Effect of Fluoxetine Hydrochloride on Routine Metabolism of Lambari (Deuterodon iguape, Eigenmann, 1907) and Phantom Shrimp (Palaemon pandaliformis, Stimpson, 1871)

HIGHLIGHTS Fluoxetine increases the metabolic rate and excretion of ammonia in both species. O:N ratio in fish showed higher values in the highest concentrations of fluoxetine. The LC50 - 96 hour values of Palaemon pandaliformis represented greater toxicity. Both species are a good biological model for fluoxetine exposure studies.

Abstract Fluoxetine is an emerging pollutant that acts as a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) and being a hydrolytic molecule that is photolytically stable and accumulaties in biological tissues, its disposal in the aquatic environment can interfere with the physiology of fish and shrimp. Thus, the objective of this study was to analyze the effects of fluoxetine on routine metabolism (metabolic rate, specific ammonia excretion and O:N ratio) of Deuterodon iguape and Palaemon pandaliformis. For this, five groups of each species, were exposed to different concentrations of fluoxetine for 24 hours (D. iguape) and 2 hours (P. pandaliformis). The results demonstrated that in D. iguape exposure to fluoxetine significantly increased both the metabolic rate by 75%, 85%, 55% and 50% for concentrations of 0.05; 0.1; 0.5 and 1.0 mgL-1, respectively, and the specific ammonia excretion by 40%, 48% and 20% for concentrations of 0.05; 0.1 and 0.5 mgL-1, respectively, when compared with their control. The O:N ratio was statistically greater in concentrations of 0.5 and 1.0 mgL-1. Concerning P. pandaliformis, exposure to fluoxetine increased metabolic rate at concentrations 30.0 and 60.0 µgL-1, and also increased specific ammonia excretion at concentrations 10.0, 30.0 and 60.0 µgL-1, when compared with the control group. It was concluded that exposure to fluoxetine increases the routine metabolism of both species and that at the concentration 1.0 mgL-1, Deuterodon iguape required different energy substrates.

Lethal and sublethal effects of ammonia in Deuterodon iguape (Eigenmann 1907), potential species for Brazilian aquaculture / Efeito letal e subletal da amônia sobre o lambari (Deuterodon iguape, Eigenmann 1907), espécie potencial para a aquicultura brasileira

The cultivation of the lambari, Deuterodon iguape, supplies much of the Brazilian market with live bait for sport fishing. The high densities used to maximize production can increase the concentration of ammonia. In order to evaluate the sublethal and lethal effects of different concentrations of ammoniacal nitrogen (non-ionized ammonia plus ionized ammonia), D. iguape were exposed to this xenobiotic. The LC50 values for 24, 48, 72, 96 h of ammonia-N were 6.17, 5.57, 3.88 and 2.90 mg L-1 at 23°C. The LC50 values of 24, 48, 72, 96 h of NH3-N (non-ionized ammonia with nitrogen) were 0.015; 0.013; 0.009; 0.007 mg L-1. The specific oxygen consumption increased at the ammonia-N concentrations tested. The values for the concentrations of 0.1; 0.25; 0.5 and 1.0 mg L-1 were: 0.25, 0.33; 0.31 and 0.44 mlO2 g-1 h-1. At the concentration of 1.0 mg L-1 of ammonium chloride there was a 41.33% increase in the consumption level in relation to the control. Ammonia excretion also increased with increasing ammoniacal nitrogen concentration. The fish excreted, on average, 0.0320, 0.0364, 0.0368 and 0.0370 mg/g/h of ammonia. Comparing these results with the means of ammonia excretion of the control (0.0 mg L-1), it was observed that these values represent an increase in the excretion of 146%, 177%, 189% and 184%, respectively. After 24 h of exposure to ammonia, the O:N ratio decreased by 43.46%. Our results indicate pronounced metabolic effects and increased toxicity with increasing ammonia concentrations. We recommend avoiding concentrations higher than 0.25 mg L-1 NH3-N in the culture water.(AU)

O cultivo do lambari, Deuterodon iguape, abastece grande parte do mercado brasileiro com iscas vivas para a pesca esportiva. As altas densidades utilizadas para maximizar a produção podem aumentar a concentração de amônia. A fim de avaliar os efeitos subletais e letais de diferentes concentrações de nitrogênio amoniacal (amônia não ionizada mais amônia ionizada), D. iguape foram expostos a este xenobiótico. Os valores de CL50 para 24, 48, 72, 96 h de amônia-N foram 6,17; 5,57; 3,88 e 2,90 mg L-1 a 23 °C. Os valores de CL50 de 24, 48, 72, 96 h de NH3-N (amónia não ionizada) foram de 0,015; 0,013; 0,009 e 0,007 mg L-1. O consumo específico de oxigênio aumentou nas concentrações de nitrogênio amoniacal testadas. Os valores para as concentrações de 0,1; 0,25; 0,5 e 1,0 mg L-1 foram: 0,25, 0,33; 0,31 e 0,44 mlO2 g-1 h-1. Na concentração de 1,0 mg L-1 de cloreto de amônio houve aumento de 41,33% no nível de consumo em relação ao controle. A excreção de amônia também aumentou com o aumento da concentração de nitrogênio amoniacal. Os peixes excretaram, em média, 0,0320; 0,0364; 0,0368 e 0,0370 mg/g/h de amônia. Comparando esses resultados com as médias de excreção de amônia do controle (0,0 mg L-1), observou-se que esses valores representam um aumento na excreção de 146%, 177%, 189% e 184%, respectivamente. Após 24 h de exposição à amônia, a relação O: N diminuiu em 43,46%. Nossos resultados indicam efeitos metabólicos pronunciados e aumento da toxicidade com o aumento das concentrações de amônia. Recomendamos evitar concentrações superiores a 0,25 mg L-1 de NH3-N na água da cultura para o D. iguape.(AU)

Lethal and sublethal effects of ammonia in Deuterodon iguape (Eigenmann 1907), potential species for Brazilian aquaculture / Efeito letal e subletal da amônia sobre o lambari (Deuterodon iguape, Eigenmann 1907), espécie potencial para a aquicultura brasileira

The cultivation of the lambari, Deuterodon iguape, supplies much of the Brazilian market with live bait for sport fishing. The high densities used to maximize production can increase the concentration of ammonia. In order to evaluate the sublethal and lethal effects of different concentrations of ammoniacal nitrogen (non-ionized ammonia plus ionized ammonia), D. iguape were exposed to this xenobiotic. The LC50 values for 24, 48, 72, 96 h of ammonia-N were 6.17, 5.57, 3.88 and 2.90 mg L-1 at 23°C. The LC50 values of 24, 48, 72, 96 h of NH3-N (non-ionized ammonia with nitrogen) were 0.015; 0.013; 0.009; 0.007 mg L-1. The specific oxygen consumption increased at the ammonia-N concentrations tested. The values for the concentrations of 0.1; 0.25; 0.5 and 1.0 mg L-1 were: 0.25, 0.33; 0.31 and 0.44 mlO2 g-1 h-1. At the concentration of 1.0 mg L-1 of ammonium chloride there was a 41.33% increase in the consumption level in relation to the control. Ammonia excretion also increased with increasing ammoniacal nitrogen concentration. The fish excreted, on average, 0.0320, 0.0364, 0.0368 and 0.0370 mg/g/h of ammonia. Comparing these results with the means of ammonia excretion of the control (0.0 mg L-1), it was observed that these values represent an increase in the excretion of 146%, 177%, 189% and 184%, respectively. After 24 h of exposure to ammonia, the O:N ratio decreased by 43.46%. Our results indicate pronounced metabolic effects and increased toxicity with increasing ammonia concentrations. We recommend avoiding concentrations higher than 0.25 mg L-1 NH3-N in the culture water.

O cultivo do lambari, Deuterodon iguape, abastece grande parte do mercado brasileiro com iscas vivas para a pesca esportiva. As altas densidades utilizadas para maximizar a produção podem aumentar a concentração de amônia. A fim de avaliar os efeitos subletais e letais de diferentes concentrações de nitrogênio amoniacal (amônia não ionizada mais amônia ionizada), D. iguape foram expostos a este xenobiótico. Os valores de CL50 para 24, 48, 72, 96 h de amônia-N foram 6,17; 5,57; 3,88 e 2,90 mg L-1 a 23 °C. Os valores de CL50 de 24, 48, 72, 96 h de NH3-N (amónia não ionizada) foram de 0,015; 0,013; 0,009 e 0,007 mg L-1. O consumo específico de oxigênio aumentou nas concentrações de nitrogênio amoniacal testadas. Os valores para as concentrações de 0,1; 0,25; 0,5 e 1,0 mg L-1 foram: 0,25, 0,33; 0,31 e 0,44 mlO2 g-1 h-1. Na concentração de 1,0 mg L-1 de cloreto de amônio houve aumento de 41,33% no nível de consumo em relação ao controle. A excreção de amônia também aumentou com o aumento da concentração de nitrogênio amoniacal. Os peixes excretaram, em média, 0,0320; 0,0364; 0,0368 e 0,0370 mg/g/h de amônia. Comparando esses resultados com as médias de excreção de amônia do controle (0,0 mg L-1), observou-se que esses valores representam um aumento na excreção de 146%, 177%, 189% e 184%, respectivamente. Após 24 h de exposição à amônia, a relação O: N diminuiu em 43,46%. Nossos resultados indicam efeitos metabólicos pronunciados e aumento da toxicidade com o aumento das concentrações de amônia. Recomendamos evitar concentrações superiores a 0,25 mg L-1 de NH3-N na água da cultura para o D. iguape.