A public health framework for reducing stigma: the example of weight stigma.

We examine stigma and how it operates, then develop a novel framework to classify the range of positions that are conceptually possible regarding how stigma ought to be handled from a public health perspective. In the case of weight stigma, the possible positions range from encouraging the intentional use of weight stigma as an obesity prevention and reduction strategy to arguing not only that this is harmful but that weight stigma, independent of obesity, needs to be actively challenged and reduced. Using weight stigma as an illustrative example, we draw on prior theoretical work on stigma mechanisms and intervention strategies to develop a framework for improving the understanding, evaluation, and planning of anti-stigma interventions. This framework has the potential to help public health actors to map out how protest, contact, education, and regulation strategies can be used to reduce direct discrimination, structural discrimination, and internalized stigma (self-stigma).

Differences in risk factors for binge eating by socioeconomic status in a community-based sample of adolescents: Findings from Project EAT.

OBJECTIVE: Binge eating is prevalent across socioeconomic status (SES) groups, but it is unclear whether risk factors for binge eating vary by SES. This study examined the prevalence of several risk factors for binge eating by SES and SES as a potential moderator of these risk factors. METHOD: Participants included 2,179 individuals involved in Project EAT during early/middle adolescence (EAT-I) and 5 years later during late adolescence/emerging adulthood (EAT-II). Risk ratios were computed using modified Poisson regression of incident EAT-II binge eating on EAT-I risk factors among participants of high and low SES. Interactions between each risk factor and SES were tested. RESULTS: Among higher SES adolescents, overweight/obesity (RR = 3.2; 95% CI: 1.8, 5.7), body dissatisfaction (RR = 2.6; 95% confidence intervals (CI): 1.2, 5.5), dieting (RR = 4.0; 95% CI: 2.0, 8.2), and family weight-teasing (RR = 2.3; 95% CI: 1.3, 4.3) predicted increased risk for binge eating. Among adolescents from low-SES backgrounds, overweight/obesity (RR = 1.5; 95% CI: 0.9, 2.5), dieting (RR = 2.2; 95% CI: 1.2, 3.9), and food insecurity (RR = 1.4; 95% CI: 0.7, 2.7) predicted increased risk for binge eating. Moderator analyses revealed that overweight/obesity, body dissatisfaction, dieting, and family weight-teasing were stronger risk factors in the high-SES group than the low-SES group; interactions with food insecurity could not be examined given the low prevalence of food insecurity in the high-SES group. DISCUSSION: Risk factors for binge eating may vary by SES, suggesting the potential utility of modifying intervention and prevention methods based on SES. In particular, the role of food insecurity must be addressed.

Sexual dysfunction in obese women is more affected by psychological domains than that of non-obese / Disfunção sexual em mulheres obesas é mais afetada por domínios psicológicos do que nas não obesas

Abstract PURPOSE: To compare differences in the occurrence and changed domains of sexual dysfunction in obese and non-obese Brazilian women. METHODS: Female Sexual Function Index, based on six domains, to investigate 31 sexual dysfunction incidence for obese compared to 32 non-obese women, was used. Statistical analysis using ANOVA and MANOVA were performed to compare total scores of Female Sexual Function Index among groups and to identify the differences among domains, Student t -test was used. Statistical significant level was established for all tests for p<0.05. RESULTS: No difference in female sexual dysfunction frequency between obese (25.8%) and non-obese women (22.5%) was found. However, an important distinction in which aspects of sexual life were affected was found. While the obese group was impaired in three domains of sexual life (desire, orgasm, and arousal), in the control group five aspects were dysfunctional (desire, orgasm, arousal, pain and lubrication). Future research exploring psychological outcomes in obese females, such as body image and measures of positive and negative effect, might better characterize the female sexual dysfunction in this group. CONCLUSIONS: Obesity does not appear to be an independent factor for allow quality of female sexual life. However, disturbance associated to obesity indicates a low frequency of disorder in physical domains, suggesting that psychological factors seem to be mainly involved in the sexual dysfunction in obese women.

Resumo OBJETIVO: Comparar as diferenças na incidência de disfunção sexual nos seis diferentes domínios de mulheres brasileiras obesas e não obesas. MÉTODOS: Foi usado o Female Sexual Function Index , que discrimina seis domínios de disfunção, para investigar a incidência de disfunção sexual em 31 mulheres obesas e 32 mulheres não obesas. Foi realizada análise estatística utilizando ANOVA e MANOVA para comparar os escores totais doFemale Sexual Function Index entre os grupos, bem como empregado o teste t para identificar as diferenças relacionadas aos domínios. O nível de significância estatística estabelecido para todos os testes foi de p<0,05. RESULTADOS: Não foi encontrada diferença significante nas diferentes incidências de disfunção sexual feminina entre o grupo de pacientes obesas (25,8%) e o grupo de não obesas (22,5%). Contudo, foi evidenciada uma importante distinção em quais aspectos da vida sexual foram afetados nos dois grupos. Enquanto as mulheres obesas foram impactadas em apenas três domínios subjetivos do Female Sexual Function Index (desejo, orgasmo e excitação), o grupo controle apresentou disfunção em cinco aspectos (desejo, orgasmo, excitação, dor e lubrificação). Pesquisas futuras explorando aspectos psicológicos em mulheres obesas, como a avaliação da autoimagem corporal e seus aspectos negativos ou positivos sobre as pacientes, deverão auxiliar na melhor caracterização da disfunção sexual feminina neste grupo. CONCLUSÕES: A obesidade não parece constituir um fator de risco independente para uma baixa qualidade de vida sexual feminina. Contudo, as disfunções associadas à obesidade foram menos evidenciadas em domínios fisiológicos, sugerindo que aspectos psicológicos parecem estar primariamente envolvidos na etiologia da disfunção sexual de mulheres obesas.