterized by loss of strength and muscle mass. Patients with diabetes mellitus who are under hemodialysis treatment show decreased physical activity and changes in their food intake, which also leads to the presence of sarcopenia. On the other hand, peripheral neuropathy and peripheral arterial disease commonly appear as chronic complications of diabetes mellitus. Methods: A cross-sectional, observational study was carried out in diabetes mellitus patients on hemodialysis. For the assessment of sarcopenia, muscle strength, physical performance and muscle mass percentage were measured. Muscle strength was calculated with a dynamometer, while physical performance was evaluated in seconds by means of a walk test with a stopwatch; muscle mass percentage was obtained using a scale with bioelectrical impedance. Sarcopenia was considered severe when there was low muscle strength and percentage in addition to low physical performance. Peripheral neuropathy was assessed by exploring touch and pressure sensibility with the Semmes-Weinstein monofilament test and deep sensibility with a 128 Hz tuning fork. The ankle-brachial index was the measurement taken for the peripheral arterial disease classification. Results: The final analysis was performed with 33 patients, whose time on hemodialysis was 3.57 ± 2.56 years. The prevalence of severe sarcopenia and sarcopenia was 90.8% and that of pre-sarcopenia was 9% of all patients. On the other hand, 78.1% were found to be patients with loss of deep sensibility, while the percentage of patients with loss of sensibility to pressure and touch was 54.5%. A correlation was found between the sarcopenia parameters and the time of evolution of renal failure and age. Conclusion: Sarcopenia occurs, in its different stages, in practically all diabetes mellitus patients undergoing hemodialysis; there is a relationship with the patient's age and hemodialysis time.

miR-125a-5p in astrocytes attenuates peripheral neuropathy in type 2 diabetic mice through targeting TRAF6.

INTRODUCTION: Elimination or blocking of astrocytes could ameliorate neuropathic pain in animal models. MiR-125a-5p, expressed in astrocyte derived extracellular vesicles, could mediate astrocyte function to regulate neuron communication. However, the role of miR-125a-5p in DPN (diabetic peripheral neuropathy) remains elusive. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Type 2 diabetic mouse (db/db) was used as DPN model, which was confirmed by detection of body weight, blood glucose, mechanical allodynia, thermal hyperalgesia, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1). Astrocyte was isolated from db/db mouse and then subjected to high glucose treatment. The expression of miR-125a-5p in db/db mice and high glucose-induced astrocytes was examined by qRT-PCR analysis. Downstream target of miR-125a-5p was clarified by luciferase reporter assay. Tail vein injection of miR-125a-5p mimic into db/db mice was then performed to investigate role of miR-125a-5p on DPN. RESULTS: Type 2 diabetic mice showed higher body weight and blood glucose than normal db/m mice. Thermal hyperalgesia and mechanical allodynia were decreased in db/db mouse compared with db/m mouse, while GFAP and MCP-1 were increased in db/db mouse. High glucose treatment enhanced the protein expression of GFAP and MCP-1 in astrocytes. Sciatic nerve tissues in db/db mice and high glucose-induced astrocytes exhibited a decrease in miR-125a-5p. Systemic administration of miR-125a-5p mimic increased mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia, whereas it decreased GFAP and MCP-1. TRAF6 (tumor necrosis factor receptor associated factor 6) was validated as target of miR-125a-5p. CONCLUSION: MiR-125a-5p in astrocytes attenuated DPN in db/db mice by up-regulation of TRAF6, which indicated the potential therapeutic effect.

Neuropatía Periférica en la enfermedad de Parkinson / Peripheral Neuropathy in Parkinsons disease

RESUMEN La enfermedad de Parkinson es una entidad neurodegenerativa con alteraciones principalmente extrapiramidales, del sistema nervioso autónomo y, en etapas finales, alteraciones cognitivas y neuropsiquiátricas. Desde 1976 se reconocen además síntomas neurosensoriales dependientes del sistema nervioso periférico, presentes en casi la mitad de los pacientes y que preceden incluso a los síntomas motores. Los síntomas sensitivos fueron inicialmente atribuidos a distonías o a niveles indebidos de levodopa en ausencia de medicación apropiada; sin embargo, estudios recientes sugieren una etiología intrínseca a la propia enfermedad. Se reconocen tres formas de presentación: polineuropatía crónica (la más común), aguda y subaguda. La clínica de la polineuropatía es concurrente con la de la enfermedad de Parkinson y el diagnóstico es básicamente clínico, aun cuando se cuenta con el apoyo de la electromiografía y de la velocidad de conducción nerviosa, cuya normalidad no descartaría a esta entidad. El manejo actual está basado en la presunción etiológica, por lo que la reposición de vitaminas como la B12, B1 y folatos puede considerarse como parte del mismo. La etiología, el pronóstico y la fisiopatología son aún temas de debate y requieren, por lo tanto, más investigaciones.

SUMMARY Parkinson´s disease is a neurodegenerative entity with predominant extrapyramidal and dysautonomic features and, in the final stages, cognitive and neuropsychiatric manifestations. Since 1976, the involvement of the peripheric nervous system has been recognized, mainly through neurosensorial symptoms affecting almost half of the Parkinson patients, even before the onset of motor symptoms. Initially, these symptoms were attributed to dystonia or the use of levodopa in the absence od medications; however, recent studies suggest an intrinsic etiology in idiopathic Parkinson´s disease. Chronic (the most frequently described), subacute and acute polyneuropathy are the main clinical forms. The sensory symptoms coexist with those of Parkinson´s disease. The diagnosis is essentially based on a clinical examination supported by electromyography and tests of neuro-conduction velocity whose normality does not rule out this entity, however. Its management depends on the etiological assumptions, and includes the eventual use of vitamin B12, B1 and folates replacement therapy. The etiology, the prognosis and the physiopathology are still topics of debate whose clarification requires further research.

The neurology behind three wounded French artists during the great world war / A neurologia por trás de três artistas franceses feridos durante a grande guerra mundial

Abstract A unique association joins Guillaume Apollinaire, Blaise Cendrars and Louis Ferdinand Céline. Besides being great exponents of French literature, they were all neurologically wounded during the First World War. Apollinaire had a traumatic brain injury, Cendrars developed phantom limb neuropathic pain and Céline presented radial nerve paralysis. There is quite an evidence that supports that their artistic output was also influenced by acquired neurological conditions during the war. The examples of these three French authors reveal the surprising intimacy Neurology can share with art and history.

Resumo Uma associação única une Guillaume Apollinaire, Blaise Cendrars e Louis Ferdinand Céline. Além de serem grandes expoentes da literatura francesa, todos eles foram feridos neurologicamente durante a Primeira Guerra Mundial. Apollinaire sofreu traumatismo cranioencefálico, Cendrars desenvolveu dor neuropática do membro fantasma e Céline apresentou paralisia do nervo radial. Há bastantes evidências que sustentam que a sua produção artística também foi influenciada pelas condições neurológicas adquiridas durante a guerra. Os exemplos desses três autores franceses revelam a surpreendente intimidade que a neurologia pode compartilhar com a arte e a história.

[Severe hypocupremia and familial amyloid polyneuropathy]. / Hipocupremia severa y polineuropatía amiloidótica familiar por transtiretina.

INTRODUCTION: Introduction: we report a patient with transthyretin familial amyloid polyneuropathy (TTR-FAP) and severe hypocupremia. Case report: a 79-year-old male with TTR-FAP and severe malnutrition. Laboratory tests showed low serum copper (Cu) and ceruloplasmin levels, as well as low urinary Cu levels. The patient reported neither digestive symptoms nor previous gastrointestinal surgery. Liver function tests, iron metabolism, hemoglobin, leukocytes and zinc were normal. Discussion: Cu is a trace element. It is part of the cuproenzymes involved in several physiological functions. Hypocupremia can be related to genetic or acquired etiologies, including low intake, bariatric surgery, increased losses, etc. Primary clinical manifestations include hematological (anemia and leukopenia) and neurological (myelopathy, peripheral neuropathy) features. Treatment is empirical. In severe cases it may be initiated with endovenose administration, followed by oral supplementation.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Introducción: presentamos el caso de un paciente con antecedentes de polineuropatía amiloidótica familiar por transtiretina (TTR-FAP) diagnosticado de hipocupremia severa. Caso clínico: varón de 79 años afecto de TTR-FAP. Visto en consulta de nutrición por desnutrición severa. En el estudio analítico presenta cifras de cobre (Cu) sérico y ceruloplasmina bajas, con Cu en orina también bajo. No tiene clínica digestiva ni antecedentes de cirugía gastrointestinal. Las pruebas de función hepática, la ferrocinética, las cifras de Hb y leucocitos y los niveles de zinc (Zn) no presentan alteraciones relevantes. Discusión: el Cu es un oligoelemento que participa como componente de las cuproenzimas en múltiples funciones fisiológicas. Los niveles séricos bajos pueden relacionarse con causas genéticas o adquiridas, como la baja ingesta, la cirugía bariátrica, el aumento de las pérdidas, etc. Las principales manifestaciones clínicas son hematológicas (anemia, leucopenia) o neurológicas (mielopatía, neuropatía periférica). El tratamiento tiene base empírica. En los casos severos puede iniciarse con administración intravenosa, seguido de mantenimiento por vía oral.

Neuropatía periférica en tres miembros de una familia tras intoxicación aguda con monóxido de carbono: reporte de caso / Peripheral neuropathy in three family members after acute carbon monoxide poisoning: A case report

La neuropatía periférica es una complicación presente en menos del 5 % de los casos de intoxicación por monóxido de carbono. El presente artículo describe las características clíni- cas de tres pacientes que acudieron con síntomas de lesión de nervio periférico tras estar expuestos a un incendio. Las variaciones clínicas incluyeron debilidad de miembros inferiores, parestesias y dolor tipo ardor. Se usaron estudios de electrodiagnóstico a los 14 días del evento, los cuales mostraron cambios no específicos. Al año del evento, uno de los pacientes confirmó lesión desmielinizante y axonal de nervio periférico. La presencia de signos y síntomas en conjunto con el antecedente de inhalación de humo, establecen el nexo etiológico con la intoxicación por monóxido de carbono. Este caso demuestra la importancia de considerar la intoxicación por monóxido de carbono como causa de neuropatía periférica. El diagnóstico debe fundamentarse en una historia clínica completa y puede apoyarse de electrodiagnóstico

Prevalencia de Neuropatía Periférica en una Unidad de Diabetes / Prevalence of Peripheral Neuropathy in a Diabetes Unit / Prevalência de neuropatia periférica em uma unidade de diabetes

Resumen: La principal complicación crónica de la diabetes mellitus es la neuropatía, en particular la polineuropatía diabética. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la prevalencia de polineuropatía y su asociación a factores de riesgo y complicaciones crónicas en una unidad de diabetes. En una población de 81 pacientes diabéticos, se encontró una prevalencia de polineuropatía de 34.6%. Es más frecuente y severa en la población de DM2, y se asoció con mayor tiempo de evolución de la enfermedad y complicaciones microangiopáticas. La polineuropatía sintomática predominó en el sexo femenino. Se concluye que la población diabética debe ser sometida a screening oportuno de polineuropatía.

Abstract: The main chronic complication of diabetes mellitus is neuropathy, in particular diabetic polyneuropathy. The objective of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of polyneuropathy and its association with risk factors and chronic complications in a diabetes unit. In a population of 81 diabetic patients, a polyneuropathy prevalence of 34.6% was found. It is more frequent and severe in the T2DM population, and was associated with longer disease progression and microangiopathic complications. Symptomatic polyneuropathy predominated in the female sex. It is concluded that the diabetic population should undergo timely screening for polyneuropathy.

Resumo: A principal complicação crônica do diabetes mellitus é a neuropatia, em particular a polineuropatia diabética. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a prevalência de polineuropatia e sua associação com fatores de risco e complicações crônicas em uma unidade de diabetes. Em uma população de 81 pacientes diabéticos, foi encontrada uma prevalência de polineuropatia de 34,6%. É mais frequente e grave na população com DM2 e esteve associada a maior progressão da doença e complicações microangiopáticas. A polineuropatia sintomática predominou no sexo feminino. Conclui-se que a população diabética deve ser submetida a uma triagem oportuna da polineuropatia.

Sensory multiple mononeuropathy induced by pravastatin use: from a case report to literature's review / Mononeuropatia múltipla sensitiva induzida pelo uso de pravastatina: de um relato de caso à revisão de literatura

Statins are frequently prescribed in clinical practice for their proven efficacy in prevention of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. Despite the recognized beneficial effects of this class of drugs, in recent years, many studies published in medical literature have shown a wide range of adverse effects as a consequence of this therapy, including the risk of peripheral neuropathy. The purpose of this article is to report a case in which clinical features consistent with multiple mononeuropathy probably secondary to use of pravastatin were observed. The case report is followed by a review of the relevant literature.

As estatinas são frequentemente prescritas na prática clínica por sua comprovada eficácia na prevenção de doenças cardiovasculares e cérebrovasculares. Apesar dos reconhecidos efeitos benéficos dessa classe medicamentosa, nos últimos anos, diversos estudos publicados na literatura médica vem evidenciando uma ampla variedade de efeitos colaterais como consequência desta terapia, incluindo o risco de neuropatias periféricas. O objetivo deste artigo é relatar um caso no qual foram observadas manifestações clínicas compatíveis com o diagnóstico de mononeuropatia múltipla sensitiva, provavelmente secundária ao uso de pravastatina. O relato de caso é acompanhando de uma revisão de dados pertinentes da literatura.

Función de la amiloidosis en la neuropatía periférica de los pacientes con anemia drepanocítica / Function of amyloidosis in peripheral neuropathy of patients with sickle cell anemia

Introducción: El estado inflamatorio que acompaña la anemia drepanocítica puede asociarse a amiloidosis sistémica, complicación que ha sido comunicada en esta enfermedad, que también puede afectar los nervios periféricos por el proceso vaso-oclusivo crónico en esta. Objetivos: Evaluar la función de la amiloidosis en el desarrollo de la neuropatía periférica en un grupo de pacientes con hemoglobinopatía SS. Métodos: Para determinar si la amiloidosis participa en el desarrollo de neuropatía periférica en los pacientes con drepanocitosis se estudiaron 45 sujetos mediante evaluación clínica, biopsia de grasa abdominal y estudio de conducción nerviosa, evaluándose si existía relación entre ambos trastornos. Resultados: Se encontraron signos de neuropatía predominantemente sensitiva. Las alteraciones del estudio de conducción fueron constantes, comprobándose que la existencia de amiloidosis aumentó la frecuencia y la severidad de la neuropatía en estos pacientes. La biopsia de nervio peroneo demostró amiloidosis en dos casos. Conclusiones: Los resultados indican que la amiloidosis se relaciona con el desarrollo de neuropatía periférica en los pacientes con anemia drepanocítica(AU)

Introduction: The inflammatory condition that accompanies sickle cell anemia can be associated to systemic amyloidosis, a complication of this disease which can also affect the peripheral nerves because of its chronic vaso-occlusive process. Objectives: To assess the function of amyloidosis in the development of peripheral neuropathy in a group of patients with hemoglobinopathy SS. Methods: In order to determine if amyloidosis takes part in the development of peripheral neuropathy in patients with sickle cells disease, 45 subjects were studied by means of clinical evaluation, biopsy of abdominal fat and a study of nervous conduction, being evaluated if there was any relation between both disorders. Results: Signs of predominantly sensitive neuropathy were found, and the alterations of the study of conduction were constant, being verified that the existence of amyloidosis increased the frequency and the severity of neuropathy in these patients. Peroneal nerve´s biopsy demonstrated that amyloidosis was present in two cases. Conclusions: The results indicate that amiyloidosis is related to the development of peripheral neuropathy in patients with sickle cell anemia(AU)

Neuropathic pain in cancer patients treated with bortezomib. / Dolor neuropático en pacientes oncológicos en tratamiento con bortezomib.

INTRODUCTION: The neuropathic pain is the most habitual problem in the neuropathy induced by chemotherapy (NIQ) and the one that more interferes in the quality of life of the patients. His precocious detection turns out to be fundamental to reduce or to eliminate the problems that from this one stem. The aims of this study were: 1) determine the incident and NIQ's characteristics and neuropathic pain in patients with mieloma multiple (MM) treated with bortezomib, and 2) to evaluate the impact of the neuropathic pain in the activities of the daily life (AVD). METHOD: All the patients diagnosed of MM candidates for treatment with bortezomib attended in the Hospital Joan XXIII during 2013, took part. The participants were interviewed individually and were reporting on the presence, the characteristics and the impact of the pain, as well as of the adverse effects of the bortezomib. RESULTS: There took part 22 persons, of which NIQ presented the half, being the degree 2 the predominant one. The most habitual location of the neuropathic pain was hands and feet; it was appearing in a spontaneous and progressive way deteriorating in rest and during the night, with predominance of positive symptoms. The impact of the pain was reflected in all the AVD. The principal limitation was the disability to enjoy the life. The peripheral neuropathy occupied the first place in order of subjective importance for the patient followed by the fatigue and the constipation. CONCLUSIONS: A proper assessment and early detection of neuropathic pain is critical to minimizing its impact on the quality of life of patients.

Caracterización clinicoepidemiológica de pacientes con diabetes mellitus de tipo 2 / Clinical epidemiological characterization of patients with type II diabetes mellitus

Se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo y transversal de 700 pacientes con diabetes mellitus de tipo 2, atendidos en las áreas de salud Julián Grimau García y Carlos Juan Finlay de Santiago de Cuba durante 2014, con vistas a caracterizarles según variables clinicoepidemiológicas de interés. En la serie predominaron el sexo femenino, el grupo etario de 61 años y más, la hipertensión arterial, la obesidad y la dislipidemia como principales comorbilidades, además de la neuropatía periférica, la enfermedad vascular periférica y la retinopatía como complicaciones más comunes. Por otra parte, los medicamentos más usados fueron los hipoglucemiantes orales y se identificó el riesgo de complicaciones metabólicas, tabaquismo y consumo de alcohol; este último duplicado en el sexo masculino

An observational, descriptive and cross-sectional study of 700 patients with type II diabetes mellitus, assisted in Julián Grimau García and Carlos Juan Finlay health areas was carried out in Santiago de Cuba during 2014, aimed at characterizing them according to clinical-epidemiological variables of interest. In the series there was a prevalence of the female sex, 61 years and over age group, hypertension, obesity and the dyslipidemia as main comorbidities, besides the peripheral neuropathy, the peripheral vascular illness and the retinopathy as more common complications. On the other hand, the used medications were the oral hypoglycemic agents and it was identified the risk of metabolic complications, tabaquism and alcohol consumption; this last doubled in the male sex

Caracterización clinicoepidemiológica de pacientes con diabetes mellitus de tipo 2 / Clinical epidemiological characterization of patients with type II diabetes mellitus

Se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo y transversal de 700 pacientes con diabetes mellitus de tipo 2, atendidos en las áreas de salud Julián Grimau García y Carlos Juan Finlay de Santiago de Cuba durante 2014, con vistas a caracterizarles según variables clinicoepidemiológicas de interés. En la serie predominaron el sexo femenino, el grupo etario de 61 años y más, la hipertensión arterial, la obesidad y la dislipidemia como principales comorbilidades, además de la neuropatía periférica, la enfermedad vascular periférica y la retinopatía como complicaciones más comunes. Por otra parte, los medicamentos más usados fueron los hipoglucemiantes orales y se identificó el riesgo de complicaciones metabólicas, tabaquismo y consumo de alcohol; este último duplicado en el sexo masculino(AU)

An observational, descriptive and cross-sectional study of 700 patients with type II diabetes mellitus, assisted in Julián Grimau García and Carlos Juan Finlay health areas was carried out in Santiago de Cuba during 2014, aimed at characterizing them according to clinical-epidemiological variables of interest. In the series there was a prevalence of the female sex, 61 years and over age group, hypertension, obesity and the dyslipidemia as main comorbidities, besides the peripheral neuropathy, the peripheral vascular illness and the retinopathy as more common complications. On the other hand, the used medications were the oral hypoglycemic agents and it was identified the risk of metabolic complications, tabaquism and alcohol consumption; this last doubled in the male sex(AU)

Association between Wegener´s granulomatosis and severe lumbar pain

Introducción: La granulomatosis de Wegener (GW) es una enfermedad autoinmune sistémica caracterizada por vasculitis granulomatosa necrotizante que afecta principalmente a las vías respiratorias superiores, pulmones y riñones. Sin embargo, con menos frecuencia puede afectar a los músculos, las articulaciones, la piel, los ojos, el sistema cardiovascular y el sistema nervioso. La presencia de dolor lumbar consiste en una manifestación clínica inusual debido a la afectación del sistema nervioso. Objetivo: El objetivo de este estudio es alertar a los profesionales de la salud acerca de la posibilidad de cortar el dolor lumbar estar relacionado con la granulomatosis de Wegener, su impacto en la vida diaria del paciente, así como los signos clínicos y las formas de diagnóstico. Materiales y Métodos: Revisión de la literatura utilizando PubMed, MEDLINE, Google Scholar, SciELO, EBSCO. Los trabajos seleccionados entre 1995 y 2013 por un total de 48 obras de las cuales se seleccionaron 21 de acuerdo con sus informes de afectación neurológica, diagnóstico y tratamiento. Discusión: Los síntomas neurológicos pueden ocurrir en 22-50 por ciento de los pacientes durante el curso de la GW. sistema nervioso (SNC) central es poco frecuente (sólo 2-8 por ciento de los pacientes) dolor lumbar .Severe es una manifestación clínica poco frecuente y puede estar asociada con la participación de sistema nervioso central y periférico. CNS debido a la compresión de la médula espinal a nivel lumbar. sistema nervioso periférico debido a la compresión de las raíces nerviosas. Conclusión: La granulomatosis de Wegener es ser una enfermedad sistémica puede presentar diferentes manifestaciones clínicas De acuerdo con el sitio involucrado. Es asociaciones con el dolor lumbar es rara y la refleja la afectación neurológica. Por lo tanto, en pacientes con dolor lumbar grave sin diagnóstico confirmado, granulomatosis de Wegener no debería ser considerado.

Introduction: Wegener’s granulomatosis (WG) is a systemic autoimmune disease characterized by necrotizing granulomatousvasculitis which primarily affects upper respiratory tract, lungs and kidneys. However, less frequently can affect muscles,joints, skin, eyes, cardiovascular system and nervous system. The presence of lumbar pain consists in an unusual clinicalmanifestation due to the involvement of the nervous system. Objective: The objective of this study is to alert health professionalsabout the possibility that severe lumbar pain be related to Wegener’s granulomatosis, it’s impact on the patient’s dailylife as well as clinical signs and diagnosis forms. Materials and Methods: Literature review using PubMed, MEDLINE, GoogleScholar, SciELO, EBSCO. Selected works from 1995 to 2013 totaling 48 works of which 21 were selected according to theirreports of neurological involvement, diagnosis and treatment. Discussion: Neurological symptoms may occur in 22-50 percent of patients during the course of WG. Central nervous system (CNS) involvement is uncommon (only 2-8 percent of patients).Severelumbar pain is a rare clinic manifestation and it can be associated with the involvement of central and peripheral nervous system.CNS due to compression of the spinal cord at the lumbar level. Peripheral nervous system due to compression of nerveroots. Conclusion: Wegener’s granulomatosis for being a systemic disease can present different clinical manifestations accordingto the involved site. It’s associations with lumbar pain is rare and reflects it’s neurological involvement. Therefore, inpatients with severe lumbar pain without confirmed diagnosis, Wegener’s granulomatosis should be considered.

[Neurosurgical position causes peripheral nerve injuries?] / ¿La posición neuroquirúrgica ocasiona lesión de nervio periférico?

BACKGROUND: Positioning during neurosurgical procedures is a challenge for surgical teams even if precautions are taken, the mechanisms underlying peripheral nerve injury (elongation, compression or ischaemia) are latent and it is important to know the frequency of occurrence in our environment. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the frequency of peripheral nerve injury secondary to surgical positioning. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Prospective study including 163 patients scheduled for neurosurgical procedures. Four groups: supine, lateral, ventral and park bench were analyzed by neurological exploration in order to detect injury and relate with risk factors already described. RESULTS: In this study 112 patients were included, two patients who were under park bench position experienced paresthesias in ulnar region of less than 24 hours' duration; statistically significant correlation with body weight greater than 85kg. CONCLUSION: The incidence of peripheral nerve injury is low, understanding the mechanisms that may originate it helps towards prevention and early detection of complications.

Early diagnosis in patients with transthyretin familial amyloid polyneuropathy: A comparative study. / Diagnóstico precoz en pacientes con polineuropatía amiloidótica familiar asociada a transtirretina. Estudio comparativo.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE: Transthyretin-associated familial amyloid polyneuropathy (TTR-FAP) is a disease caused by the deposit of abnormal transthyretin on tissues, mainly nerves. Small nerve fibers are altered earlier during the course of the disease; hence, detection of their involvement may have serious consequences on the natural history of disease. METHODS: A cross-sectional, observational study, was carried out on symptomatic patients, involving the conduct of several tests for small nerve fibers: Vibration, Touch Pressure (TP) and Heat Pain (HP). Results were compared with those obtained during a conventional neurological examination carried out on a group of healthy individuals. RESULTS: Fifteen symptomatic patients were recruited at an early stage of the disease (60% stage 1), along with 13 healthy individuals, with both patient groups having similar epidemiological characteristics in terms of gender, age, weight, height or BMI. A comparison carried out between the neuropsychological tests performed revealed statistically significant differences: Vibration (P<.05), TP (P<.05) and HP (P<.05, except volar forearm). CONCLUSIONS: The neurophysiological tests performed revealed significant differences between both groups, allowing for an earlier detection of neurological injuries compared to conventional neurological examinations.