Taking it back: A pilot study of a rubric measuring retraction notice quality.

The frequency of scientific retractions has grown substantially in recent years. However, thus far there is no standardized retraction notice format to which journals and their publishers adhere voluntarily, let alone compulsorily. We developed a rubric specifying seven criteria in order to judge whether retraction notices are easily and freely accessible, informative, and transparent. We mined the Retraction Watch database and evaluated a total of 768 retraction notices from two publishers (Springer and Wiley) over three years (2010, 2015, and 2020). Per our rubric, both publishers tended to score higher on measures of openness/availability, accessibility, and clarity as to why a paper was retracted than they did in: acknowledging institutional investigations; confirming whether there was consensus among authors; and specifying which parts of any given paper warranted retraction. Springer retraction notices appeared to improve over time with respect to the rubric's seven criteria. We observed some discrepancies among raters, indicating the difficulty in developing a robust objective rubric for evaluating retraction notices.

Identification of retracted publications and completeness of retraction notices in public health.

OBJECTIVES: Retraction is intended to be a mechanism to correct the published body of knowledge when necessary due to fraudulent, fatally flawed, or ethically unacceptable publications. However, the success of this mechanism requires that retracted publications be consistently identified as such and that retraction notices contain sufficient information to understand what is being retracted and why. Our study investigated how clearly and consistently retracted publications in public health are being presented to researchers. STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING: This is a cross-sectional study, using 441 retracted research publications in the field of public health. Records were retrieved for each of these publications from 11 resources, while retraction notices were retrieved from publisher websites and full-text aggregators. The identification of the retracted status of the publication was assessed using criteria from the Committee on Publication Ethics and the National Library of Medicine. The completeness of the associated retraction notices was assessed using criteria from Committee on Publication Ethics and Retraction Watch. RESULTS: Two thousand eight hundred forty-one records for retracted publications were retrieved, of which less than half indicated that the article had been retracted. Less than 5% of publications were identified as retracted through all resources through which they were available. Within single resources, if and how retracted publications were identified varied. Retraction notices were frequently incomplete, with no notices meeting all the criteria. CONCLUSIONS: The observed inconsistencies and incomplete notices pose a threat to the integrity of scientific publishing and highlight the need to better align with existing best practices to ensure more effective and transparent dissemination of information on retractions.

'We were the Guinea pigs': Police uncertainty enforcing coronavirus regulations in the UK.

The regulations introduced under the UK's Coronavirus Act 2020 to help curb the spread of COVID-19 caused considerable confusion due to conflation between what was regarded as 'guidance' and what was 'law'. The fast-paced nature of the pandemic meant that restrictions on public liberty and increased police powers to enforce the new 'rules' led to accusations of over-zealous enforcement behaviour of some officers, including a record number of Fixed Penalty Notices (FPNs) issued. This paper explores the experiences of police officers in a range of English police forces, using 28 h of qualitative interview data at two research points in time (2020 and 2022). The extracts presented here illustrate some of the challenges that officers faced enforcing the frequently changing rules and regulations during the COVID-19 pandemic in the UK.

Global shipping network dynamics during the COVID-19 pandemic's initial phases.

Catastrophic incidents can significantly disrupt supply chains, but most of these disruptions remain localized. It was not until the onset of COVID-19 that a disruption in our lifetimes achieved a global magnitude. In order to contain the pandemic, governments around the world resorted to closing borders, shutting down manufacturing plants, and imposing lockdowns, which resulted in disrupted production capabilities and weakened consumer spending. The effects of these measures have been clearly visible in global transport networks, where disruptions ripple through the system and serve as a precursor to the disruptions in the broader economy. In this study, we use liner shipping schedule cancellations, a form of serious transport network disruption, as distress signals of the pandemic's impact on global supply chains. Our study applies a three-stage approach and provides insights into operator behaviors when under distress. We show that the pandemic challenged service network integrity and that network disruptions first clustered in Asia before rippling along main trade routes. Agile liner shipping operations, aided by planned service suspensions, prevented the collapse of the global maritime transport networks and indicated the maritime industry's ability to withstand even major catastrophic incidents.

Creating space for Indigenous perspectives on access and benefit-sharing: Encouraging researcher use of the Local Contexts Notices.

A recent Molecular Ecology editorial made a proactive statement of support for the "Nagoya Protocol" and the principle of benefit-sharing by requiring authors to provide a "Data Accessibility and Benefit-Sharing Statement" in their articles. Here, we encourage another step that enables Indigenous communities to provide their own definitions and aspirations for access and benefit-sharing alongside the author's "Statement". We invite the Molecular Ecology research community to use Biocultural-, Traditional Knowledge-, and Cultural Institution Notices to help Indigenous communities gain visibility within our research structures. Notices are one of the tools offered by the Biocultural Labels Initiative (part of the Local Contexts system) designed specifically for researchers and institutions. The Notices are highly visible, machine-readable icons that signal the Indigenous provenance of genetic resources, and rights of Indigenous communities to define the future use of genetic resources and derived benefits. The Notices invite collaboration with Indigenous communities and create spaces within our research systems for them to define the provenance, protocols, and permissions associated with genetic resources using Labels. Authors contributing to Molecular Ecology can apply Notices to their articles by providing the persistent unique identifier and an optional use-statement associated with the Notice in their "Data Accessibility and Benefit-Sharing Statement". In this way, our research community has an opportunity to accelerate support for the principles of the Nagoya Protocol, to alleviate concerns regarding Indigenous Data Sovereignty and equitable outcomes, and to build better relationships with Indigenous collaborators to enhance research, biodiversity, and conservation outcomes.

A trial of Criminal Infringement Notices as an alternative to criminal penalties for illicit drug offences in New South Wales, Australia: Estimated savings.

INTRODUCTION AND AIMS: In 2019, legislation was introduced allowing New South Wales police to issue Criminal Infringement Notices (CIN) instead of criminal charges for prohibited drug possession offences, excluding cannabis leaf. This initiative was trialled across NSW music festivals from 25 January to 1 August 2019. This paper aims to examine the number of CINs administered and to estimate the associated (actual and potential) savings. DESIGN AND METHODS: Data were obtained from the NSW Bureau of Crime Statistics and Research (Recorded Crime Statistics, Reoffending Database). To estimate the monetary savings associated with administering CINs for drug possession offences, as opposed to processing them through the criminal justice system, data were obtained from the 2020 Report on Government Services. RESULTS: From January to June 2019, 300 CINs were issued for illicit drug possession (mostly for ecstasy possession; n = 256), resulting in an estimated saving to the criminal justice system of 194 400 AUD (or 314 400, if generated revenue included). We estimate that issuing CINs for all illicit drug possession offences would have provided savings of over 5 million AUD in that same six-month period, or approximately 1.7 million AUD if CINs were only issued to people with no prior convictions. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Issuing CINs for illicit drug possession has the potential to yield substantial monetary savings. However, to avoid unintended consequences (e.g. disproportionate impact on disadvantaged populations), we would argue that police also be given the discretion to issue cautions for illicit drug possession offences.

For how long and with what relevance do genetics articles retracted due to research misconduct remain active in the scientific literature.

We aimed to quantify the number of pre- and post-retraction citations obtained by genetics articles retracted due to research misconduct. All retraction notices available in the Retraction Watch database for genetics articles published in 1970-2016 were assessed. The reasons for retraction were fabrication/falsification and plagiarism. The endpoints were the number of citations of retracted articles and when and how journals reported on retractions and whether this was published on PubMed.Four hundred and sixty retracted genetics articles were cited 34,487 times; 7,945 (23%) were post-retraction citations. Median time to retraction and time to last citation were 3.2 and 3 years, respectively. Most (96%) had a PubMed retraction notice, One percent of these were totally removed from journal websites altogether, and 4% had no information available on either the online or PDF versions. Ninety percent of citations were from articles retracted due to falsification/fabrication. The percentage of post-retraction citations was significantly higher in the case of plagiarism (42%) than in the case of fabrication/falsification (21.5%) (p<0.001). Median time to retraction was shorter (1.3 years) in the case of plagiarism than for fabrication/falsification (4.8 years, p<0.001). The retraction was more frequently reported in the PDFs (70%) for the fabrication/falsification cases than for the plagiarism cases (43%, p<0.001). The highest rate of retracted papers due to falsification/fabrication was among authors in the USA, and the highest rate for plagiarism was in China.Although most retractions were appropriately handled by journals, the gravest issue was that median time to retraction for articles retracted for falsification/fabrication was nearly 5 years, earning close to 6800 post-retraction citations. Journals should implement processes to speed-up the retraction process that will help to minimize post-retraction citations.

Panorama da imagem social da enfermeira divulgada na mídia impressa / Situación de la imagen social de la enfermera divulgada en los medios de comunicación impresos / Overview of nurses' social image published in the print media

Resumo Objetivo Apresentar um panorama da imagem social da enfermeira divulgada na Mídia Impressa brasileira no período de 1970 a 1999. Métodos Estudo exploratório, documental, quantitativo que utilizou como fonte de dados as edições publicadas pelo Jornal Estado de São Paulo nos 30 anos compreendidos entre 1970 e 1999, que mencionaram o termo "enfermeira" ou "enfermeiro", identificadas por meio de webscraping. O tratamento e a análise das notícias foram realizados com auxílio do software Sphinx. Resultados Foram identificadas 10.950 edições do jornal e 2.528 notícias que mencionavam os termos "enfermeiro" ou "enfermeira". Identificamos uma média de sete notícias por mês a respeito da enfermeira. Entretanto, em 90,3%, a enfermeira foi apenas mencionada no texto, sem nenhum destaque ou relação com a notícia principal. Além disso, a maior parte das matérias foi veiculada na seção classificados, no formato de artigo ou coluna, que, por característica constitutiva, traz a opinião do autor sobre determinado tema. Conclusão Podemos inferir, com base nos dados analisados, que apesar do significativo quantitativo de notícias publicadas a respeito do tema durante o período analisado, isso pouco contribuiu para a construção da imagem da enfermeira enquanto profissional de saúde na sociedade brasileira porque a maior parte das notícias apenas mencionou a enfermeira no texto ou utilizou o termo para caracterizar um objeto ou situação.

Resumen Objetivo Presentar cómo es la situación de la imagen social de la enfermera divulgada en los medios de comunicación impresos brasileños de 1970 a 1999. Métodos Estudio exploratorio, documental, cuantitativo que utilizó como fuente de datos las ediciones publicadas por el periódico Estado de São Paulo durante los 30 años comprendidos entre 1970 y 1999, que mencionaron el término "enfermera" o "enfermero", identificadas mediante webscraping. Las noticias fueron tratadas y analizadas con ayuda del software Sphinx. Resultados Se identificaron 10.950 ediciones del periódico y 2.528 noticias que mencionaron los términos "enfermero" o "enfermera". Identificamos un promedio de siete noticias por mes relacionadas con enfermeras. Sin embargo, en el 90,3 % de los casos, la enfermera solo fue mencionada en el texto, sin ningún tipo de énfasis o relación con la noticia principal. Además, la mayor parte de las notas fue publicada en la sección de clasificados, en formato de artículo o columna, que, por característica constitutiva, expone la opinión del autor sobre determinado tema. Conclusión Con base en los datos analizados, podemos deducir que, a pesar de la cantidad significativa de noticias publicadas sobre el tema durante el período estudiado, contribuyó poco en la construcción de la imagen de la enfermera como profesional de la salud en la sociedad brasileña, porque en la mayoría de las noticias solo se mencionó a la enfermera en el texto o se utilizó el término para caracterizar un objeto o situación.

Abstract Objective to present an overview of nurses' social image published in the Brazilian Printed Media from 1970 to 1999. Methods this is an exploratory, documentary, quantitative study, which used as a data source the editions published by Estado de São Paulo in the 30 years between 1970 and 1999, which mentioned the term "nurses", identified through web scraping. News processing and analysis carried out using the Sphinx software. Results 10,950 issues of the newspaper and 2,528 news items that mentioned the term "nurses" were identified. We identified an average of seven news a month about nurses. However, in 90.3%, nurses were only mentioned in the text, without any highlight or relationship with the main news. Furthermore, most articles were published in the classified section, in the form of an article or column, which, by constitutive characteristic, brings the opinion of the author on a given topic. Conclusion we can infer, based on the analyzed data, that despite the significant amount of news published on the subject during the analyzed period, this contributed little to constructing the image of nurses as health professionals in Brazilian society because most of the news only mentioned nurses in the text or used the term to characterize an object or situation.

Reasons for and time to retraction of genetics articles published between 1970 and 2018.

INTRODUCTION: Between 0.02% and 0.04% of articles are retracted. We aim to: (a) describe the reasons for retraction of genetics articles and the time elapsed between the publication of an article and that of the retraction notice because of research misconduct (ie, fabrication, falsification, plagiarism); and (b) compare all these variables between retracted medical genetics (MG) and non-medical genetics (NMG) articles. METHODS: All retracted genetics articles published between 1970 and 2018 were retrieved from the Retraction Watch database. The reasons for retraction were fabrication/falsification, plagiarism, duplication, unreliability, and authorship issues. Articles subject to investigation by company/institution, journal, US Office for Research Integrity or third party were also retrieved. RESULTS: 1582 retracted genetics articles (MG, n=690; NMG, n=892) were identified . Research misconduct and duplication were involved in 33% and 24% of retracted papers, respectively; 37% were subject to investigation. Only 0.8% of articles involved both fabrication/falsification and plagiarism. In this century the incidence of both plagiarism and duplication increased statistically significantly in genetics retracted articles; conversely, fabrication/falsification was significantly reduced. Time to retraction due to scientific misconduct was statistically significantly shorter in the period 2006-2018 compared with 1970-2000. Fabrication/falsification was statistically significantly more common in NMG (28%) than in MG (19%) articles. MG articles were significantly more frequently investigated (45%) than NMG articles (31%). Time to retraction of articles due to fabrication/falsification was significantly shorter for MG (mean 4.7 years) than for NMG (mean 6.4 years) articles; no differences for plagiarism (mean 2.3 years) were found. The USA (mainly NMG articles) and China (mainly MG articles) accounted for the largest number of retracted articles. CONCLUSION: Genetics is a discipline with a high article retraction rate (estimated retraction rate 0.15%). Fabrication/falsification and plagiarism were almost mutually exclusive reasons for article retraction. Retracted MG articles were more frequently subject to investigation than NMG articles. Retracted articles due to fabrication/falsification required 2.0-2.8 times longer to retract than when plagiarism was involved.

District nurses must do more to comply with health care sharps regulations.

The Health and Safety Executive have completed an inspection initiative focussing on the prevention and management of sharps injuries in forty NHS organisations. Health and safety breaches were found in 90% of the services visited and inspectors issued improvement notices to 45% of those NHS organisations. In this article Richard Griffith sets out the key findings of the inspection initiative and considers their impact on district nursing practice.

A hard look at FDA's review of GRAS notices.

Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS) substances are exempt from premarket approval; however, the standard of "reasonable certainty of no harm" is the same. In 1997, the voluntary GRAS affirmation process was replaced with the voluntary U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) GRAS notice process. Under the GRAS notice process, pivotal safety data are required to be in the public domain, and consensus of safety among experts is required. FDA issues responses of "FDA has no questions", "Notice does not provide a basis for a GRAS determination", or, "At Notifier's request, FDA ceased to evaluate the notice." Of 528 notices reviewed, there were 393 "no questions letters", 17 "insufficient basis letters", and 84 "cease to evaluate letters". Of those deemed to be insufficient, most failed to meet the general recognition criteria. Only four raised questions about potential safety, of which three received a no questions letter upon providing more data. Of the 84 withdrawn notices, 22 received a no questions letter upon resubmission. In spite of criticisms, the FDA GRAS notice process is clearly defined, efficient, and cost-effective, and there have been no known public health issues following its implementation.

Research on the safety management of hospital liquid oxygen tank / 中国医学装备

Objective:To prevent hospital oxygen area security accident, realize the goal of the zero leakage, fire, explosive null, zero accidents, zero death.Methods:Through the field investigation of oxygen tank area at the 5 provincial level hospitals, 2 municipal hospitals, 3 county hospitals to understand the equipment quantity, tank volume, fire protection configuration, static electricity grounding and lightning protection measures, pointed out the matters needing attention of daily check O2 tank area.Results: Hospital oxygen tank area is dangerous area and prone to leakage, fire or explosion. Strengthen the security tanks area can avoid all kinds of accidents.Conclusion: Hospital implemented oxygen tank area main responsibility for safety, conducted strict supervision and inspection for eliminating hidden dangers and preventing accidents. It strengthen the tank area safety management to ensure safe oxygen used in hospital.