ABSTRACT
Abstract Objective Childhood obesity has become a priority health concern worldwide. Socioeconomic status is one of its main determinants. This study aimed to assess the socioeconomic inequality of obesity in children and adolescents at national and provincial levels in Iran. Methods This multicenter cross-sectional study was conducted in 2011-2012, as part of a national school-based surveillance program performed in 40,000 students, aged 6-18-years, from urban and rural areas of 30 provinces of Iran. Using principle component analysis, the socioeconomic status of participants was categorized to quintiles. Socioeconomic status inequality in excess weight was estimated by calculating the prevalence of excess weight (i.e., overweight, generalized obesity, and abdominal obesity) across the socioeconomic status quintiles, the concentration index, and slope index of inequality. The determinants of this inequality were determined by the Oaxaca Blinder decomposition. Results Overall, 36,529 students completed the study (response rate: 91.32%); 50.79% of whom were boys and 74.23% were urban inhabitants. The mean (standard deviation) age was 12.14 (3.36) years. The prevalence of overweight, generalized obesity, and abdominal obesity was 11.51%, 8.35%, and 17.87%, respectively. The SII for overweight, obesity and abdominal obesity was -0.1, -0.1 and -0.15, respectively. Concentration index for overweight, generalized obesity, and abdominal obesity was positive, which indicate inequality in favor of low socioeconomic status groups. Area of residence, family history of obesity, and age were the most contributing factors to the inequality of obesity prevalence observed between the highest and lowest socioeconomic status groups. Conclusion This study provides considerable information on the high prevalence of excess weight in families with higher socioeconomic status at national and provincial levels. These findings can be used for international comparisons and for healthcare policies, improving their programming by considering differences at provincial levels.
Resumo Objetivo A obesidade infantil se tornou uma preocupação de saúde prioritária em todo o mundo. A situação socioeconômica (SSE) é um de seus principais determinantes. Este estudo tem como objetivo avaliar a desigualdade socioeconômica com relação à obesidade entre crianças e adolescentes em nível nacional e subnacional no Irã. Métodos Este estudo transversal multicêntrico foi conduzido em 2011-2012 como parte de um programa nacional de vigilância escolar realizado com 40000 alunos, com idade entre 6-18 anos, de áreas urbanas e rurais de 30 províncias do Irã. Utilizando a análise de componentes principais, a SSE dos participantes foi categorizada em quintis. A desigualdade da SSE no excesso de peso foi estimada pelo cálculo da prevalência de excesso de peso (ou seja, sobrepeso, obesidade geral e obesidade abdominal) em todos os quintis da SSE, o índice de concentração (C) e o slope index of inequality (SII). Os determinantes dessa desigualdade foram determinados pela decomposição de Oaxaca-Blinder. Resultados No total, 36529 alunos completaram o estudo (taxa de resposta: 91,32%), dos quais 50,79% eram meninos e 74,23%, habitantes urbanos. A idade média (DP) foi 12,14 (3,36) anos. A prevalência de sobrepeso, obesidade geral e obesidade abdominal foi 11,51%, 8,35% e 17,87%, respectivamente. A SSE com relação a sobrepeso, obesidade e obesidade abdominal foi -0,1, -0,1 e -0,15, respectivamente. O índice C com relação a sobrepeso, obesidade geral e obesidade abdominal foi positivo, o que indica que a desigualdade estava em favor de grupos de baixa SSE. A área de residência, o histórico familiar de obesidade e a idade foram os fatores que mais contribuíram para a desigualdade da prevalência de obesidade observados entre os grupos em SSE mais alta e mais baixa. Conclusão Este estudo fornece informações consideráveis sobre a alta prevalência de excesso de peso em famílias em SSE mais alta em nível nacional e subnacional. Esses achados podem ser usados para comparações internacionais e políticas de saúde, melhorar a programação ao considerar as diferenças em nível subnacional.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child , Adolescent , Social Class , Pediatric Obesity/epidemiology , Rural Population , Urban Population , Prevalence , Cross-Sectional Studies , Health Surveys , Iran/epidemiologyABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: Childhood obesity has become a priority health concern worldwide. Socioeconomic status is one of its main determinants. This study aimed to assess the socioeconomic inequality of obesity in children and adolescents at national and provincial levels in Iran. METHODS: This multicenter cross-sectional study was conducted in 2011-2012, as part of a national school-based surveillance program performed in 40,000 students, aged 6-18-years, from urban and rural areas of 30 provinces of Iran. Using principle component analysis, the socioeconomic status of participants was categorized to quintiles. Socioeconomic status inequality in excess weight was estimated by calculating the prevalence of excess weight (i.e., overweight, generalized obesity, and abdominal obesity) across the socioeconomic status quintiles, the concentration index, and slope index of inequality. The determinants of this inequality were determined by the Oaxaca Blinder decomposition. RESULTS: Overall, 36,529 students completed the study (response rate: 91.32%); 50.79% of whom were boys and 74.23% were urban inhabitants. The mean (standard deviation) age was 12.14 (3.36) years. The prevalence of overweight, generalized obesity, and abdominal obesity was 11.51%, 8.35%, and 17.87%, respectively. The SII for overweight, obesity and abdominal obesity was -0.1, -0.1 and -0.15, respectively. Concentration index for overweight, generalized obesity, and abdominal obesity was positive, which indicate inequality in favor of low socioeconomic status groups. Area of residence, family history of obesity, and age were the most contributing factors to the inequality of obesity prevalence observed between the highest and lowest socioeconomic status groups. CONCLUSION: This study provides considerable information on the high prevalence of excess weight in families with higher socioeconomic status at national and provincial levels. These findings can be used for international comparisons and for healthcare policies, improving their programming by considering differences at provincial levels.
Subject(s)
Pediatric Obesity/epidemiology , Social Class , Adolescent , Child , Cross-Sectional Studies , Female , Health Surveys , Humans , Iran/epidemiology , Male , Prevalence , Rural Population , Urban PopulationABSTRACT
Este trabalho analisa a diferença salarial por sexo, segundo a condição de migração da população. Por meio do cálculo do índice de dissimilaridade de Duncan e da decomposição de Oaxaca para os salários de homens e mulheres migrantes e não-migrantes, encontraram-se situações diferenciadas para a Região Sudeste e o restante do país. Os resultados mostram que a elevada diferença salarial entre sexo verificada na população migrante residente fora da Região Sudeste mantém-se devido à diferente valorização no mercado de trabalho do local de destino dos atributos masculinos vis-à-vis os femininos. Já no caso do Sudeste, a menor diferença salarial constatada entre homens e mulheres migrantes deve-se mais às características específicas das trabalhadoras do que à valorização diferenciada no mercado de trabalho.
Este trabajo analiza la diferencia salarial por sexo, según la condición de migración de la población. Por medio del cálculo del índice de disimilaridad de Duncan y de la descomposición de Oaxaca para los salarios de hombres y mujeres migrantes y no-migrantes, se encontraron situaciones diferenciadas para la Región Sudeste y el resto del país. Los resultados muestran que la elevada diferencia salarial entre sexo verificada en la población migrante residente fuera de la Región Sudeste se mantiene, debido a la diferente valorización en el mercado de trabajo del lugar de destino de los atributos masculinos con respecto a los femeninos. Por otro lado, en el caso del Sudeste, la menor diferencia salarial constatada entre hombres y mujeres migrantes se debe más a las características específicas de las trabajadoras que a la valorización diferenciada en el mercado de trabajo.
This article analyzes wage differences by gender, as per condition of migration of the population. By calculating Duncan's dissimilarity index and the Oaxaca decomposition for wages of male and female migrants and non-migrants, great differences were noted between the southeastern region of Brazil and the rest of the country. The findings show that the great wage differences between genders detected in the migrant population living outside the southeastern region is due to the different valuation on the labor market of male attributes vis-a-vis female. But in the southeast the narrower wage difference between men and women migrants was seen as being due more to the specific characteristics of the workers than to different valuation on the labor market.