Non-insulinoma pancreatogenous hypoglycemia syndrome (NIPHS)/Nesidioblastosis as the underlying cause of recurrent hypoglycemia in a diabetic adult.

Non-insulinoma pancreatogenous hypoglycemia syndrome (NIPHS), without previous bariatric surgery, is a rare form of hypoglycemia in adult patients and is associated with nesidioblastosis. Adult-onset nesidioblastosis in diabetic patients is rare and histologically identical to "non-insulinoma pancreatogenous hypoglycemia syndrome (NIPHS)". Nesidioblastosis is rare in adults and clinically and biochemically mimics Insulinoma. In the literature, there have only been four cases of adult nesidioblastosis that followed diabetes mellitus. We report a case of nesidioblastosis in a 36-year-old diabetic female presenting with dizziness, sweating, and palpitations for three years. Selective non-invasive techniques failed to detect a tumor. Based on the pursuit of an insulinoma, a distal pancreatectomy specimen was received at our laboratory, and a diagnosis of nesidioblastosis was made. She is currently on follow-up with a favorable outcome. The definitive diagnosis of nesidioblastosis is made on a histological basis. The preferred form of treatment is pancreatic surgical resection. Nesidioblastosis should be taken into consideration in cases where diabetes transforms into hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia.

Non-insulinoma pancreatogenous hypoglycemia syndrome (NIPHS)/Nesidioblastosis as the underlying cause of recurrent hypoglycemia in a diabetic adult

ABSTRACT Non-insulinoma pancreatogenous hypoglycemia syndrome (NIPHS), without previous bariatric surgery, is a rare form of hypoglycemia in adult patients and is associated with nesidioblastosis. Adult-onset nesidioblastosis in diabetic patients is rare and histologically identical to "non-insulinoma pancreatogenous hypoglycemia syndrome (NIPHS)". Nesidioblastosis is rare in adults and clinically and biochemically mimics Insulinoma. In the literature, there have only been four cases of adult nesidioblastosis that followed diabetes mellitus. We report a case of nesidioblastosis in a 36-year-old diabetic female presenting with dizziness, sweating, and palpitations for three years. Selective non-invasive techniques failed to detect a tumor. Based on the pursuit of an insulinoma, a distal pancreatectomy specimen was received at our laboratory, and a diagnosis of nesidioblastosis was made. She is currently on follow-up with a favorable outcome. The definitive diagnosis of nesidioblastosis is made on a histological basis. The preferred form of treatment is pancreatic surgical resection. Nesidioblastosis should be taken into consideration in cases where diabetes transforms into hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia.

Evaluación integral del paciente con obesidad candidato a cirugía bariátrica­endócrino metabólica / Comprehensive evaluation of the patient with obesity who is a candidate for metabolic bariatric-endocrine surgery

En la actualidad, la obesidad es conside-rada una pandemia, cuya incidencia se ha triplicado en los últimos 30 años, y ha ge-nerado problemas de salud pública cada vez mayores. Tomando como base las guías de la Asociación Americana de Endocrinólogos (AACE), la Sociedad para la Obesidad, la Sociedad Americana de Cirugía Bariátrica y Metabólica (ASMBS), la Asociación para Medicina de la Obe-sidad y la Asociación Americana de Anes-tesiólogos, se realiza el presente docu-mento, con el fin de que se constituya en la hoja de ruta que guíe el procedimiento a seguir en los pacientes que padecen de esta enfermedad crónica y que acuden al Hospital General San Francisco (HGSF)1. La obesidad se caracteriza por el uso de varios medicamentos debido a las co-morbilidades relacionadas: enfermedad cardiovascular, diabetes mellitus tipo 2, enfermedad renal crónica, hígado graso no alcohólico, síndrome metabólico y varios tipos de cánceres2. Este protocolo contiene el más alto nivel de evidencia disponible hasta la fecha, en relación al manejo quirúrgico y no quirúrgico del paciente con diagnóstico de obesidad, incluyendo temas como la identificación de los pacientes candidatos para los pro-cedimientos bariátricos, tipo de proce-dimientos que deberían ser ofertados, el manejo preoperatorio, transoperatorio y el cuidado post operatorio de seguimiento2-4.Desde la publicación por parte de la Ame-rican Society for Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery (ASMBS) en el año 2013 de las guías de manejo del paciente con obe-sidad, se ha evidenciado un incremento significativo en las publicaciones que avalan excelentes resultados para el tra-tamiento de los pacientes con obesidad y con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 mediante la cirugía bariátrica y metabólica 2,5,6. En el año 2016 la publicación del Diabetes Sur-gery Summit (DSS2)7 marca diferencia en el manejo de los pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo 2, es así que las mismas han crecido sustancialmente y la evidencia demuestra que el manejo metabólico ba-riátrico de estos pacientes es superior al manejo médico y cambios de estilo de vida cuando se evalúa el control glucémico y remisión de las comorbilidades. Con la evaluación previa del equipo mul-tidisciplinario, tendremos información científica del más alto nivel que nos per-mita tener un paciente con recuperación óptima aplicando los criterios de En-hanced Recovery after Bariatric Surgery (ERASB)8. En el Ecuador, la obesidad se ha conver-tido en un problema de salud pública, es así que en la población pediátrica ha au-mentado desde el año 1986 pasando del 8,0% al 26,0% para el año 2012 en el grupo de 11 a 19 años. La prevalencia de sobrepeso y obesidad en población adulta en el Ecuador es del 62,8%, según el sexo es 5,5% mayor en las mujeres (65,5%) que en los hombres (60,0%), y el mayor índice de obesidad y sobrepeso se pre-senta entre la cuarta y quinta décadas de vida, con prevalencias superiores a 73,0%9,10.

Currently, obesity is considered a pan-demic, the incidence of which has tripled in the last 30 years, and has generated in-creasing public health problems. Based on the guidelines of the American As-sociation of Endocrinologists (AACE), the Obesity Society, the American So-ciety for Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery (ASMBS), the Association for Obesity Medicine and the American Association of Anesthesiologists, this document is intended to serve as a roadmap to guide the procedure to be followed in patients suffering from this chronic disease who come to San Francisco General Hospital (HGSF)1.Obesity is characterized by the use of se-veral medications due to related comor-bidities: cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes mellitus, chronic kidney disease, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, meta-bolic syndrome and several types of can-cers2. This protocol contains the highest level of evidence available to date, in relation to the surgical and non-surgical management of the patient with a diag-nosis of obesity, including issues such as the identification of candidate patients for bariatric procedures, type of proce-dures that should be offered, preopera-tive, trans-operative management and fo-llow-up post-operative care2-4.Since the publication by the American So-ciety for Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery (ASMBS) in 2013 of the guidelines for the management of patients with obesity, there has been a significant increase in publications that support excellent results for the treatment of patients with obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus through bariatric and metabolic surgery2,5,6. In 2016 the pu-blication of the Diabetes Surgery Summit (DSS2)7 makes a difference in the mana-gement of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, it is so that the same have grown substantially and the evidence shows that bariatric metabolic management of these patients is superior to medical manage-ment and lifestyle changes when glycemic control and remission of comor-bidities are evaluated. With the previous evaluation of the multidisciplinary team, we will have scientific information of the highest level that will allow us to have a patient with optimal recovery applying the criteria of Enhanced Recovery after Bariatric Surgery (ERASB)8.In Ecuador, obesity has become a public health problem; thus, in the pediatric population it has increased since 1986 from 8,0% to 26,0% in 2012 in the 11 to 19 years age group. The prevalence of overweight and obesity in the adult po-pulation in Ecuador is 62,8%, according to sex is 5,5% higher in women (65,5%) than in men (60,0%), and the highest rate of obesity and overweight occurs between the fourth and fifth decades of life, with prevalences higher than 73,0%9,10.

Factores de riesgo del síndrome metabólico en adolescentes de San Juan y Martínez / Risk factors for metabolic syndrome in adolescents from San Juan and Martinez municipality

RESUMEN Introducción: el síndrome metabólico se caracteriza por la obesidad central, anomalías metabólicas, dislipidemia e hipertensión arterial y comprende diferentes alteraciones cardiovasculares; así como la presencia de diabetes mellitus. Objetivo: caracterizar los factores de riesgo del síndrome metabólico en adolescentes de San Juan y Martínez durante el año 2018. Métodos: se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo y transversal. El universo estuvo constituido por 522 pacientes, se seleccionaron 141 adolescentes mediante un muestreo aleatorio simple. Se realizó la revisión de las historias de salud individual y familiar. Los datos obtenidos fueron procesados mediante SPSS. Resultados: existió predominio del sexo femenino (58,87 %) y color de piel blanca (80,14 %). El 63,1 % presentó antecedentes de hipertensión arterial en familiares de primera línea y el 61 % mostró hábitos alimentarios regulares. El 54,6 % de la muestra se encontró normopeso, el 75,2 % refirió ingerir bebidas alcohólicas y el 88 % eran fumadores. Conclusiones: la presencia de factores de riesgo del síndrome metabólico es cada día mayor en los adolescentes, lo cual trae grandes probabilidades para desarrollarlo en esta etapa de la vida. El diagnóstico precoz permite trabajar sobre ellos y evitar futuras enfermedades y complicaciones asociadas.

ABSTRACT Introduction: metabolic syndrome is characterized by central obesity, metabolic abnormalities, dyslipidemia, hypertension and it includes different cardiovascular alterations; as well as the presence of diabetes mellitus. Objective: to characterize the risk factors of the metabolic syndrome in adolescents from San Juan and Martinez municipality during the year 2018. Methods: an observational, descriptive and cross-sectional study was carried out. The target group consisted of 522 patients, 141 of them were chosen through a simple random sampling. Individual and family health histories were reviewed. The data obtained were processed by SPSS. Results: there was a predominance of female sex (58,87 %) and white race (80,14 %). A history of hypertension in first line relatives was found in 63,1 % and 61 % showed average eating habits; 54,6 % of the sample was found to be normal weight, 75,2 % reported drinking alcoholic beverages and 88% were smokers. Conclusions: the presence of risk factors associated with the metabolic syndrome is increasing in adolescents, which brings about great probabilities for its development at this stage of life. Early diagnoses allow working on them and avoid future diseases and associated complications.

Correlação entre a circunferência do pescoço e resistência a insulina em pacientes com DHGNA / The correlation of neck circumference and insulin resistance in nafld patients

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Insulin resistance, especially that induced by obesity, plays a central role in the development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Although the evaluation of overweight patients is important, the nutritional assessment tools used in clinical practice have limitations. Neck circumference (NC), from this, becomes a viable and low-cost alternative, which seems to be related to the accumulation of fat in the hepatic tissue. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association between NC and metabolic alterations in patients with non- alcoholic fatty liver disease. METHODS: A cross-sectional study performed in 82 patients, of whom 76 underwent liver biopsy. We performed weight, height, abdominal circumference and NC measures. Values of NC ≥42 cm and ≥36 cm were considered as altered for men and women, respectively. Laboratory tests and liver biopsy result were collected in the participants' charts. We evaluated fasting blood glucose levels, insulin, glycosylated hemoglobin, triglycerides, total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein (HDL-C), low density lipoprotein (LDL-C), ferritin, alkaline phosphatase, gamma glutamyltransferase, albumin, total bilirubin, direct bilirubin, glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase, glutamic-pyruvic transaminase and the HOMA-IR index. RESULTS: We evaluated eighty-two patients. Patients with altered NC had increased body mass index (P=0.043), abdominal circumference (P=0.007), insulin (P=0.003) and HOMA-IR (P=0.029) when compared to those with adequate NC. NC was significantly correlated with reduced levels of high-density cholesterol (HDL-C) in men (r= -042, P<0.05), increased insulin levels in men and female (rs=0.47; P<0.05 and rs=0.51; P<0.01, respectively), as well as higher HOMA-IR index both males (rs=0.49; P<0.01) and female (rs=0.30; P<0.05). There was no significant association between NC and liver outcomes (r=0.145; P=0.36). CONCLUSION: NC is associated with the HOMA-IR index in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. NC can be used in the screening of insulin resistance in these patients, considering that insulin resistance plays a key role in the progression of the disease.

RESUMO CONTEXTO: A resistência à insulina, em especial a induzida pela obesidade, desempenha papel central no desenvolvimento da doença hepática gordurosa não alcoólica (DHGNA). Embora seja importante a avaliação de pacientes com excesso de peso, as ferramentas de avaliação nutricional utilizadas na prática clínica apresentam limitações. A circunferência do pescoço, a partir disso, torna-se uma alternativa viável e de baixo custo, a qual parece estar relacionada ao acúmulo de gordura no tecido hepático. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a associação entre a circunferência do pescoço (CP) e as alterações metabólicas em pacientes com DHGNA. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal realizado em 82 pacientes, dos quais 76 foram submetidos à biópsia hepática. Foram realizadas as medidas de peso, altura, circunferência abdominal e CP. Valores de CP ≥42 cm e ≥36 cm foram considerados alterados para homens e mulheres, respectivamente. Os exames laboratoriais e o resultado da biópsia hepática foram coletados dos prontuários dos participantes. Foram avaliados os níveis glicêmicos em jejum, insulina, hemoglobina glicosilada, triglicerídeos, colesterol total, lipoproteína de alta densidade (HDL-C), lipoproteína de baixa densidade (LDL-C), ferritina, fosfatase alcalina, gama glutamiltransferase, albumina, bilirrubina total, bilirrubina direta, transaminase glutâmico-oxalacética, transaminase glutâmico-pirúvica e o índice HOMA-IR. RESULTADOS: Foram avaliados 82 pacientes. Os pacientes com CP alterada apresentaram aumento do índice de massa corporal (P=0,043), circunferência abdominal (P=0,007), insulina (P=0,003) e HOMA-IR (P=0,029) quando comparados àqueles com CP adequada. A CP foi significativamente correlacionada com níveis reduzidos de colesterol de alta densidade (HDL-C) em homens (r= -042, P<0,05), aumento dos níveis de insulina em homens e mulheres (rs=0,47, P<0,05 e rs = 0,51; P<0,01, respectivamente), bem como maior índice HOMA-IR, tanto do sexo masculino (rs=0,49; P<0,01) quanto do feminino (rs=0,30; P<0,05). Não houve associação significativa entre CP e os desfechos hepáticos (r=0,145, P=0,36). CONCLUSÃO: A CP está associada com o índice HOMA-IR em pacientes com DHGNA. A CP pode ser utilizada no rastreamento da resistência à insulina nesses pacientes, considerando que a resistência à insulina desempenha um papel fundamental na progressão da doença.

Nutrição na gravidez e na lactação / Nutrition during pregnancy and lactation

Apresenta-se revisão sobre a nutrição da gestante e da nutriz. São abordados os aspectos fisiológicos da nutrição na gestação e lactação, as necessidades nutricionais nesse período da vida e as implicações terapêuticas da gestação em situações especiais: gravidezes sucessivas, gravidez na adolescência, gravidez em obesas, anêmicas, alcoólatras, subnutridas, gastrecto-mizadas, portadoras de insuficiência renal, insuficiência hepática, e gravidez em mulheres em uso crônico de medicamentos.

This is a review on the nutrition of the pregnant and the lactating women. The physiological aspects of nutrition in pregnancy and lactation, the nutritional needs during this period of life and the therapeutic implications of pregnancy in special situations are addressed, such as: successive pregnancies, teenage pregnancy, pregnancy in obese, anemic, alcoholics, malnourished, gastrectomized, renal failure, liver failure, and pregnancy of women with drugs chronic use.

Associação entre o consumo alimentar e a síndrome metabólica, em pacientes de uma clínica em Uberlândia-MG / Association between food consumption and metabolic syndrome in patients of a clinic in Uberlândia-MG / Asociación entre el consumo de alimentos y el síndrome metabólico en los pacientes de una clínica en Uberlândia-MG

Objetivo: avaliar a associação entre consumo alimentar e estado nutricional e a síndrome metabólica, na clínica particular na cidade de Uberlândia, Minas Gerais. Método: Foi realizada uma avaliação nutricional e da frequencia alimentar com os pacientes dos médicos cardiologistas da Clínica particular, situada na cidade de Uberlândia, Minas Gerais. Resultados: a avaliação nutricional detectou prevalência de obesidade grau I, e um porcentual elevado de mulheres que se enquadram na categoria de risco para as doenças cardiovasculares (83,3%). Quanto à frequência de consumo dos alimentos, predominaram os alimentos ricos em gordura, colesterol e carboidrato simples. Conclusões: estes dados sugerem, portanto, a necessidade de um acompanhamento e intervenção nutricional imediato, para isso devem ser realizados trabalhos educativos com os familiares, com o objetivo de envolvê-los no tratamento, para que o paciente tenha apoio e incentivo para colocar em prática o seu plano alimentar.

Objective: To evaluate the association between dietary intake and nutritional status and metabolic syndrome, a private clinic in the city of Uberlandia, Minas Gerais. Method: We conducted a nutritional assessment and food frquencia with patients of cardiologists in private clinic, located in the city of Uberlandia, Minas Gerais. Results: The nutrition assessment found the prevalence of obesity grade I, and a high percentage of women who fall into the category of risk for cardiovascular disease (83.3%). As for the frequency of consumption of food, were the predominant foods high in fat, cholesterol and simple carbohydrates. Conclusions: These data suggest, therefore, the need for monitoring and nutrition intervention immediately, for it must be carried out educational work with family members, with the aim of involving them in treatment for that patient support and encouragement to put in practice your eating plan.

Objetivo: Evaluar la asociación entre la ingesta y del estado nutricional y síndrome metabólico, una clínica privada en la ciudad de Uberlandia, Minas Gerais. Método: Se realizó una evaluación nutricional y alimentaria frequencia con los pacientes de los cardiólogos en la clínica privada, situada en la ciudad de Uberlandia, Minas Gerais. Resultados: La evaluación de la nutrición encontró que la prevalencia de obesidad de grado I, y un alto porcentaje de mujeres que caen en la categoría de riesgo de enfermedad cardiovascular (83,3%). En cuanto a la frecuencia de consumo de alimentos, fueron los alimentos predominantes alta en grasa, colesterol y carbohidratos simples. Conclusiones: Estos datos sugieren, por lo tanto, la necesidad de vigilancia y de intervención en nutrición de inmediato, ya que debe llevarse a cabo el trabajo educativo con los miembros de la familia, con el fin de involucrarlos en el tratamiento para que de apoyo a pacientes y aliento para poner en la práctica su plan de alimentación.

Interacción entre genotipo y nutrición: interpretación de estudios epidemiológicos / Genotype-by-nutrition interaction: interpretation of epidemiológical studies

Epidemiológica! methods are increasingly used to assess the role of genetic factors and their interaction with environmental factors, in the occurrence of diseases in populations. Nutrition is one of the most relevant components of the interaction between the human being and the environment. Therefore, the interaction between susceptibility genotypes and nutritional risk factors has a great importance in the study of several chronic diseases. The aim of this article is to review different epidemiologic study designs and basic methods of analysis commonly used in the evaluation of the interaction between nutritional and genetic factors. These study designs and analytical methods are equally valid for the assessment of genotype-environment or genotype-genotype interaction.