Novel Indices to Improve the Diagnostic Ability of Nocturnal Oximetry in Children with OSAS.

Nocturnal pulse oximetry (NOx) is an alternative diagnostic test for obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) in childhood yet with variable diagnostic performance. Our aim was to apply advanced signal analysis to develop novel and more accurate NOx indices. We studied 45 children aged 3-10 years who underwent adenotonsillectomy for adenotonsillar hypertrophy and OSAS symptoms. Participants performed NOx before and three months after surgery, and the changes in McGill oximetry score (MOS), oxygen desaturation ≥3% index (ODI3), and the novel parameters-cumulative saturation area (CSA) and oxygen saturation sample entropy (SSE)-were assessed. There was a significant improvement (p < 0.001) in all NOx indices. When pre- and post-adenotonsillectomy NOx recordings were compared, the MOS had an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.811 with 63.2% sensitivity and 100% specificity at a cutoff >1. The AUC of ODI3 was 0.994, with 97.8% sensitivity and 91.1% specificity at a cutoff of >3.6 events per hour. The CSA and SSE had an AUC of 1.00, with 100% sensitivity and specificity at a cutoff of >293 and >0.99, respectively. We conclude that the herein-introduced indices-CSA and SSE-hold promise in improving the diagnostic ability of NOx in children suspected of OSAS.

Determining reference data for overnight oximetry in neonates: A pilot study.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the variability of overnight oximetry parameters in a group of normal, healthy term infants; to enable the calculation of the number of subjects required to produce reliable reference ranges for neonatal overnight oximetry. METHODS: A convenience sample of normal, healthy term neonates was recruited. Each had overnight oximetry using the Masimo SET Radical oximeter (data downloaded using Profox software). The report included the number of oxygen desaturation events (an absolute decrease in SpO2 of 4 or more), and the duration of oxygen saturations <90%. RESULTS: 21 babies were recruited with data available from 19. 32% were female; 68% born by vaginal delivery; 37% fully breast feeding, 53% bottle and 11% by a combination of both. The mean (SD) GA was 39.2 (0.79) weeks, the mean (SD) BW was 3477 (240) grams. The median (IQR) post-natal age at the time the oximetry recording started was 31 (28-41) hours; four babies were <24 h old. All babies had some desaturation events ranging from 4 to 36 times per hour. On average babies spent 3.0% (SD 2.3) of the time with an SpO2 < 90% (range 0.12-7.94). CONCLUSIONS: In a cohort of healthy term neonates, as assessed by overnight oximetry, the mean SpO2 was 97% (SD 1, range 95-99). All neonates had a number of oxygen desaturation events ranging from 4 to 36 per hour. The mean proportion of time spent with oxygen saturations below 90% was around 3%.

Nocturnal oximetry in the diagnosis of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome in potentially hypoxic patients due to neuromuscular diseases.

INTRODUCTION: Polysomnography is the recommended method for the diagnosis of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA); however, it is expensive, uncomfortable, and inaccessible. Alternative diagnostic methods are necessary, and Nocturnal Oximetry (NO) has proven to be reliable. Nevertheless, there have been doubts about its accuracy in patients with a history of hypoxia. Hence, the objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of NO in patients with neuromuscular diseases (NMD). METHOD: This was a cross-sectional study in patients with NMD suspected of having OSA. We performed a statistical analysis using Spearman's correlation coefficients (SCCs). We used the value of the area under the ROC curve (AUCROC), just as we calculated the sensitivities (Sens) and specificities (Spec) for the chosen variables. RESULTS: The sample comprised 41 patients; 51.2% with muscular dystrophies and 48.8% with motor neuron diseases, with a predominance of men (63.4%). Median age was 42 (19.7-55) years, body mass index (BMI) was 27.9 (23.8-32) kg/m2, forced vital capacity was 67% (54%-76.5%), and maximum inspiratory pressure was-60 cmH2O (-87.5 to -50). The prevalence of OSA was 75.7%. We analyzed and selected the best four oximetric variables with the following performance in identifying the apnea/hypopnea index >5/h, ODI3/2, cutoff>5/h, AUCROC 0.919, Sens 82.3%, Spec 91.7%; ODI3/5, cutoff>11.2/h, AUCROC 0.904, Sens 82.3%, Spec 87.5%; ODI4/5, cutoff>6.02, AUCROC 0.839, Sens 70.6%, Spec 91.6%, and ODI5/5, cutoff>0.87/h, AUCROC 0.870, Sens 94.1%, and Spec 70.8%. CONCLUSION: NO can be used as a diagnostic tool for OSA, even in patients with neuromuscular diseases and potentially hypoxic diseases.

Incidence / predictors of pediatric obstructive sleep apnea with normal oximetry.

BACKGROUND: The polysomnogram (PSG) is the "gold standard" for diagnosing obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). However, nocturnal oximetry is a practical screening tool for children with adenotonsillar hypertrophy (ATH). This study aimed to investigate the incidence of, and predictive factors for, OSA in children with ATH and normal / inconclusive overnight oximetry. METHODS: The prospective study enrolled children aged 3-15 years with ATH and normal / inconclusive overnight oximetry. All participants underwent full-night PSG. To evaluate the predictors of OSA, we used logistic regression analysis, including sex, history of allergic rhinitis, body mass index z-score, neck circumference-height ratio, and polysomnographic parameters (obstructive apnea-hypopnea index (OAHI), nadir oxygen saturation (SpO2), peak end-tidal CO2 , and arousal index). RESULTS: The participants were 189 children; 167 (88%) were diagnosed with OSA by PSG. A history of allergic rhinitis (P = 0.033), and the PSG findings for nadir SpO2 (P = 0.027) and arousal index (P = <0.001) predicted the diagnosis of OSA. We divided patients with OSA into two groups (mild versus moderate to severe OSA). Patients with OAHI ≥5/h were defined as having moderate-to-severe OSA. No clinical factors significantly predicted OAHI ≥5. Of the 189 participants, 58 children (31%) were diagnosed with severe OSA (OAHI ≥10). The only PSG factor that predicted severe OSA was the arousal index (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The observed incidence of OSA in children aged 3-15 years with ATH and normal/inconclusive overnight oximetry was very high. A history of allergic rhinitis may help to triage the patients. The arousal index was a predictor of pediatric OSA.

Combined nocturnal pulse oximetry and questionnaire-based obstructive sleep apnea screening - A cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Screening for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in both inpatient and outpatient settings to pursue diagnostic testing is becoming increasingly relevant, particularly given the estimates of 85-90% of patients with OSA remaining undiagnosed. Although many questionnaires are available for OSA screening, the STOP-BANG questionnaire is becoming increasingly used due to ease of use and positive performance characteristics. The utility of nocturnal oximetry, in conjunction with standard questionnaire-based strategies to enhance OSA screening in adults, has yet to be systematically examined. RESEARCH OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the utility of nocturnal oximetry measures combined with the standard STOP-BANG questionnaire as a screening strategy for OSA in the hospital setting and outpatient clinics. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: We conducted a retrospective cohort study. We reviewed the electronic medical records of 130 patients who were referred to Sanford sleep center from both inpatient and outpatient settings over one year (August 1st, 2016 to August 1st, 2017). Nocturnal oximetry was conducted at home (in the outpatient group) and in the medical wards (in the inpatient group), and the following measures were obtained: Oxygen Desaturation Index (ODIPOx), mean SaO2POx and time spent below 88% SaO2 (T88Pox). Apnea-hypopnea index (AHI), mean SaO2PSG, and T88PSG from overnight polysomnography (PSG) and STOP-BANG score. RESULTS: Based upon likelihood ratio testing comparing discriminative ability, a model of (ODIPox + STOPBANG) was superior and more accurate than STOP-BANG alone in detecting mild OSA in the overall sample (AUC = 0.644 [0.549-0.739], p = 0.003) and inpatient sample (AUC = 0.710 [0.582-0.839], p = 0.001). This approach was also more accurate in detecting severe OSA in full sample (AUC = 0.839 [0.763-0.914], p < 0.0001), inpatient sample (AUC = 0.825 [0.711-0.939], p < 0.0001) and outpatient sample (AUC = 0.827 [0.699-0.955], p < 0.0001). The ODIPox alone was more accurate than STOP-BANG alone in detecting mild OSA in the overall sample (AUC = 0.620 [0.524-0.717], p = 0.014) and inpatient sample (AUC = 0.704 [0.574-0.835], p = 0.002) and severe OSA in full sample (AUC = 0.839 [0.764-0.915], p < 0.0001), inpatient sample (AUC = 0.827 [0.714-0.940], p < 0.0001) and outpatient sample (AUC = 0.861 [0.771-0.950], p < 0.0001). CONCLUSION: The use of nocturnal oximetry measures (ODIPOx) improved the accuracy of standard OSA screening with the STOP-BANG questionnaire as a screening tool in severe OSA in both inpatient and outpatient settings. CLINICAL IMPLICATION: Obstructive sleep apnea is a common sleep disorder that impacts many co-morbidities in different age groups. Enhancing affordable screening methods for OSA can facilitate early diagnosis and treatment and subsequently ameliorate morbidity and mortality related to sleep-disordered breathing.

Diagnostic performance of nocturnal oximetry in the detection of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome: a Brazilian study.

OBJECTIVE: Due to the increasing prevalence of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), more practical diagnostic methods than polysomnography (PSG) have become necessary. This research aims to analyze the performance of nocturnal oximetry (NO) in the diagnosis of OSA. METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, we analyzed 41 variables provided by the oximetry of all PSG performed by the LabSono of University Hospital Gaffrée and Guinle, a total of 83 exams. We evaluated the correlation coefficients (Spearman) between these data and the Apnea/Hypopnea Index (AHI) and then calculated the diagnostics performances, by the area under the curve (ROC) (AUC), of the best correlated variables and their respective cutoffs, in the identification of an AHI ≥ 15/h. RESULTS: Virtually all oximetric data showed good correlations with AHI, except for some temporal data. We chose 5 of them and calculated their diagnostic performances. T < 90% shows AUC of 0.904 (0.835-0.972) and, at cutoff > 19 min, a sensitivity (Sens.) of 75.68% and specificity (Spec.) of 95.65%. DO3/10Total, AUC 0.936 (0.888-0.989), and at the cutoff > 51 has Sens. 97.3% and Spec. 76.09%. ODI3/10/h has AUC 0.932 (0.884-0.988), at the cutoff > 7/h, Sens. 97.3% and Spec. 78.26%. DO4/5Total AUC 0.932 (0.882-0.981), at the cutoff > 64 has Sens. 86.49% and Spec. 82.61% and ODI4/5/h has AUC 0.930 (0.880-0.981), the cutoff > 5.69/h Sens. 97.3% and Spec. 73.91%. CONCLUSIONS: Our study concludes that NO is accurate in identifying AHI > 15/h, and provides reliable information on PSG replacement, which could make the diagnosis of OSA cheaper and more comfortable.

Reliability of Home Nocturnal Oximetry in the Diagnosis of Overlap Syndrome in COPD.

BACKGROUND: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and sleep apnea are common conditions and often coexist. The proper diagnosis of sleep apnea may affect the management and outcome of patients with COPD. OBJECTIVE: To determine the accuracy of home nocturnal oximetry to distinguish between nocturnal oxygen desaturation related to COPD alone or to sleep apnea in patients with moderate-to-severe COPD who have significant nocturnal hypoxemia with cyclical changes in saturation. METHODS: This study involved a comparison of home nocturnal oximetry and laboratory-based polysomnography (PSG) in patients with moderate-to-severe COPD considered for inclusion in a trial of nocturnal oxygen therapy. All of the patients had significant nocturnal oxygen desaturation (defined as ≥30% of the recording time with a transcutaneous arterial oxygen saturation <90%) with cyclical changes in saturation suggestive of sleep apnea. RESULTS: PSG was obtained in 90 patients; 45 patients (mean age = 68 years, SD = 8; 71% men; mean forced expiratory volume in 1 s [FEV1] = 50.6% predicted value, SD = 18.6%; data from 41 patients) fulfilled the criteria for sleep apnea (mean apnea-hypopnea index = 32.6 events/h, SD = 19.9) and 45 patients (mean age = 69 years, SD = 8; 87% men; mean FEV1 predicted value 44.6%, SD = 15%) did not (mean apnea-hypopnea index = 5.5 events/h, SD = 3.8). None of the patients' characteristics (including demographic, anthropometric, and physiologic measures) predicted the diagnosis of sleep apnea according to PSG results. CONCLUSION: The diagnosis of sleep apnea in patients with moderate to severe COPD cannot rely on nocturnal oximetry alone, even when typical cyclical changes in saturation are seen on oximetry tracing. When suspecting an overlap syndrome, a full-night, in-laboratory PSG should be obtained.

Assessing the need for adenotonsillectomy for sleep-disordered breathing in a community setting: A secondary outcome measures analysis of a randomized controlled study.

OBJECTIVE: To assess whether children with sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) symptom severity above a certain level, measured by a validated questionnaire, improve after adenotonsillectomy (AT) compared to no intervention. METHODS: Children with snoring and tonsillar hypertrophy (4 to 10-years old), who were candidates for AT, were randomly assigned to two evaluation sequences (baseline and 3-month follow-up): (a) evaluation immediately before AT and at 3 months postoperatively (AT group); or (b) evaluation at the initial visit and at the end of the usual 3-month waiting period for surgery (control group). Outcomes were (a) Pediatric Sleep Questionnaire sleep-related breathing disorder scale (PSQ-SRBD); (b) modified Epworth Sleepiness Scale (mESS); and (c) proportion of subjects achieving PSQ-SRBD <0.33 (low-risk for apnea-hypopnea index ≥5/h) if they had score ≥0.33 at baseline. RESULTS: Sixty-eight children were assigned to the AT and 72 to the control group and two-thirds of them had PSQ-SRBD ≥0.33. The AT group experienced significantly larger improvement between follow-up and baseline than controls (between-group difference [95% CI] for PSQ-SRBD: -0.31 [-0.35 to -0.27]; and mESS: -2.76 [-3.63 to -1.90]; P < .001 for both). Children with baseline PSQ-SRBD ≥0.33 in the AT group had an eight-times higher probability of achieving PSQ-SRBD <0.33 at follow-up than controls with similar baseline score (risk ratio [95% CI]: 8.33 [3.92-17.54]; P < .001). CONCLUSION: Among children with snoring, tonsillar hypertrophy, and clinical indications for AT, those with preoperative PSQ-SRBD score ≥0.33 show measurable clinical benefit postoperatively.

Symbolic dynamics to enhance diagnostic ability of portable oximetry from the phone oximeter in the detection of paediatric sleep apnoea.

OBJECTIVE: This study is aimed at assessing symbolic dynamics as a reliable technique to characterise complex fluctuations of portable oximetry in the context of automated detection of childhood obstructive sleep apnoea-hypopnoea syndrome (OSAHS). APPROACH: Nocturnal oximetry signals from 142 children with suspected OSAHS were acquired using the Phone Oximeter: a portable device that integrates a pulse oximeter with a smartphone. An apnoea-hypopnoea index (AHI) ≥5 events/h from simultaneous in-lab polysomnography was used to confirm moderate-to-severe childhood OSAHS. Symbolic dynamics was used to parameterise non-linear changes in the overnight oximetry profile. Conventional indices, anthropometric measures, and time-domain linear statistics were also considered. Forward stepwise logistic regression was used to obtain an optimum feature subset. Logistic regression (LR) was used to identify children with moderate-to-severe OSAHS. MAIN RESULTS: The histogram of 3-symbol words from symbolic dynamics showed significant differences (p <0.01) between children with AHI <5 events/h and moderate-to-severe patients (AHI ≥5 events/h). Words representing increasing oximetry values after apnoeic events (re-saturations) showed relevant diagnostic information. Regarding the performance of individual characterization approaches, the LR model composed of features from symbolic dynamics alone reached a maximum performance of 78.4% accuracy (65.2% sensitivity; 86.8% specificity) and 0.83 area under the ROC curve (AUC). The classification performance improved combining all features. The optimum model from feature selection achieved 83.3% accuracy (73.5% sensitivity; 89.5% specificity) and 0.89 AUC, significantly (p-value <0.01) outperforming the other models. SIGNIFICANCE: Symbolic dynamics provides complementary information to conventional oximetry analysis enabling reliable detection of moderate-to-severe paediatric OSAHS from portable oximetry.

The use of overnight oximetry in neonates: A literature review.

There is much debate between neonatologists and paediatricians about appropriate oxygen saturation targets for babies with chronic neonatal lung disease (CNLD). Overnight oximetry is used to guide the fraction of inspired oxygen to use. We did this literature review to examine the current literature on the use of overnight oximetry in term infants, preterm infants and babies with CNLD (especially relevant to ex-preterm babies with CNLD going home on oxygen). We reviewed the literature from January 1990 to October 2017 by searching the following databases: Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, The Joanna Briggs Institute, CINAHL, MEDLINE, Scopus, EMBASE, ProQuest and Science Direct. Sixteen articles were included in the review. The literature available on overnight oximetry in neonates is limited, it is not contemporary, and it reports studies that did not use oximeters with modern software for data collection and analysis. It is imperative that reference ranges be defined for overnight oximetry parameters so that babies are not inadvertently administered inappropriate amounts of oxygen.

Beneficial effect of nocturnal oximetric control on the clinical and gasometric situation and the prognosis of patients with home non-invasive mechanical ventilation. / Relación del buen control oximétrico mantenido con la situación clínica, gasométrica y el pronóstico de los pacientes con ventilación mecánica no invasiva domiciliaria.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE: The effectiveness of home non-invasive mechanical ventilation (NIMV) is assessed by determining blood gas values in wakefulness, the evolution of their symptoms, and the monitoring of ventilation at night. The aim of our study is to evaluate whether defined values reached with outpatient monitoring by oximetry is related to the clinical, arterial gases and survival of a sample of patients with home NIMV. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Retrospective observational cohort study of a series of patients receiving home NIMV treatment for different causes. Patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and less than 3 months of follow-up were excluded. The evolution of the patient's symptoms, their baseline arterial blood gases in wakefulness, and home nocturnal oximetry records, are evaluated at each outpatient visit. Good maintained oximetry control (MOC) was defined when mean O2 saturation values were reached and maintained until the last revision. Patient groups were considered, according to whether or not a good MOC was achieved during follow-up. RESULT: Four hundred patients were evaluated. Three hundred and sixty four (91%) were included in the study; their median age was 68 years, 51% were male. 37.6% had a good MOC during follow-up. Compared to patients with not good MOC, a better long-term mortality was obtained (16.8% vs 28.2%, P=.013), and an improvement in symptoms (33.8% vs 18.6%, P=.002) and a lower proportion of patients with persistently>50mmHg PaCO2 (14.2% vs. 33.9%, P<.001) was observed. CONCLUSION: In the follow-up of patients with home NIMV in our context, values defined in home nocturnal oximetry (good MOC) are positively associated with clinical, gasometric and longer-term survival.

Nocturnal Oximetry-based Evaluation of Habitually Snoring Children.

RATIONALE: The vast majority of children around the world undergoing adenotonsillectomy for obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome (OSA) are not objectively diagnosed by nocturnal polysomnography because of access availability and cost issues. Automated analysis of nocturnal oximetry (nSpO2), which is readily and globally available, could potentially provide a reliable and convenient diagnostic approach for pediatric OSA. METHODS: Deidentified nSpO2 recordings from a total of 4,191 children originating from 13 pediatric sleep laboratories around the world were prospectively evaluated after developing and validating an automated neural network algorithm using an initial set of single-channel nSpO2 recordings from 589 patients referred for suspected OSA. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: The automatically estimated apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) showed high agreement with AHI from conventional polysomnography (intraclass correlation coefficient, 0.785) when tested in 3,602 additional subjects. Further assessment on the widely used AHI cutoff points of 1, 5, and 10 events/h revealed an incremental diagnostic ability (75.2, 81.7, and 90.2% accuracy; 0.788, 0.854, and 0.913 area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Neural network-based automated analyses of nSpO2 recordings provide accurate identification of OSA severity among habitually snoring children with a high pretest probability of OSA. Thus, nocturnal oximetry may enable a simple and effective diagnostic alternative to nocturnal polysomnography, leading to more timely interventions and potentially improved outcomes.

Automated Screening of Children With Obstructive Sleep Apnea Using Nocturnal Oximetry: An Alternative to Respiratory Polygraphy in Unattended Settings.

STUDY OBJECTIVES: Nocturnal oximetry has become known as a simple, readily available, and potentially useful diagnostic tool of childhood obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). However, at-home respiratory polygraphy (HRP) remains the preferred alternative to polysomnography (PSG) in unattended settings. The aim of this study was twofold: (1) to design and assess a novel methodology for pediatric OSA screening based on automated analysis of at-home oxyhemoglobin saturation (SpO2), and (2) to compare its diagnostic performance with HRP. METHODS: SpO2 recordings were parameterized by means of time, frequency, and conventional oximetric measures. Logistic regression models were optimized using genetic algorithms (GAs) for three cutoffs for OSA: 1, 3, and 5 events/h. The diagnostic performance of logistic regression models, manual obstructive apnea-hypopnea index (OAHI) from HRP, and the conventional oxygen desaturation index ≥ 3% (ODI3) were assessed. RESULTS: For a cutoff of 1 event/h, the optimal logistic regression model significantly outperformed both conventional HRP-derived ODI3 and OAHI: 85.5% accuracy (HRP 74.6%; ODI3 65.9%) and 0.97 area under the receiver operating characteristics curve (AUC) (HRP 0.78; ODI3 0.75) were reached. For a cutoff of 3 events/h, the logistic regression model achieved 83.4% accuracy (HRP 85.0%; ODI3 74.5%) and 0.96 AUC (HRP 0.93; ODI3 0.85) whereas using a cutoff of 5 events/h, oximetry reached 82.8% accuracy (HRP 85.1%; ODI3 76.7) and 0.97 AUC (HRP 0.95; ODI3 0.84). CONCLUSIONS: Automated analysis of at-home SpO2 recordings provide accurate detection of children with high pretest probability of OSA. Thus, unsupervised nocturnal oximetry may enable a simple and effective alternative to HRP and PSG in unattended settings.

Dysfunction of central control of breathing in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

Dysfunction in central control of breathing in some amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) patients is not adequately detected with standard evaluation for respiratory dysfunction. Nocturnal oximetry reveals periodic desaturations despite normal respiratory muscle movements. Continuous diaphragmatic electromyography has provided in vivo data consistent with impaired central control of diaphragm motor units. Current understanding of central control of breathing identifies the pre-Botzinger complex as the inspiratory rhythm generator. Animal models of pre-Botzinger complex neurodegeneration demonstrate rapid eye movement-related central sleep apneas progressing to loss of rapid eye movement sleep, also apparent in some ALS patients. Evidence supports the hypothesis that dysfunction in central control of breathing in some ALS patients may be related to pre-Botzinger complex degeneration. As the impact dysfunction of central control of breathing has on ALS becomes better defined the current standard of evaluating respiratory dysfunction in ALS patients may need updating. Muscle Nerve 56: 197-201, 2017.

Nocturnal hypoventilation in neuromuscular disease: prevalence according to different definitions issued from the literature.

PURPOSE: Restrictive respiratory failure is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in neuromuscular diseases (NMD). Home mechanical ventilation (HMV) is used to treat hypoventilation, identified by daytime hypercapnia or nocturnal desaturation. Recently, transcutaneous measure of CO2 (TcCO2) has been increasingly used to detect hypoventilation, using different cut-offs. We aimed to compare the prevalence of hypoventilation in an unselected adult NMD population according to different definitions issued from the literature. METHODS: All consecutive nocturnal capno-oximetries performed between 2010 and 2014 in unventilated adult NMD patients were analysed retrospectively. Concomitant blood gas analysis and lung function data were collected. Patients on oxygen therapy were excluded. Hypoventilation was defined according to eight criteria, based on daytime PaCO2, daytime base excess, nocturnal SpO2 or TcCO2. RESULTS: Data from 232 patients were analysed (mean age 43.1 ± 15.4 years; 50.0 % women; vital capacity 59.2 ± 24.2 % of predicted). The hypoventilation prevalence was 10.3 to 61.2 %, depending on the used definition. The different definitions showed 49.1 to 94.8 % concordance (Cohen's kappa for agreement 0.115 to 0.763). Overall agreement between the eight definitions was poor (Light's kappa 0.267), and agreement between definitions based on nocturnal SpO2 and those based on TcCO2 was even lower (Light's kappa 0.204). CONCLUSIONS: We found large differences in hypoventilation prevalence according to the used definition. This has practical consequences, as HMV indication relies upon hypoventilation detection. We believe that capno-oximetry should be included in the diagnostic tools used to detect hypoventilation but this requires an update of consensus guidelines to agree upon the best definition.

Monitoreo grabado de oximetría de pulso en niños con hipertrofia adenoidea/amigdalina: su utilidad en el diagnóstico del síndrome de apnea obstructiva del sueño / Pulse oximetry recording in children with adenotonsillar hypertrophy: usefulness in the diagnostic of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome

Introducción. El síndrome de apnea obstructiva del sueño (SAOS) es la consecuencia más grave de la hipertrofia adenoidea/amigdalina (HAA). El método diagnóstico de referencia es la polisomnografía nocturna con oximetría (PSG), pero se requiere un equipamiento costoso, gran consumo de tiempo, y un técnico y un médico especializados, lo que dificulta su realización. La grabación del monitoreo de oximetría durante el sueño podría servir como método diagnóstico. En pediatría se han publicado aislados trabajos con resultados contradictorios. Objetivo. Estimar el valor diagnóstico del análisis visual de la grabación del monitoreo de oximetría nocturna en relación con la PSG. Población. Niños con sospecha clínica de SAOS secundario a HAA derivados para realización de PSG. Se excluyeron los niños con otro diagnóstico asociado (miopatía, malformación craneofacial, etc.). Métodos. 1) Se realizó el análisis visual (según un algoritmo propio) de la oximetría grabada simultáneamente con la realización de la PSG; 2) se estimó el valor diagnóstico de esta en comparación con la PSG. Los análisis de ambos registros fueron efectuados a ciegas y en orden aleatorio por dos médicos. Resultados. Se incluyeron 167 PSG; 75 niños presentaban SAOS en la PSG y 92, ronquido simple; 65 oximetrías se consideraron patológicas y coincidieron con SAOS en la PSG; 10 niños con SAOS leve en la PSG presentaron una oximetría normal. La oximetría mostró una sensibilidad del 86,6% y una especificidad del 98,9% para detectar el síndrome. Conclusiones. El análisis del monitoreo grabado de oximetría durante el sueño resulta un elemento de gran utilidad para el diagnóstico y el tratamiento de este tipo de pacientes.(AU)

Introduction. Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) is the most serious consequence of adenotonsillar hypertrophy (ATH). The gold standard diagnostic method is polysomnography (PSG) with nocturnal oximetry, but it requires expensive equipment, the presence of a technician and a specialized doctor, and is very time consuming, making the procedure difficult. The recording of pulse oximetry monitoring during sleep may serve as a diagnostic approach. In pediatrics, few studies have been published, and their results have been controversial. Objective. To establish the diagnostic value of the visual analysis of the recorded nocturnal oximetry monitoring vs. the PSG. Population. Children with clinical suspicion of OSAS secondary to ATH referred to PSG. Children with other associated diagnoses (myopathy, craniofacial malformations, etc.) were excluded. Methods. 1) A visual analysis (using our own algorithm) of the oximetry recorded simultaneously with the PSG was performed; 2) the diagnostic value of the pulse oximetry vs. the PSG was established. Both tests were conducted in a blinded and random fashion by two doctors. Results. A total of 167 PSGs were included; the PSG showed OSAS in 75 children and simple snoring in 92; 65 oximetries were considered pathological and in agreement with the PSG in relation to OSAS; 10 children with mild OSAS in the PSGs had normal oximetries. The recorded pulse oximetry showed a sensitivity of 86.6% and a specificity of 98.9% for detecting OSAS. Conclusions. The visual analysis of recorded pulse oximetry monitoring during sleep is highly useful for the diagnosis and management of these patients.(AU)

Monitoreo grabado de oximetría de pulso en niños con hipertrofia adenoidea/amigdalina: su utilidad en el diagnóstico del síndrome de apnea obstructiva del sueño / Pulse oximetry recording in children with adenotonsillar hypertrophy: usefulness in the diagnostic of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome

Introducción. El síndrome de apnea obstructiva del sueño (SAOS) es la consecuencia más grave de la hipertrofia adenoidea/amigdalina (HAA). El método diagnóstico de referencia es la polisomnografía nocturna con oximetría (PSG), pero se requiere un equipamiento costoso, gran consumo de tiempo, y un técnico y un médico especializados, lo que dificulta su realización. La grabación del monitoreo de oximetría durante el sueño podría servir como método diagnóstico. En pediatría se han publicado aislados trabajos con resultados contradictorios. Objetivo. Estimar el valor diagnóstico del análisis visual de la grabación del monitoreo de oximetría nocturna en relación con la PSG. Población. Niños con sospecha clínica de SAOS secundario a HAA derivados para realización de PSG. Se excluyeron los niños con otro diagnóstico asociado (miopatía, malformación craneofacial, etc.). Métodos. 1) Se realizó el análisis visual (según un algoritmo propio) de la oximetría grabada simultáneamente con la realización de la PSG; 2) se estimó el valor diagnóstico de esta en comparación con la PSG. Los análisis de ambos registros fueron efectuados a ciegas y en orden aleatorio por dos médicos. Resultados. Se incluyeron 167 PSG; 75 niños presentaban SAOS en la PSG y 92, ronquido simple; 65 oximetrías se consideraron patológicas y coincidieron con SAOS en la PSG; 10 niños con SAOS leve en la PSG presentaron una oximetría normal. La oximetría mostró una sensibilidad del 86,6% y una especificidad del 98,9% para detectar el síndrome. Conclusiones. El análisis del monitoreo grabado de oximetría durante el sueño resulta un elemento de gran utilidad para el diagnóstico y el tratamiento de este tipo de pacientes.

Introduction. Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) is the most serious consequence of adenotonsillar hypertrophy (ATH). The gold standard diagnostic method is polysomnography (PSG) with nocturnal oximetry, but it requires expensive equipment, the presence of a technician and a specialized doctor, and is very time consuming, making the procedure difficult. The recording of pulse oximetry monitoring during sleep may serve as a diagnostic approach. In pediatrics, few studies have been published, and their results have been controversial. Objective. To establish the diagnostic value of the visual analysis of the recorded nocturnal oximetry monitoring vs. the PSG. Population. Children with clinical suspicion of OSAS secondary to ATH referred to PSG. Children with other associated diagnoses (myopathy, craniofacial malformations, etc.) were excluded. Methods. 1) A visual analysis (using our own algorithm) of the oximetry recorded simultaneously with the PSG was performed; 2) the diagnostic value of the pulse oximetry vs. the PSG was established. Both tests were conducted in a blinded and random fashion by two doctors. Results. A total of 167 PSGs were included; the PSG showed OSAS in 75 children and simple snoring in 92; 65 oximetries were considered pathological and in agreement with the PSG in relation to OSAS; 10 children with mild OSAS in the PSGs had normal oximetries. The recorded pulse oximetry showed a sensitivity of 86.6% and a specificity of 98.9% for detecting OSAS. Conclusions. The visual analysis of recorded pulse oximetry monitoring during sleep is highly useful for the diagnosis and management of these patients.