Partial replacement of fish meal with Moringa oleifera leaf meal in practical diets of Cirrhinus mrigala fingerlings / Substituição parcial da refeição de peixe com farinha de folha de Moringa oleifera em dietas práticas de dedos Cirrhinus mrigala

Fish protein is serving as a source of nutrition for protein starving world. However, sustainable aquaculture products require inexpensive plant by-products due to finite sources of fish meal. Therefore, this study was conducted to examine nutrient utilization, growth performance and hematological indices of Cirrhinus mrigala fingerlings fed on Moringa oleifera leaf meal (MOLM) based diets. Fish were fed with six isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets having MOLM as a substitute of fish meal (FM) at the levels of 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50% for the period of 90 days. Fingerlings having initial weight 6.35±0.04g were reared in triplicate tanks at the stocking density of 15 and hand fed at the rate of 5% of total biomass twice regularly. Chromic oxide inclusion level was 1% in diets. After analysis, maximum growth performance and improved digestibility of nutrients were found in fish fed with diet at 10% replacement level as compared to fish fed on control diet and other test diets. Additionally, it was found that the red blood cells, white blood cells, hemoglobin and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration of fish showed a significantly (p<0.05) inverse correlation with the increase in MOLM. In present research, it was concluded that MOLM has good potential to be used as a FM substitute in C. mrigala diet with maximum effect at 10% showing positive hematological indices.(AU)

A proteína do peixe está servindo como fonte de nutrição para o mundo faminto por proteína. No entanto, produtos de aquicultura sustentáveis requerem subprodutos vegetais baratos devido às fontes finitas de farinha de peixe. Portanto, este estudo foi conduzido para examinar a utilização de nutrientes, o desempenho do crescimento e os índices hematológicos de alevinos de Cirrhinus mrigala alimentados com dietas à base de farelo de folhas de Moringa oleifera (MOLM). Os peixes foram alimentados com seis dietas isonitrogênicas e isoenergéticas contendo MOLM como substituto da farinha de peixe (FM) nos níveis de 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% e 50% pelo período de 90 dias. Os alevinos com peso inicial de 6,35 ± 0,04g foram criados em tanques triplicados com densidade de 15 animais e alimentados à mão a uma taxa de 5% da biomassa total duas vezes regularmente. O nível de inclusão de óxido crômico foi de 1% nas dietas. Após análise, desempenho máximo de crescimento e melhor digestibilidade de nutrientes foram encontrados em peixes alimentados com dieta em nível de reposição de 10% em comparação com peixes alimentados com dieta controle e outras dietas teste. Além disso, verificou-se que as concentrações de hemácias, leucócitos, hemoglobina e hemoglobina corpuscular média dos peixes apresentaram correlação inversa significativa (p < 0,05) com o aumento do MOLM. Na presente pesquisa, concluiu-se que o MOLM tem bom potencial para ser utilizado como substituto do FM na dieta de C. mrigala com efeito máximo a 10% apresentando índices hematológicos positivos.(AU)

Partial replacement of fish meal with Moringa oleifera leaf meal in practical diets of Cirrhinus mrigala fingerlings / Substituição parcial da refeição de peixe com farinha de folha de Moringa oleifera em dietas práticas de dedos Cirrhinus mrigala

Fish protein is serving as a source of nutrition for protein starving world. However, sustainable aquaculture products require inexpensive plant by-products due to finite sources of fish meal. Therefore, this study was conducted to examine nutrient utilization, growth performance and hematological indices of Cirrhinus mrigala fingerlings fed on Moringa oleifera leaf meal (MOLM) based diets. Fish were fed with six isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets having MOLM as a substitute of fish meal (FM) at the levels of 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50% for the period of 90 days. Fingerlings having initial weight 6.35±0.04g were reared in triplicate tanks at the stocking density of 15 and hand fed at the rate of 5% of total biomass twice regularly. Chromic oxide inclusion level was 1% in diets. After analysis, maximum growth performance and improved digestibility of nutrients were found in fish fed with diet at 10% replacement level as compared to fish fed on control diet and other test diets. Additionally, it was found that the red blood cells, white blood cells, hemoglobin and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration of fish showed a significantly (p<0.05) inverse correlation with the increase in MOLM. In present research, it was concluded that MOLM has good potential to be used as a FM substitute in C. mrigala diet with maximum effect at 10% showing positive hematological indices.

A proteína do peixe está servindo como fonte de nutrição para o mundo faminto por proteína. No entanto, produtos de aquicultura sustentáveis requerem subprodutos vegetais baratos devido às fontes finitas de farinha de peixe. Portanto, este estudo foi conduzido para examinar a utilização de nutrientes, o desempenho do crescimento e os índices hematológicos de alevinos de Cirrhinus mrigala alimentados com dietas à base de farelo de folhas de Moringa oleifera (MOLM). Os peixes foram alimentados com seis dietas isonitrogênicas e isoenergéticas contendo MOLM como substituto da farinha de peixe (FM) nos níveis de 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% e 50% pelo período de 90 dias. Os alevinos com peso inicial de 6,35 ± 0,04g foram criados em tanques triplicados com densidade de 15 animais e alimentados à mão a uma taxa de 5% da biomassa total duas vezes regularmente. O nível de inclusão de óxido crômico foi de 1% nas dietas. Após análise, desempenho máximo de crescimento e melhor digestibilidade de nutrientes foram encontrados em peixes alimentados com dieta em nível de reposição de 10% em comparação com peixes alimentados com dieta controle e outras dietas teste. Além disso, verificou-se que as concentrações de hemácias, leucócitos, hemoglobina e hemoglobina corpuscular média dos peixes apresentaram correlação inversa significativa (p < 0,05) com o aumento do MOLM. Na presente pesquisa, concluiu-se que o MOLM tem bom potencial para ser utilizado como substituto do FM na dieta de C. mrigala com efeito máximo a 10% apresentando índices hematológicos positivos.

Partial replacement of fish meal with Moringa oleifera leaf meal in practical diets of Cirrhinus mrigala fingerlings

Abstract Fish protein is serving as a source of nutrition for protein starving world. However, sustainable aquaculture products require inexpensive plant by-products due to finite sources of fish meal. Therefore, this study was conducted to examine nutrient utilization, growth performance and hematological indices of Cirrhinus mrigala fingerlings fed on Moringa oleifera leaf meal (MOLM) based diets. Fish were fed with six isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets having MOLM as a substitute of fish meal (FM) at the levels of 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50% for the period of 90 days. Fingerlings having initial weight 6.35±0.04g were reared in triplicate tanks at the stocking density of 15 and hand fed at the rate of 5% of total biomass twice regularly. Chromic oxide inclusion level was 1% in diets. After analysis, maximum growth performance and improved digestibility of nutrients were found in fish fed with diet at 10% replacement level as compared to fish fed on control diet and other test diets. Additionally, it was found that the red blood cells, white blood cells, hemoglobin and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration of fish showed a significantly (p 0.05) inverse correlation with the increase in MOLM. In present research, it was concluded that MOLM has good potential to be used as a FM substitute in C. mrigala diet with maximum effect at 10% showing positive hematological indices.

Resumo A proteína do peixe está servindo como fonte de nutrição para o mundo faminto por proteína. No entanto, produtos de aquicultura sustentáveis requerem subprodutos vegetais baratos devido às fontes finitas de farinha de peixe. Portanto, este estudo foi conduzido para examinar a utilização de nutrientes, o desempenho do crescimento e os índices hematológicos de alevinos de Cirrhinus mrigala alimentados com dietas à base de farelo de folhas de Moringa oleifera (MOLM). Os peixes foram alimentados com seis dietas isonitrogênicas e isoenergéticas contendo MOLM como substituto da farinha de peixe (FM) nos níveis de 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% e 50% pelo período de 90 dias. Os alevinos com peso inicial de 6,35 ± 0,04g foram criados em tanques triplicados com densidade de 15 animais e alimentados à mão a uma taxa de 5% da biomassa total duas vezes regularmente. O nível de inclusão de óxido crômico foi de 1% nas dietas. Após análise, desempenho máximo de crescimento e melhor digestibilidade de nutrientes foram encontrados em peixes alimentados com dieta em nível de reposição de 10% em comparação com peixes alimentados com dieta controle e outras dietas teste. Além disso, verificou-se que as concentrações de hemácias, leucócitos, hemoglobina e hemoglobina corpuscular média dos peixes apresentaram correlação inversa significativa (p 0,05) com o aumento do MOLM. Na presente pesquisa, concluiu-se que o MOLM tem bom potencial para ser utilizado como substituto do FM na dieta de C. mrigala com efeito máximo a 10% apresentando índices hematológicos positivos.

Effect of Yerba Mate Extract as Feed Additive on Ruminal Fermentation and Methane Emissions in Beef Cattle.

The inclusion of plant extracts that contain secondary compounds with the potential to modulate rumen fermentation and improve animal performance has gained attention in recent years. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the inclusion of yerba mate extract (Ilex paraguariensis ST. Hilaire) (YME) on the ruminal parameters. Eight castrated cattle were divided into four groups, a control without YME (0%) and three treatment groups with 0.5, 1 and 2% inclusion of YME in the dry matter. The inclusion of YME did not show differences in ruminal methane emissions (CH4), and total apparent digestibility (p = 0.54). Likewise, YME did not modify ruminal pH, but positively affected NH3-N, which decreased linearly as the extract level in the diet increased (p = 0.01). No short chain fatty acids (SCFA) were influenced by YME, except isovaleric acid (p = 0.01), which showed a lower concentration in the inclusion of 2% YME. Our results show that up to 2% YME does not affect digestibility, ruminal fermentation parameters, or the concentration of short-chain fatty acids in the rumen.

Productive performance of Mexican Creole chickens from hatching to 12 weeks of age fed diets with different concentrations of metabolizable energy and crude protein.

OBJECTIVE: The study aimed to evaluate the productive performance, carcass yield, size of digestive organs and nutrient utilization in Mexican Creole chickens, using four diets with different concentrations of metabolizable energy (ME, kcal/kg) and crude protein (CP, %). METHODS: Two hundred thirty-six chickens, coming from eight incubation batches, were randomly distributed to four experimental diets with the following ME/CP ratios: 3,000/20, 2,850/19, 2,700/18 and 2,550/17. Each diet was evaluated with 59 birds from hatching to 12 weeks of age. The variables feed intake (FI), body weight gain (BWG), feed conversion (FC), mortality, carcass yield, size of digestive organs, retention of nutrients, retention efficiency of gross energy (GE) and CP, and excretion of N were recorded. Data were analyzed as a randomized block design with repeated measures using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS, with covariance AR (1) and adjustment of degrees of freedom (KendwardRoger), the adjusted means were compared with the least significant difference method at a significance level of 5%. RESULTS: The productive performance variables BWG, mortality, carcass yield, fat and GE retention and excretion of N were not different (p>0.05) due to the diet effect. In the 3,000/20 diet, the chickens had lower values of FI, FC, crop weight, gizzard weight, retention, and retention efficiency of CP (p<0.05) than the chickens of the 2,550/17 diet. CONCLUSION: The Mexican Creole chickens from hatching to 12 weeks of age can be feed with a diet with 2,550 kcal ME and 17% CP, without compromising productive parameters (BWG, mortality, carcass yield) but improving retention and retention efficiency of CP.

Mitsuokella Jalaludinii Supplementation Improved Nutrient Utilization of Broilers Fed Low-Available Phosphorus Diet

Phytase enzyme is supplemented to poultry feed to improve phosphorus (P) availability. Mitsuokella jalaludinii, bacteria isolated from the rumen of cattle, has been reported as a cheaper alternative source of phytase. As much nutrients are trapped within the phytate complex, we hypothesized that the supplementation of M. jalaludinii phytase to poultry feed would enhance nutrient utilization by poultry. In the current study, the efficacy of freeze-dried M. jalaludinii cells (Mj) as feed supplement for broilers fed low-available phosphorus (low-aP) diet was evaluated. Day-old male Cobb raised in battery cages were assigned to three treatment groups [normal-available phosphorus diet with heat-deactivated Mj (DMj); low-aP diet with DMj; and low-aP diet with Mj], each consisting of four replicates (10 birds per replicate) for a 3-weeks feeding period. Feed intake was recorded daily from day 1-21, whereas broilers were weighted at day 1, 7, 14, and 21. Total excreta were collected at day 11-13 and 18-20. At day 21, twelve broilers from each treatment group were slaughtered to collect plasma and tibia. The results showed that Mj significantly enhanced broilers live weight and feed conversion ratio compared to the control groups (p 0.05). Supplementation with Mj have also enhanced the level of P, Ca, Mn, Cu, and Zn in the sera; and Ca and Mn in the tibia at day 18-20 sampling period (p 0.05). As Mj supplementation can enhance nutrient utilization particularly in broilers fed with low-aP diet, it could provide the market with another option in improving broilers growth rate at a lower cost.(AU)

Mitsuokella Jalaludinii Supplementation Improved Nutrient Utilization of Broilers Fed Low-Available Phosphorus Diet

Phytase enzyme is supplemented to poultry feed to improve phosphorus (P) availability. Mitsuokella jalaludinii, bacteria isolated from the rumen of cattle, has been reported as a cheaper alternative source of phytase. As much nutrients are trapped within the phytate complex, we hypothesized that the supplementation of M. jalaludinii phytase to poultry feed would enhance nutrient utilization by poultry. In the current study, the efficacy of freeze-dried M. jalaludinii cells (Mj) as feed supplement for broilers fed low-available phosphorus (low-aP) diet was evaluated. Day-old male Cobb raised in battery cages were assigned to three treatment groups [normal-available phosphorus diet with heat-deactivated Mj (DMj); low-aP diet with DMj; and low-aP diet with Mj], each consisting of four replicates (10 birds per replicate) for a 3-weeks feeding period. Feed intake was recorded daily from day 1-21, whereas broilers were weighted at day 1, 7, 14, and 21. Total excreta were collected at day 11-13 and 18-20. At day 21, twelve broilers from each treatment group were slaughtered to collect plasma and tibia. The results showed that Mj significantly enhanced broilers live weight and feed conversion ratio compared to the control groups (p 0.05). Supplementation with Mj have also enhanced the level of P, Ca, Mn, Cu, and Zn in the sera; and Ca and Mn in the tibia at day 18-20 sampling period (p 0.05). As Mj supplementation can enhance nutrient utilization particularly in broilers fed with low-aP diet, it could provide the market with another option in improving broilers growth rate at a lower cost.

Feeding frequency in rearing juveniles of suruvi Steindachneridion scriptum / Frequência alimentar na criação de juvenis de suruvi Steindachneridion scriptum

The present study aimed to determine the ideal feeding frequency of feeding for suruvi juvenile. A study was conducted over 60 days to determine the effects of feeding frequency on growth metrics, body composition, and digestive enzyme activity of juvenile suruvi (initial mean weight: 60.19 ± 10.67 g). The experimental units were 1.0 m3 circular tanks, stocked with 94 fish, connected to a recirculating aquaculture system. The feed was offered during the dark phase of the 12:12 photoperiod with the following treatments in triplicate: FF1 = once a day at 20:00h; FF2 = twice a day at 20:00h and 06:00h; and FF3 = three times a day at 20:00h, 01:00h, and 06:00h. The fish fed a commercial carnivorous fish feed comprised of 42% crude protein, 11% lipids, 20% carbohydrates, and 4,380 kcal kg-1 of crude energy in 6.0 mm pellets. At the end of the feeding, no significant differences were observed in the growth variables, body composition of proteins and lipids, and alkaline proteases and lipase activity (p>0.05) between treatments. However, there were significant differences in amylase activity (p<0.05). Our findings demonstrated that suruvi juveniles could be sustainably fed only once a day.(AU)

O presente estudo teve como objetivo determinar a frequência de alimentação para juvenis de suruvi. Foi realizado um estudo durante 60 dias para determinar os efeitos da frequência de alimentação nas medidas de crescimento, composição corporal e atividade enzimática digestiva do juvenil de suruvi (peso médio inicial: 60,19 ± 10,67 g). As unidades experimentais foram tanques circulares de 1,0 m3, estocados com 94 peixes, conectados a um sistema de recirculação. A alimentação foi oferecida durante a fase escura do fotoperíodo (12L:12D), sendo fornecida com os seguintes tratamentos em triplicata: FA1 = uma vez ao dia às 20:00h; FA2 = duas vezes ao dia às 20:00h e 06:00h; e FA3 = três vezes ao dia às 20:00h, 01:00h e 06:00h. Os peixes foram alimentados por uma ração comercial para peixes carnívoros, composta por 42% de proteína bruta, 11% de lipídios, 20% de carboidratos e 4.380 kcal kg-1 de energia bruta em peletes de 6,0 mm. Não foram observadas diferenças significativas nas variáveis de crescimento, composição corporal de proteínas e lipídios e proteases alcalinas e atividade de lipase (p>0,05) entre os tratamentos. No entanto, houve diferenças significativas na atividade da amilase (p<0,05). Nossos resultados demonstraram que os juvenis de suruvi podem ser alimentados de forma sustentável apenas uma vez ao dia.(AU)

Feeding frequency in rearing juveniles of suruvi Steindachneridion scriptum / Frequência alimentar na criação de juvenis de suruvi Steindachneridion scriptum

The present study aimed to determine the ideal feeding frequency of feeding for suruvi juvenile. A study was conducted over 60 days to determine the effects of feeding frequency on growth metrics, body composition, and digestive enzyme activity of juvenile suruvi (initial mean weight: 60.19 ± 10.67 g). The experimental units were 1.0 m3 circular tanks, stocked with 94 fish, connected to a recirculating aquaculture system. The feed was offered during the dark phase of the 12:12 photoperiod with the following treatments in triplicate: FF1 = once a day at 20:00h; FF2 = twice a day at 20:00h and 06:00h; and FF3 = three times a day at 20:00h, 01:00h, and 06:00h. The fish fed a commercial carnivorous fish feed comprised of 42% crude protein, 11% lipids, 20% carbohydrates, and 4,380 kcal kg-1 of crude energy in 6.0 mm pellets. At the end of the feeding, no significant differences were observed in the growth variables, body composition of proteins and lipids, and alkaline proteases and lipase activity (p>0.05) between treatments. However, there were significant differences in amylase activity (p<0.05). Our findings demonstrated that suruvi juveniles could be sustainably fed only once a day.

O presente estudo teve como objetivo determinar a frequência de alimentação para juvenis de suruvi. Foi realizado um estudo durante 60 dias para determinar os efeitos da frequência de alimentação nas medidas de crescimento, composição corporal e atividade enzimática digestiva do juvenil de suruvi (peso médio inicial: 60,19 ± 10,67 g). As unidades experimentais foram tanques circulares de 1,0 m3, estocados com 94 peixes, conectados a um sistema de recirculação. A alimentação foi oferecida durante a fase escura do fotoperíodo (12L:12D), sendo fornecida com os seguintes tratamentos em triplicata: FA1 = uma vez ao dia às 20:00h; FA2 = duas vezes ao dia às 20:00h e 06:00h; e FA3 = três vezes ao dia às 20:00h, 01:00h e 06:00h. Os peixes foram alimentados por uma ração comercial para peixes carnívoros, composta por 42% de proteína bruta, 11% de lipídios, 20% de carboidratos e 4.380 kcal kg-1 de energia bruta em peletes de 6,0 mm. Não foram observadas diferenças significativas nas variáveis de crescimento, composição corporal de proteínas e lipídios e proteases alcalinas e atividade de lipase (p>0,05) entre os tratamentos. No entanto, houve diferenças significativas na atividade da amilase (p<0,05). Nossos resultados demonstraram que os juvenis de suruvi podem ser alimentados de forma sustentável apenas uma vez ao dia.

A theoretical framework to study potassium utilization efficiency in response to withdrawal of potassium.

An important objective of plant research is to improve the efficiency in the utilization of major nutrients, particularly nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. Several definitions of internal nutrient utilization efficiency (NUE) have been proposed, but the theoretical consistence of their use has been poorly explored. Here, a non-mechanistic approach was developed to theoretically examine the dynamics of commonly used NUE indicators following complete potassium deprivation. This approach was used to study the sensitivity of NUE indicators to changes in the actual NUE (NUEa) of K(+) in virtual plants. Three empirically based models that differ in the relationship between NUE and the internal K(+) concentration were examined. Frequently used indicators (potassium use efficiency, utilization efficiency, physiological efficiency, and nutrient productivity) and two additional ones introduced here (accumulated productivity and physiological ratio) differed in their capacity to reflect differences in NUEa. They also exhibited large disparities in their temporal variation and in their responsiveness to the concentration of K(+) before the beginning of the deprivation period. According to this analysis, the simultaneous use of several indicators could help to refine plant breeding for high NUE. The data also suggest that a trade off between plant productivity and the time necessary to reduce the concentration of K(+) by half is inherent to the dynamics of plant systems. Finally, it is proposed that for some plant species selection for high NUEa would not always be in conflict with selection for improved relative plant performance in low K(+) environments.