Clinical Impact of Supplementation with Pasteurized Donor Human Milk by High-Temperature Short-Time Method versus Holder Method in Extremely Low Birth Weight Infants: A Multicentre Randomized Controlled Trial.

Nosocomial infections are a frequent and serious problem in extremely low birth weight (ELBW) infants. Donor human milk (DHM) is the best alternative for feeding these babies when mother's own milk (MOM) is not available. Recently, a patented prototype of a High-Temperature Short-Time (HTST) pasteurizer adapted to a human milk bank setting showed a lesser impact on immunologic components. We designed a multicentre randomized controlled trial that investigates whether, in ELBW infants with an insufficient MOM supply, the administration of HTST pasteurized DHM reduces the incidence of confirmed catheter-associated sepsis compared to DHM pasteurized with the Holder method. From birth until 34 weeks postmenstrual age, patients included in the study received DHM, as a supplement, pasteurized by the Holder or HTST method. A total of 213 patients were randomized; 79 (HTST group) and 81 (Holder group) were included in the analysis. We found no difference in the frequency of nosocomial sepsis between the patients of the two methods-41.8% (33/79) of HTST group patients versus 45.7% (37/81) of Holder group patients, relative risk 0.91 (0.64-1.3), p = 0.62. In conclusion, when MOM is not available, supplementing during admission with DHM pasteurized by the HTST versus Holder method might not have an impact on the incidence of catheter-associated sepsis.

Nosocomial sepsis and drug susceptibility pattern among patients admitted to adult intensive care unit of Ayder Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Northern Ethiopia.

OBJECTIVE: Developing nosocomial sepsis within intensive care unit (ICU) is associated with increased mortality, morbidity, and length of hospital stay. But information is scarce regarding nosocomial sepsis in intensive care units of Northern Ethiopia. Hence, this study aims to determine the incidence of nosocomial sepsis, associated factors, bacteriological profile, drug susceptibility pattern, and outcome among patients admitted to the adult ICU of Ayder Comprehensive Specialized Hospital (ACSH), which is the largest tertiary hospital in Northern Ethiopia. METHOD: Facility-based longitudinal study was conducted by following 278 patients who were admitted for more than 48 h to adult ICU of ACSH, from October 2016 to October 2017. Data were collected from charts, electronic medical records, and microbiology registration book using a checklist. The collected data were subjected to descriptive statistics and multivariable logistic regression using SPSS version 25. Statistical significance was declared at p < 0.05. RESULT: Of all the patients, 60 (21.6%) of them acquired nosocomial sepsis. The risk of mortality was about two times higher among adult ICU patients who acquired nosocomial sepsis (RR = 2.2; 95% CI of RR = 1.3-3.5; p = 0.003). The odds of acquiring nosocomial sepsis among those who were on a mechanical ventilator (MV) and stayed more than a week were 5.7 and 9.3 times higher, respectively, than their corresponding counterparts. Among 48 isolates, Klebsiella was the most common pathogen. The isolates had a broad antibiotic resistance pattern for cephalosporins, penicillins, and methicillin. CONCLUSION: The incidence of nosocomial sepsis in the adult ICU patients of ACSH was higher when compared to the incidence reported from some African and Asian countries. Mortality was higher among patients who acquired nosocomial sepsis. Use of MV and longer length of ICU stay were the significant predictors of nosocomial sepsis. The isolates were resistant to several antibiotics. Therefore, strict application of infection prevention strategies and appropriate use of antibiotics is so crucial. As well, priority should be given to patients who develop nosocomial sepsis in ICU.

Changing trend of microbiologic profile and antibiotic susceptibility of the microorganisms isolated in the neonatal nosocomial sepsis: a 14 years analysis.

Objective: Neonatal sepsis, especially nosocomial sepsis (NS) is one of the main causes of mortality and morbidity in neonates. Our aim was to investigate microorganisms responsible for NS and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns and to compare them in a different period.Methods: Blood culture registers from the Microbiology Laboratory were reviewed for the study population. The neonates with proven NS were enrolled in the study. Microorganisms responsible for NS and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns were recordedResults: The incidence of Gram-positive, Gram-negative, and fungal microorganisms were 61.6% (n = 570), 27.1% (n = 251) and 11.3% (n = 104), respectively. The most common isolated Gram-positive, Gram-negative pathogens and fungi were Coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS), Klebsiella pneumoniae, and C. guilliermondii. There was an increasing resistance rate among common nosocomial pathogens especially oxacillin resistant CoNS strains and increasing rate for extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) positive microorganisms. Low susceptibility was detected to commonly used antibiotics for empirical treatment in neonatal sepsis.Conclusions: Our result showed that multiresistant microorganisms, especially oxacillin-resistant staphylococci and gram-negative bacilli resistant to cephalosporin have an increasing rate. Every unit should evaluate the causative agents and antimicrobial susceptibilities in order to select an appropriate regime for nosocomial sepsis. Periodic surveillance of organisms and their antibiotic resistance patterns in every unit might help physicians for proper selection of antibiotics for treatment of neonatal NS.

Effect of a surveillance system for decreasing neonatal nosocomial infections.

BACKGROUND: Nosocomial infection in very low birthweight (VLBW) infants is a common complication with high morbimortality. New strategies to reduce its occurrence have recently led to the development of neonatal surveillance programs. AIMS: To determine whether the NeoKissEs surveillance system implementation in our neonatal unit has been associated with a decrease in nosocomial infection in VLBW infants, as well as a reduction in the use of antibiotics and central venous catheters (CVC). STUDY DESIGN AND SUBJECTS: Retrospective and descriptive study of infants <1500 g admitted between January 2011 and December 2017. Rates of use of antibiotics and CVC were calculated, as well as late-onset sepsis incidence. Data were compared before and after the surveillance system implementation. RESULTS: 299 patients were recruited. We excluded seven patients, who died <72 h. Of the remainder (n = 292), 149 were in the pre-intervention period and 143 in the post-intervention period. We found a significant decrease in the incidence density of sepsis comparing these two periods (5.98 vs. 4.08) (p = 0.03). Although no differences in antibiotic and CVC rates of use between both groups were found, a significant decrease in antibiotic use was observed comparing the first and last year of the intervention (38% vs. 24%) (p = 0.03). A higher percentage of breastfed infants was observed (39% vs. 59%) (p = 0.001) in the post-intervention group. CONCLUSIONS: Surveillance systems are useful to reduce nosocomial infection in VLBW infants. Reduction in antibiotic and CVC use requires longer intervention time. Promotion of breastfeeding seems to be a very effective associated strategy.

Appropriateness of empiric antimicrobial therapy with imipenem/colistin in severe septic patients: observational cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Empiric antimicrobial therapy (EAMT) using imipenem/colistin is commonly prescribed as a first line therapy in critically ill patients with severe sepsis. We aimed to assess the appropriateness of prescribing imipenem/colistin as EAMT in ICU patients. METHODS: A 3-year observational prospective study included ICU patients that required imipenem/colistin as EAMT. The EAMT was assessed according to microbiological and clinical outcomes. The outcomes were: delay in apyrexia, delay in the decrease of the biological inflammatory parameters (BIP), the requirement for vasoactive agents, bacteriological eradication, length of stay, ventilator days and 30-day mortality. RESULTS: 79 administrations of EAMT in 70 patients were studied. EAMT was appropriate in 52% of the studied cases. An ICU stay > 6 days was related to inappropriateness, and chronic respiratory failure was associated with appropriateness. In the appropriate EAMT group, we showed: earlier apyrexia, shorter delay in the decrease of the BIP and a reduced significant vasopressors requirement. Furthermore, EAMT improved survival with a median gain of 4 days. Inappropriate EAMT increased the mortality risk by six. The acquisition of NI in ICU was also an independent factor of mortality. CONCLUSIONS: EAMT using imipenem-colistin was appropriate in half of the cases and inappropriateness was associated with an increased ICU mortality risk.

Development and validation of the "Pediatric Risk of Nosocomial Sepsis (PRiNS)" score for health care-associated infections in a medical pediatric intensive care unit of a developing economy--a prospective observational cohort study.

PURPOSE: Given the high burden of health care-associated infections (HAIs) in resource-limited settings, there is a tendency toward overdiagnosis/treatment. This study was designed to create an easy-to-use, dynamic, bedside risk stratification model for classifying children based on their risk of developing HAIs during their pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) stay, to aid judicious resource utilization. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A prospective, observational cohort study was conducted in the 12-bed PICU of a large Indian tertiary care hospital between January and October 2011. A total of 412 consecutive admissions, aged 1 month to 12 years with PICU stay greater than 48 hours were enrolled. Independent predictors for HAIs identified using multivariate regression analysis were combined to create a novel scoring system. Performance and calibration of score were assessed using receiver operating characteristic curves and Hosmer-Lemeshow statistic, respectively. Internal validation was done. RESULTS: Age (<5 years), Pediatric Risk of Mortality III (24 hours) score, presence of indwelling catheters, need for intubation, albumin infusion, immunomodulator, and prior antibiotic use (≥4) were independent predictors of HAIs. This model, with area under the ROC curve of 0.87, at a cutoff of 15, had a negative predictive value of 89.9% with overall accuracy of 79.3%. It reduced classification errors from 29.8% to 20.7%. All 7 predictors retained their statistical significance after bootstrapping, confirming the internal validity of the score. CONCLUSIONS: The "Pediatric Risk of Nosocomial Sepsis" score can reliably classify children into high- and low-risk groups, based on their risk of developing HAIs in the PICU of a resource-limited setting. In view of its high sensitivity and specificity, diagnostic and therapeutic interventions may be directed away from the low-risk group, ensuring effective utilization of limited resources.

Clinico-microbiological profile and outcomes of nosocomial sepsis in an Indian tertiary care hospital--a prospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Nosocomial infections are linked to rising morbidity and mortality worldwide. We sought to investigate the pattern of nosocomial sepsis, device usage, risk factors for mortality and the antimicrobial resistance pattern of the causative organisms in medical intensive care units (ICUs) in an Indian tertiary care hospital. METHODS: We conducted a single-centre based prospective cohort study in four medical ICUs and patients who developed features of sepsis 48 hours after admission to the ICUs were included. Patients' demographics, indwelling device usage, microbiological culture reports, drug resistance patterns and the outcomes were recorded. The Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) III score and the relative risk of variables contributing towards non recovery were calculated. RESULTS: Pneumonia (49%) was the commonest nosocomial infection resulting in sepsis, followed by urosepsis (21.8%), bloodstream infection (BSI) (10.3%) and catheter-related bloodstream infection (CRBSI) (5%). Sixty three percent of the Acinetobacter baumannii and 64.4% of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa were multidrug-resistant (MDR). Seventy percent of the Klebsiella pneumoniae were extended spectrum beta-lactamase producers and 7.4% were resistant to carbapenems. Forty three percent of the Staphylococcus aureus were methicillin-resistant S. aureus. Resistance to carbapenems was 35.2% in this study. High APACHE III scores (P = 0.006 by unpaired t-test) and chronic kidney disease (P = 0.023) were significantly associated with non-recovery. CONCLUSIONS: A high degree of multidrug resistance was observed among both Gram-positive and -negative organisms in nosocomial sepsis patients. Carbapenem resistance was a common occurrence. Chronic kidney disease and high APACHE III scores were significantly associated with non-recovery. Male gender and sepsis leading to cardiovascular failure were the independent predictors of mortality.

Use of topical petroleum jelly for prevention of sepsis in very low-birthweight infants: a prospective, randomised controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Emollient therapy is used frequently to prevent nosocomial infection in the management of preterm infants, despite a lack of adequate evidence of its efficacy. OBJECTIVE: To assess the efficacy of prophylactic whole-body application of pure preservative-free topical petroleum jelly on the incidence of nosocomial sepsis in very low-birthweight (VLBW) infants. STUDY DESIGN: A prospective, randomised controlled trial of the application of topical petroleum jelly was conducted. Infants weighing <1250 g at birth and with a gestational age of ≤32 weeks were included. The intervention group received twice-daily topical therapy of 2 g/kg pure, preservative-free topical petroleum jelly until the completion of 34 weeks of gestation. The control group received no topical petroleum jelly treatment. The primary outcome was the incidence of late-onset sepsis during hospitalisation. Other data collected included the pattern of temperature control, weight changes, fluid requirements, serum bilirubin level, electrolyte imbalance and skin condition. RESULTS: Thirty-five infants in the intervention group and 39 in the control group were recruited. Birthweight, gestational age, gender and perinatal variables were comparable in the two groups. There was a trend towards an increased incidence of culture-proven nosocomial sepsis in the intervention group - 19 episodes (54%) in the intervention group vs 16 (41%) in the control group, and an increased rate of NEC - 20% in the intervention group vs 8% in the control group. The intervention group had better skin condition throughout their stay and the incubator ambient temperature was lower in the intervention group in the 1st week of life. The fluid balance of the infants in the intervention group was better, as reflected by their mean (SD) shorter time to regain birthweight [12 (5) vs 14 (6) days], and there were fewer episodes of hypernatraemia in the 1st week of life, although none of these reached statistical significance. However, there was a significantly lower mean (SD) level of maximum hyperbilirubinaemia [157 (40) vs 182 (46) mmol/L, P = 0·02) in the intervention group. CONCLUSION: Although prophylactic topical application of pure, preservative-free petroleum jelly brought substantial improvement of skin condition and temperature control, it was associated with a trend towards an increased rate of nosocomial sepsis.

Factores de riesgo de sepsis adquirida en una unidad de cuidados intensivos / Acquired sepsis risk factors in an intensive care unit

Se realizó estudio analítico de casos y testigos de 64 lactantes ingresados en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos del Hospital Pediátrico "General Luis A. Milanés", de Bayamo en la provincia Granma, desde enero de 2007 hasta diciembre de 2011, a fin de identificar los factores de riesgo de la sepsis intrahospitalaria. Entre las principales variables seleccionadas figuraron: edad, sexo, estancia hospitalaria, hipoalbuminemia, duración de la lactancia materna exclusiva, enfermedad crónica asociada y uso de esteroides, entre otras. Se utilizaron las frecuencias absoluta y relativa para la caracterización de la muestra, así como el análisis univariado y multivariado para investigar los factores hipotéticos de riesgo. La alimentación parenteral central, la hipoalbuminemia menor de 30 g/L y la estancia hospitalaria mayor de 7 días resultaron ser los factores de riesgo predominantes.

An analytic cases and control study of 64 infants admitted to the Intensive Care Unit of "Luis A. Milanés" General Pediatric Hospital in Bayamo, Granma province was carried out from 2007 to 2011, in order to identify the risk factors of nosocomial sepsis. Among the main selected variables there were: age, sex, hospital stay, hypoalbuminemia, duration of the exclusive breast feeding, associated chronic disease and use of steroids, among others. The absolute and relative frequencies were used for the characterization of the sample, as well as the univariate and multivariate analysis to investigate the hypothetical risk factors. The central parenteral feeding, hypoalbuminemia lower than 30 g/L and the hospital stay longer than 7 days turned out to be the predominant risk factors.

Sepsis nosocomial en unidad de cuidados intensivos polivalente / Nosocomial sepsis in Multipurpose Intensive Care Units

Introducción: la prevalencia de sepsis nosocomial en las unidades de terapia intensiva es de 20 a 57 casos por 1 000 pacientes/día, por lo que constituye un importante problema de salud. Objetivo: determinar la incidencia de la sepsis nosocomial en una unidad de cuidados intensivos polivalente. Métodos: se realizó un estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo. La muestra quedó constituida por 682 pacientes. Se estudiaron los que durante su evolución presentaron algún tipo de infección nosocomial. Se analizaron los exámenes complementarios, signos clínicos y factores de mal pronóstico. Se tuvieron en cuenta los factores de riesgo asociados con la sepsis. Resultados: desarrollaron sepsis nosocomial 153 pacientes. Predominaron los hombres con un 69,3 por ciento. La media de edades fue de 56 años. El grupo de más de 70 años fue el de mayor incidencia. El 47,06 por ciento de las sepsis fueron de causa clínica. El 66,01 por ciento de los casos desarrollaron infección respiratoria. El 88,20 por ciento presentó factores de mal pronóstico, siendo el más frecuente el aumento de la temperatura por encima de 39 ºC. El 98,04 % de los pacientes tuvieron factores de riesgo de desarrollar sepsis. El Acinetobacter calcoaceticus se aisló en el 33,33 por ciento y la Klebsiella pneumoniae en el 30,07 por ciento.Conclusiones: la mayor cantidad de infecciones nosocomiales fueron de causa clínica. Casi todos los pacientes presentaron elementos de mal pronóstico y los gérmenes más aislados fueron el Acinetobacter calcoaceticus y la Klebsiella pneumoniae(AU)

Introduction: the prevalence of nosocomial sepsis in Intensive Care Units is 20-57 cases per 1000 patients daily what constitutes an important health problem. Objective: to determine the incidence of nosocomial sepsis in a Multipurpose Intensive Care Unit. Methods: a descriptive retrospective study was performed. The sample was composed of 682 patients. The patients under study were those who presented some type of nosocomial infection. Complementary exams, clinical signs and factors predicting a bad prognosis were all analysed. Risk factors associated to sepsis were taken into account. Results: 153 patients developed nosocomial sepsis. It predominated in men who represented a 69.3 percent. The mean age was 56 years. The group over 70 years of age had the highest incidence. The 47.06 percent of sepsis had a clinical cause. A 66.01 percent of the cases developed respiratory infections. The 88.20 percent presented factors that predict a bad prognosis, being the temperature elevation over 39 o C the most frequent one. The 98.04 percent of patients had risk factors to develop sepsis. Acinetobacter calcoaceticus was isolated in a 33.33 percent of the cases and Klebsiella pneumoniae was isolated in the 30.07 percent of the cases as well. Conclusions: the high rates of nosocomial infections had a clinical cause. Almost all patients presented signs predicting a bad prognosis and the most isolated germs were the Acinetobacter calcoaceticus and the Klebsiella pneumoniae(AU)

Sepsis nosocomial en unidad de cuidados intensivos polivalente / Nosocomial sepsis in Multipurpose Intensive Care Units

Introducción: la prevalencia de sepsis nosocomial en las unidades de terapia intensiva es de 20 a 57 casos por 1 000 pacientes/día, por lo que constituye un importante problema de salud. Objetivo: determinar la incidencia de la sepsis nosocomial en una unidad de cuidados intensivos polivalente. Métodos: se realizó un estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo. La muestra quedó constituida por 682 pacientes. Se estudiaron los que durante su evolución presentaron algún tipo de infección nosocomial. Se analizaron los exámenes complementarios, signos clínicos y factores de mal pronóstico. Se tuvieron en cuenta los factores de riesgo asociados con la sepsis. Resultados: desarrollaron sepsis nosocomial 153 pacientes. Predominaron los hombres con un 69,3 %. La media de edades fue de 56 años. El grupo de más de 70 años fue el de mayor incidencia. El 47,06 % de las sepsis fueron de causa clínica. El 66,01 % de los casos desarrollaron infección respiratoria. El 88,20 % presentó factores de mal pronóstico, siendo el más frecuente el aumento de la temperatura por encima de 39 ºC. El 98,04 % de los pacientes tuvieron factores de riesgo de desarrollar sepsis. El Acinetobacter calcoaceticus se aisló en el 33,33 % y la Klebsiella pneumoniae en el 30,07 %. Conclusiones: la mayor cantidad de infecciones nosocomiales fueron de causa clínica. Casi todos los pacientes presentaron elementos de mal pronóstico y los gérmenes más aislados fueron el Acinetobacter calcoaceticus y la Klebsiella pneumoniae.

Introduction: the prevalence of nosocomial sepsis in Intensive Care Units is 20-57 cases per 1000 patients daily what constitutes an important health problem. Objective: to determine the incidence of nosocomial sepsis in a Multipurpose Intensive Care Unit. Methods: a descriptive retrospective study was performed. The sample was composed of 682 patients. The patients under study were those who presented some type of nosocomial infection. Complementary exams, clinical signs and factors predicting a bad prognosis were all analysed. Risk factors associated to sepsis were taken into account. Results: 153 patients developed nosocomial sepsis. It predominated in men who represented a 69.3 %. The mean age was 56 years. The group over 70 years of age had the highest incidence. The 47.06 % of sepsis had a clinical cause. A 66.01 % of the cases developed respiratory infections. The 88.20 % presented factors that predict a bad prognosis, being the temperature elevation over 39 o C the most frequent one. The 98.04 % of patients had risk factors to develop sepsis. Acinetobacter calcoaceticus was isolated in a 33.33 % of the cases and Klebsiella pneumoniae was isolated in the 30.07 % of the cases as well. Conclusions: the high rates of nosocomial infections had a clinical cause. Almost all patients presented signs predicting a bad prognosis and the most isolated germs were the Acinetobacter calcoaceticus and the Klebsiella pneumoniae.

Situación de la sepsis intrahospitalaria: subregistro e incumplimiento de las normas higienicosanitarias establecidas / Status of nosocomial sepsis: underreporting and non-observance of established health standards

Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo y transversal de los 315 pacientes con sepsis intrahospitalaria en el Hospital General Docente "Dr. Juan Bruno Zayas Alfonso" de Santiago de Cuba, de enero a septiembre del 2011, con vistas a determinar la situación de ese proceso morboso, a través de algunas variables de interés, tales como: número de afectados con sepsis según el servicio hospitalario, tasa que representaban, localización de la sepsis, mapa microbiológico, entre otras. Sobre la base de los resultados, pudo concluirse que existían un subregistro en la notificación de las infecciones intrahospitalarias y deficiencias en el cumplimiento de las normas higiénico-epidemiológicas. A fin de reducir o eliminar algunos elementos que pueden causar sepsis, se recomendó que debieran realizarse estrategias de intervención en dicha institución de salud.

A descriptive, retrospective and cross sectional study was carried out in 315 patients with nosocomial sepsis in "Dr. Juan Bruno Zayas Alfonso" General Teaching Hospital of Santiago de Cuba, from January to September 2011, to determine the status of the morbid process through some variables of interest, such as number of people affected with sepsis according to the hospital service, rate that they represented, location of sepsis, microbiological map, among others. Based on the results, it could be concluded that there was an underreporting of nosocomial infections and deficiencies in the observance of epidemiological health standards. To reduce or eliminate some elements that can cause sepsis, intervention strategies were recommended in this health institution.

Agentes implicados en infección neonatal nosocomial y patrones de sensibilidad antimicrobiana / Agents involved in neonatal nosocomial infection and sensitivity pattern

Con el objeto de conocer los agentes implicados en las infecciones nosocomiales y su susceptibilidad antimicrobiana en pacientes del Servicio de Neonatología, se realizó un estudio prospectivo en 101 aislamientos bacterianos, analizándose los casos de sepsis nosocomial. Se identificó la susceptibilidad de las cepas por métodos bacteriológicos convencionales, con medios de cultivo universales y selectivos. Se calculó la frecuencia de infecciones por 100 ingresos y se analizó la sensibilidad. La incidencia de sepsis neonatal nosocomial fue 36.4%. Predominaron bacterias gramnegativas (Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli y no fermentadores) (54.4%), seguido por bacterias grampositivas (Staphylococcus aureus y Staphylococcus coagulasa negativo) (37.6%) y hongos (7.9%). La susceptibilidad a aminoglucósidos fue 28%. Para la Ciprofloxacina la sensibilidad para las Klebsiella fue 56.2%. Con respecto al cefepime y cefalosporinas de 3ra generación, la sensibilidad para los no fermentadores fue 50%. En cuanto al meropenem, Escherichia coli fue 54.4% sensible, Klebsiella 65.5%, y los no fermentadores 50%. Para piperacilina-tazobactam, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella y no fermentadores fueron sensibles en 45.4%, 40.6 % y 50%, respectivamente. La susceptibilidad al Colistin fue de 83.3% en los no fermentadores; Klebsiella 71.8% y Escherichia coli 63.6%. La sensibilidad del Staphylococcus aureus a la oxacilina fue de 18,7%, al linezolid, teicoplamina y vancomicina de 100%. El Staphylococcus coagulasa negativo fue 100% sensible a linezolid, teicoplanina y vancomicina y 46,6 % a clindamicina. Se pudo constatar la estabilidad en la circulación de los agentes causales, predominando las bacterias gramnegativas, y la baja susceptibilidad a la terapia antimicrobiana utilizada.

In order to determine the agents involved in nosocomial infections and their antimicrobial susceptibility in neonatology patients, a prospective study was carried out on 101 bacterial isolates, and cases of nosocomial sepsis were analyzed. We identified the susceptibility of strains by conventional microbiology with universal and selective culture media. Sensitivity was analyzed for estimation of rates for each 100 admissions. The incidence of nosocomial neonatal sepsis was 36.4%. Gram-negative bacteria (Klebsiella pn., Escherichia coli and non-fermenting) were predominant, 54.4%, followed by Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative Staphylococcus) 37.6%, and 7.9% fungi. Susceptibility to aminoglycosides was 28%. Sensitivity to ciprofloxacin for Klebsiella was 56.2%. Sensitivity of non-fermenters to cefepime and 3rd generation cephalosporins was 50%. Regarding meropenem, Escherichia coli was 54.4% sensitive, Klebsiella 65.5%, and non-fermenters 50%. Sensitivity of Escherichia coli, Klebsiella and nonfermenters to piperacillintazobactam was 45.4%, 40.6% and 50%, respectively. Sensitivity to colistin was 83.3% for non-fermenters, 71.8% for Klebsiella and 63.6% for Escherichia coli. Sensitivity of Staphylococcus aureus to oxacillin was 18.7%, and 100% to linezolid and vancomycin teicoplamina. Coagulase-negative Staphylococcus was 100% sensitive to linezolid, teicoplanin and vancomycin, and 46.6% to clindamycin. Results show stability of causal agents in the circulation, predominantly gram-negative bacteria and low susceptibility to antimicrobial therapy used.

Parámetros clínicos y de laboratorio asociados a sepsis neonatal nosocomial / Clinical and laboratory parameters in neonatal nosocomial sepsis

Objetivo: Evaluar la utilidad de signos, síntomas y parámetros laboratoriales para predecir sepsis neonatal nosocomial. Métodos: De marzo de 2002 a junio de 2003 se identificaron 343 recién nacidos con sospecha de sepsis neonatal nosocomial, de los cuales 60 reunieron los criterios de inclusión. Se tomaron dos hemocultivos, biometría hemática, proteína C reactiva (PCR) seriada y un frotis de leucocitos teñidos con naranja de acridina o buffy coat. Los signos clínicos y laboratoriales fueron comparados en neonatos con y sin hemocultivo positivo, mediante χ2. Se calculó sensibilidad, especificidad, valores de predicción y razón de momios. Resultados: En 35/60 (58.3%) recién nacidos se aislaron bacterias patógenas. No se identificaron signos o síntomas asociados a sepsis neonatal nosocomial. Plaquetopenia (χ2=4.8 d.f. 1,p=0.03, RM=3.2, IC 95%=1.1-9.6); PCR positiva inicial (χ2=9.1 d.f. 1, p=0.003, RM=15.1, IC 95%=1.7-130.6) y buffy coat positivo (χ2=6.7 d.f.1,p=0.009, RM=11, IC 95%=1.3-91.9) se asociaron significativamente a sepsis neonatal nosocomial. Staphylococcus epidermidis y Serratia marcescens fueron las bacterias más aisladas. Conclusiones: Nuestros resultados fueron consistentes con otros informes, los signos y síntomas clínicos no son de utilidad para predecir sepsis neonatal nosocomial, mientras que la plaquetopenia, PCR y buffy coat positivos resultaron buenos predictores de esta patología.

OBJECTIVE: Assess if certain clinical and laboratorial data are associated with Neonatal Nosocomial Sepsis (NNS). METHODS: From March to June 2003, 343 premature neonates (PN) with clinical data suggestive of NNS were recruited; 60 fulfilled the inclusion criteria and were studied. Laboratory tests included two blood cultures from different peripheral veins, complete blood count (CBC), serial C reactive protein (CRP), and buffy coat (BC) smear stained with acridine orange. Clinical data and laboratory test results were compared among neonates with and without pathogenic bacteria isolated in the blood culture. Statistical analysis included chi-square tests (chi2), odds ratios (OR), sensitivity, specificity and predictive values. RESULTS: In 35/60 (58.3%) PN, a pathogenic bacteria was isolated in blood cultures. We did not identify signs and symptoms significantly associated with SNN. Thrombocytopenia (chi2 4.8 d.f. 1; p = 0.03; OR: 3.2, C.I. 95% 1.1-9.6); positive CRP (chi2 9.1 d.f. 1; p = 0.003; OR: 15.1 C.I. 95%. 1.7-130.6), and positive buffy coat smear (chi2 6.7 d.f. 1; p = 0.009; OR: 11 C.I. 95% 1.3-91.9) were associated with NNS. Staphylococcus epidermidis and Serratia marcescens were the most frequent isolated bacteria. CONCLUSIONS: The present study did not identify signs and symptoms associated with NNS. Nevertheless, thrombocytopenia, positive CRP and positive buffy coat smear were considered adequate predictive factors.

The Changes of Incidence of Nosocomial Sepsis, and Risk Factors in Extremely Low Birth Weight Infants

PURPOSE: To know whether the changes in the risk factors of nosocomial sepsis had an impact on the occurrence of nosocomial sepsis (NS) in extremely low birth weight infants (ELBW I). METHODS: ELBW I who were admitted to the NICU at Samsung Medical Center from October 1994 to December 2000 were devided into three groups according to periods (period I:1994.10-1996.9, period II:1996.10-1998.12, period III:1999.1-2000.12), and charts were reviewed retrospectively for demographic profile, incidence of NS, and changing patterns of risk factors of NS. RESULTS: Gestational age and birth weight of ELBW I decreased and the incidence of NS increased significantly during third period. However, cumulative incidence of NS corrected by hospital days was not changed irrespective of periods. Among the risk factors of NS in 3rd period, use of antibiotics in the 1st day, postnatal dexamethasone and use and duration of indwelling umbilical catheters decreased significantly and the use of nasal continuous positive airway pressure increased significantly especially, in ELBW I under 800 g of birth weight. In the ELBW I under 800 g of birth weight, cumulative incidence of NS and mortality among the infants who suffered from NS decreased significantly in 3rd period. CONCLUSION: Efforts to decrease the risk factors of NS can prevent the increase in incidence of NS in ELBW I.

A Study on the Incidence and Risk Factors of Nosocomial Sepsis in Very Low Birth Weight Infants

PURPOSE: Although advances in neonatal intensive care have led to improved survival of very low birth weight(VLBW) infants, nosocomial sepsis continues to be an important cause of morbidity and death among these infants. Our study was carried out to estimate the incidence of nosocomial sepsis and to identify the attributable risk factors for sepsis. METHODS: The results of blood cultures taken from 182 infants with their birth weights less than 1,500 gram who were admitted to the NICU at Samsung Medical Center from October 1994 to December 1997 were retrospectively reviewed. A multiple logistic regression was performed to identify which factors were independently associated with sepsis. RESULTS: Of 166 infants who survived beyond 3 days, 57(34.3%) had nosocomial sepsis(positive blood culture at age greater than 3 days and antibiotic therapy for more than 5 days). The incidence of nosocomial sepsis was 1.8/100 hospital days and the interval between admission and onset of sepsis was 18.4+17.8 days(meanSD). Coagulase negative staphylococci(35.3%) were the most common organism in nosocomial sepsis. On multiple logistic regression analysis, several risk factors appeared to be independently associated with sepsis. The risk of nosocomial sepsis rose with decreasing gestational age, with increasing ventilator duration, UAC(umbilical venous catheter) duration, PCVC(percutanous central venous catheter) duration, nasal prong duration. And infants with nosocomial sepsis were more likely to be outborn, resuscitated at delivery room and to have bronchopulmonary dysplasia. CONCLUSION: Directing quality improvement efforts toward decreasing exposure to invasive vascular catheter and reducing ventilator days may decrease the incidence of nosocomial sepsis in VLBW infants.